Cited by 841Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Role of Myokines in Exercise and Metabolism

Pedersen, Bente Klarlund, Åkerström, Thorbjörn C. A., Nielsen, Anders R., Fischer, Christian P.·2007·Journal of Applied Physiology

Abstract

During the past 20 yr, it has been well documented that exercise has a profound effect on the immune system. With the discovery that exercise provokes an increase in a number of cytokines, a possible link between skeletal muscle contractile activity and immune changes was established. For most of the last century, researchers sought a link between muscle contraction and humoral changes in the form of an "exercise factor," which could mediate some of the exercise-induced metabolic changes in other organs such as the liver and the adipose tissue. We suggest that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." Since the discovery of interleukin (IL)-6 release from contracting skeletal muscle, evidence has accumulated that supports an effect of IL-6 on metabolism. We suggested that muscle-derived IL-6 fulfils the criteria of an exercise factor and that such classes of cytokines should be named "myokines." Interestingly, recent research demonstrates that skeletal muscles can produce and express cytokines belonging to distinctly different families. Thus skeletal muscle has the capacity to express several myokines. To date the list includes IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15, and contractile activity plays a role in regulating the expression of these cytokines in skeletal muscle. The present review focuses on muscle-derived cytokines, their regulation by exercise, and their possible roles in metabolism and skeletal muscle function and it discusses which cytokines should be classified as true myokines.

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Crossref · 10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2007

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Authors
Pedersen, B. K., Åkerström, T. C. A., Nielsen, A. R., & Fischer, C. P.
Affiliations
Rigshospitalet (DK)
Venue
Journal of Applied Physiology
Published
2007-09
Volume
103
Issue
3
Pages
1093-1098
ISSN
  • 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
  • 8750-7587
  • 1522-1601
OpenAlex
W1994860823
Cited by
841
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 45
FWCI
34.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords
myokines, physical activity, skeletal muscle, cytokines, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, IL-15, muscle contraction, paracrine signaling, hormone signaling, metabolism, skeletal muscle function
MeSH terms
Humans, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Interleukin-8, Muscle, Skeletal, Interleukin-15

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