Beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
The oral microbiome plays a relevant role in the health status of the host and is a key element in a variety of oral and non-oral diseases. Despite advances in our knowledge of changes in microbial composition associated with different health conditions the functional aspects of the oral microbiome that lead to dysbiosis remain for the most part unknown. In this review, we discuss the progress made towards understanding the functional role of the oral microbiome in health and disease and how novel technologies are expanding our knowledge on this subject.
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Individual bacteria function in interdependent microbial communities whose conglomerate activity can impact oral and systemic health.
“Yet, individual bacteria do not act in a vacuum, but rather function in interdependent microbial communities whose conglomerate activity can impact oral and systemic health[183,188,189].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [188]
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The pH-Dependent Expression of the Urease Operon in Streptococcus salivarius Is Mediated by CodY
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BACTERIAL FLORA OF DENTAL PLAQUE
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“As the biofilm matured more Gram-negative filamentous organisms were found, such as Fusobacterium spp [24].”
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Abranches, J., Zeng, L., Kajfasz, J. K., Palmer, S. R., Chakraborty, B., Wen, Z. T., Richards, V. P., Brady, L. J., & Lemos, J. A. C. (2018) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0042-2018 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
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BackgroundOral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity
Vila, T., Sultan, A. S., Montelongo-Jauregui, D., & Jabra-Rizk, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6010015 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
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BackgroundThe Oral Microbiome in Health and Its Implication in Oral and Systemic Diseases
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The Evolving Microbiome of Dental Caries
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“Thus, some authors have emphasized the importance of identifying what are oral microbes doing rather than what taxonomic groups are present at a given time (BeldaFerre et al. 2012, Duran-Pinedo & Frias-Lopez 2015, Takahashi 2015).”
BackgroundOral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases
Lasserre, J. F., Brecx, M., & Toma, S. (2018) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma11101802 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“For instance, various oral diseases like periodontitis and peri-implantitis are strongly associated with dysbiotic microbial communities [26].”
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“In humans and rodents, there is a clear association between microbiota and diseases such as diabetes and obesity (Hartstra et al., 2015; He, Shan & Song, 2015; Duran-Pinedo & Frias-Lopez, 2015).”
BackgroundMaking Sense of … the Microbiome in Psychiatry
Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Cowan, C. S. M., Claesson, M. J., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2018) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy067 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“eral effects of that strain on the microbial ecosystem in given niches (Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez, 2015).”
BackgroundThe periodontal war: microbes and immunity
Ebersole, J. L., Dawson, D. R., Emecen‐Huja, P., Nagarajan, R., Howard, K., Grady, M. E., Thompson, K. L., Peyyala, R., Al‐Attar, A., Lethbridge, K., et al. (2017) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12222 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“sites with progressing periodontitis (140, 141) and by identifying gene expression changes in individual bacterial species that could enhance the dysbiotic disease process triggering destruction of the periodontal structures (248, 250, 251).”
BackgroundMicrobiomes of Site-Specific Dental Plaques from Children with Different Caries Status
Richards, V. P., Alvarez, A. J., Luce, A. R., Bedenbaugh, M., Mitchell, M. L., Burne, R. A., & Nascimento, M. M. (2017) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00106-17 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revealed the complexity of microbiomes at unprecedented levels and is providing a foundation to understand how hundreds of bacterial species coinhabit and functionally interact to maintain homeostasis, to discourage the establishment of pathogens, and, when co…”
BackgroundKoch, C. D., Gladwin, M. T., Freeman, B. A., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Morris, A. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Yet, individual bacteria do not act in a vacuum, but rather function in interdependent microbial communities whose conglomerate activity can impact oral and systemic health [183,188,189].”
BackgroundBrain Neurotransmitter Modulation by Gut Microbiota in Anxiety and Depression
Huang, F., & Wu, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.649103 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The Oral Microbiome of Children: Development, Disease, and Implications Beyond Oral Health
Gomez, A., & Nelson, K. E. (2017) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-016-0854-1 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“This complexity, however, has also pointed out that understanding microecosystem functioning requires a multi-level view that includes taxonomic assessment (composition), potential (metagenome-transcriptome), and encoded functions (proteome and metabolome) [123, 124].”
BackgroundSalivary Metabolomics: From Diagnostic Biomarker Discovery to Investigating Biological Function
Gardner, A., Carpenter, G. H., & So, P. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10020047 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“However, only metabolomics will provide information on the net function of transcribed, translated and modified proteins within the biological system being studied [141,142].”
BackgroundThe oral microbiome: A Lesson in coexistence
Sultan, A. S., Kong, E. F., Rizk, A. M., & Jabra‐Rizk, M. A. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006719 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Deep sequencing reveals microbiota dysbiosis of tongue coat in patients with liver carcinoma
Lu, H., Ren, Z., Li, A., Zhang, H., Jiang, J., Xu, S., Luo, Q., Zhou, K., Sun, X., Zheng, S., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33142 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Nutritional Correlates of Human Oral Microbiome
Kato, I., Vasquez, A. A., Moyerbrailean, G. A., Land, S. J., Djurić, Z., Sun, J., Lin, H.-S., & Ram, J. L. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2016.1185386 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Oral bacteria have been recognized as etiological agents for other oral conditions, such as alveolar osteitis, tonsillitis, and osteomyelitis, and are also linked to certain systemic diseases, such as aspiration pneumonia and cardiovascular diseases [6,7].”
BackgroundKriebel, K., Hieke, C., Müller-Hilke, B., Nakata, M., & Kreikemeyer, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00053 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“(1998), and those findings were later supported by other studies (Dewhirst et al., 2010; Zarco et al., 2012; Wade, 2013; Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez, 2015).”
ResultRegueira‐Iglesias, A., Balsa‐Castro, C., Blanco‐Pintos, T., & Tomás, I. (2023) · Molecular Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1111/omi.12434 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The salivary microbiome is altered in the presence of a high salivary glucose concentration
Goodson, J. M., Hartman, M.-L., Shi, P., Hastürk, H., Yaskell, T., Vargas, J., Song, X., Cugini, M., Baraké, R., Alsmadi, O. A., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170437 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Uriarte, S. M., Edmisson, J. S., & Jimenez‐Flores, E. (2016) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12451 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health—a review
Seerangaiyan, K., Jüch, F., & Winkel, E. G. (2017) · Journal of Breath Research · doi:10.1088/1752-7163/aaa3a1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“microbiome and its functions under different environmental conditions [72].”
BackgroundThe Oral Microbiome in Periodontal Health
Lenartova, M., Tesinska, B., Janatova, T., Hrebicek, O., Myšák, J., Janata, J., & Najmanová, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.629723 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Inchingolo, A. D., Malcangi, G., Semjonova, A., Inchingolo, A. M., Patano, A., Coloccia, G., Ceci, S., Marinelli, G., Pede, C. D., Ciocia, A. M., et al. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9071014 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The disintegration of the dental structure by acid generated by oral microorganisms due to the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates is well understood in the genesis of dental lesions, with aciduric or acid-producing species being the most frequent common cariogenic species [185].”
BackgroundThe microbiome and ophthalmic disease
Baim, A. D., Movahedan, A., Farooq, A. V., & Skondra, D. (2018) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370218813616 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“For instance, analysis of the oral microbiome has generated new perspectives on the pathogenesis of tooth decay and oral cancer.(26) The skin microbiota is thought to be a significant modulator of cutaneous immune responses, with animal and human studies demonstrating involvement of Staphylococcus aureus in the pathog…”
Wang, Q., Ma, J., Wang, B., Zhang, X., Yin, Y., & Bai, H. (2019) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.11.017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Liu, H., Tang, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, H., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, X., Ren, L., Yang, K., & Qin, L. (2021) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.053 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“induce not only diseases in the mouth, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma [19], but also systemic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [20].”
BackgroundKhoury, Z. H., Vila, T. V. M., Puthran, T. R., Sultan, A. S., Montelongo‐Jauregui, D., Melo, M. A. S., & Jabra‐Rizk, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00307 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Oral Dysbiosis in Pancreatic Cancer and Liver Cirrhosis: A Review of the Literature
Mohammed, H., Varoni, E. M., Cochis, A., Cordaro, M., Gallenzi, P., Patini, R., Staderini, E., Lajolo, C., Rimondini, L., & Rocchetti, V. (2018) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines6040115 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Tongue coat investigations have revealed noticeably higher levels of Oribacterium and Fusobacterium, in liver cirrhotic patients, compared to healthy controls [96,97].”
BackgroundNatural products as mediators of disease
Garg, N., Luzzatto‐Knaan, T., Melnik, A. V., Caraballo‐Rodríguez, A. M., Floros, D. J., Petras, D., Gregor, R., Dorrestein, P. C., & Phelan, V. V. (2016) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/c6np00063k · Cited by 68 · see citing works
High molecular weight DNA extraction strategies for long‐read sequencing of complex metagenomes
Trigodet, F., Lolans, K., Fogarty, E. C., Shaiber, A., Morrison, H. G., Barreiro, L. B., Jabrì, B., & Eren, A. M. (2022) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13588 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Acyl homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing in the oral cavity: a paradigm revisited
Muras, A., Otero‐Casal, P., Blanc, V., & Otero, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66704-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Current State and Challenges of the Global Outcomes of Dental Caries Research in the Meta-Omics Era
Moussa, D. G., Ahmad, P., Mansour, T. A., & Siqueira, W. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.887907 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Second Era of OMICS in Caries Research: Moving Past the Phase of Disillusionment
Nascimento, M. M., Zaura, E., Mira, Á., Takahashi, N., & ten Cate, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034517701902 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, 40% to 50% of the metagenomic reads still remain unassigned or assigned as hypothetical proteins with unknown function; therefore, more work is still needed in this area (Belda-Ferre et al. 2012; Simón-Soro et al. 2013; Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez 2015).”
BackgroundMicrobial biomarkers of common tongue coatings in patients with gastric cancer
Xu, J., Xiang, C., Zhang, C., Xu, B., Wu, J., Wang, R., Yang, Y., Shi, L., Zhang, J., & Zhan, Z. (2018) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.051 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The oral microbiome and salivary proteins influence caries in children aged 6 to 8 years
Chen, W., Jiang, Q., Yan, G., & Yang, D. (2020) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01262-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Oral microbial biofilm models and their application to the testing of anticariogenic agents
Sim, C. P. C., Dashper, S. G., & Reynolds, E. C. (2016) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2016.04.010 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Characterisation of the functional activities of the oral microbiome in vivo will give further insight into caries initiation and progression, facilitating the development of novel targeted anticariogenic agents [34].”
BackgroundA novel antimicrobial peptide against dental-caries-associated bacteria
Chen, L., Jia, L., Zhang, Q., Zhou, X., Liu, Z., Li, B., Zhu, Z.-T., Wang, F., Yu, C., Zhang, Q., et al. (2017) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“It is known that oral microbiome plays important role in keeping oral health [32].”
BackgroundHost‐microbe interactions: Profiles in the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome
Nguyen, T., Sedghi, L., Ganther, S., Malone, E., Kamarajan, P., & Kapila, Y. L. (2020) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12316 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Analysis of metabolic profiles of generalized aggressive periodontitis
Chen, H., Zhou, W., Liao, Y., Hu, S., Chen, T. L., & Song, Z. (2018) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.12579 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effect of pH-sensitive nanoparticles on inhibiting oral biofilms
Peng, X., Han, Q., Zhou, X., Chen, Y., Huang, X., Guo, X., Peng, R., Wang, H., Peng, X., & Cheng, L. (2022) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2022.2037788 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Changes in the environment can lead to a shift in the microbiota where aciduric and acidogenic species proliferate, ultimately leading to carious lesions (Reyes et al., 2014; Duran-Pinedo & Frias-Lopez, 2015).”
BackgroundOvermyer, K. A., Rhoads, T. W., Merrill, A. E., Ye, Z., Westphall, M. S., Acharya, A., Shukla, S. K., & Coon, J. J. (2021) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100126 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“As of yet, discovery lipidomics is not being applied to study the oral microbiome, and generally, the use of multi-omics for studying the oral microbiome is still uncommon (25), despite the fact that it has potential to offer a wealth of information about the local microbe–host environment (26).”
BackgroundOral Microbiota Transplant: A Potential New Therapy for Oral Diseases
Nascimento, M. M. (2017) · Journal of the California Dental Association · doi:10.1080/19424396.2017.12222506 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In that same study, the authors suggested an OMT procedure consisting of: (1) collecting sub- and supra-gingival plaque from a healthy donor (spouse or a partner), (2) performing deep cleaning, root planning and applying a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent to the periodontitis patient, and finally (3) neutralizing th…”
MethodMerritt, J. L., Senpuku, H., & Kreth, J. (2015) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12953 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cheng, X., Redanz, S., Cullin, N., Zhou, X., Xu, X., Joshi, V. S., Koley, D., Merritt, J. L., & Kreth, J. (2017) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01697-17 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“stasis leads to dysbiosis through a decline in commensal species (28, 29).”
BackgroundThe evolutionary history of the human oral microbiota and its implications for modern health
Weyrich, L. S. (2020) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12353 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The quorum quenching enzyme Aii20J modifies in vitro periodontal biofilm formation
Parga, A., Muras, A., Otero‐Casal, P., Arredondo, A., Soler‐Ollé, A., Àlvarez, G., Alcaraz, L. D., Mira, Á., Blanc, V., & Otero, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1118630 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Therefore, it is not a single pathogen but rather the entire community residing in the oral cavity and its functional activities that are responsible for the progression of these diseases (Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez, 2015; Yost et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPolymicrobial Biofilm Studies: from Basic Science to Biofilm Control
Willems, H. M. E., Xu, Z., & Peters, B. M. (2016) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-016-0078-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zhou, J., Jiang, N., Wang, Z., Li, L., Zhang, J., Ma, R., Nie, H., & Li, Z. (2016) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02412-16 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“and aciduric or acid-producing species are the major cariogenic species (36).”
BackgroundShi, M., Wei, Y., Nie, Y., Wang, C., Sun, F., Jiang, W., Hu, W., & Wu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.573196 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ganther, S., Radaic, A., Malone, E., Kamarajan, P., Chang, N. N., Tafolla, C., Zhan, L., Fenno, J. C., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009311 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Spooner, R., Weigel, K. M., Harrison, P., Lee, K., Cangelosi, G. A., & Yilmaz, Ö. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33638 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lima, B. P., Hu, L. I., Vreeman, G. W., Weibel, D. B., & Lux, R. (2018) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-018-1291-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lewy, T., Hong, B., Weiser, B., Burger, H., Tremain, A. C., Weinstock, G. M., Anastos, K., & George, M. D. (2018) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2017.0200 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“parvula) associated with oral health.(42) Thus, it may be warranted in future investigations to determine whether a loss of salivary V.”
BackgroundPiekarz, T., Mertas, A., Wiatrak, K., Rój, R., Kownacki, P., Śmieszek-Wilczewska, J., Kopczyńska, E., Wrzoł, M., Cisowska, M., Szliszka, E., et al. (2017) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules22111957 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Microbiota-based therapies in oral health and disorders
Salah, A. N., Doghish, Y. A., Abbass, S. O., Mansour, R. M., Sayed, G. A., Elshami, N. H., Mageed, S. S. A., Mohammed, O. A., Abulsoud, A. I., Zaki, M. B., et al. (2025) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-025-01324-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Under normal conditions, the oral microbiota communities are balanced to maintain oral health (Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez 2015).”
de Andrade, P. A. M., Giovani, P. A., Araujo, D. S., de Souza, A. J., Pedroni-Pereira, A., Kantovitz, K. R., Andreote, F. D., Castelo, P. M., & Nociti, F. H. (2020) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-020-01817-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Microbiome and Its Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy
Choudhry, H. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26010206 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Distinct Regulatory Role of Carbon Catabolite Protein A (CcpA) in Oral Streptococcal spxB Expression
Redanz, S., Masilamani, R., Cullin, N., Giacaman, R. A., Merritt, J. L., & Kreth, J. (2018) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00619-17 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sharma, A. K., DeBusk, W. T., Stepanov, I. S., Gomez, A. M., & Khariwala, S. S. (2020) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0459 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dong, K., Wu, K., Zheng, T., Ji, Y., Wang, W., Luo, R., You, L., He, X., Li, J., Hong, Z., et al. (2021) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.254.129 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Among them, Porphyromonas is closely associated with the occurrence and development of periodontitis, and is also a driving factor for developing digestive tract tumors, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer (Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez 2015).”
BackgroundEffect of Dietary Fiber on the Composition of the Murine Dental Microbiome
Sedghi, L., Byron, C., Jennings, R., Chlipala, G. E., Green, S. J., & Silo-Suh, L. (2019) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj7020058 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The isolation of the dental surface microbiome from other intraoral microbial communities is important because each surface within the mouth harbors distinct microbial communities [31,40,41].”
BackgroundAdvances, practice, and clinical perspectives in high‐throughput sequencing
Park, S., Saito-Adachi, M., Komiyama, Y., & Nakai, K. (2015) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.12403 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In particular, the applications of HTS have been used to characterize the human oral microbiome, one of the most diverse microbial communities that is increasingly important for studying human oral cancers and pathogens (Xu and Gunsolley, 2014; Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez, 2015).”
BackgroundAbranches, J., Zeng, L., Kajfasz, J. K., Palmer, S. R., Chakraborty, B., Wen, Z. T., Richards, V. P., Brady, L. J., & Lemos, J. A. C. (2019) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781683670131.ch26 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Shi, M. Q., Nie, Y., Wang, C., Sun, F., Jiang, W., Hu, W., & Wu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.959416 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Moreover, it is now clear that some important factors that connect microbiota to periodontitis are microbial metabolites (Lu et al., 2013; Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez, 2015).”
BackgroundThe interaction between gut microbiome and bone health
Inchingolo, F., Inchingolo, A., Piras, F., Ferrante, L., Mancini, A., Palermo, A., Inchingolo, A., & Dipalma, G. (2024) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000863 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Regueira‐Iglesias, A., Vázquez-González, L., Balsa‐Castro, C., Vila-Blanco, N., Blanco‐Pintos, T., Tamames, J., Carreira, M. J., & Tomás, I. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01481-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Characterization of oral bacterial and fungal microbiome in recovered COVID-19 patients
Wei, N., Zhu, G., Zhao, T., Wang, Y., Lou, H., Li, H., Yang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Han, M., et al. (2023) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-023-02872-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hieke, C., Kriebel, K., Engelmann, R., Müller‐Hilke, B., Lang, H., & Kreikemeyer, B. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39096 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Oral microbiome and oral cancer – The probable nexus
Deo, P. N., & Deshmukh, R. S. (2020) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology · doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_20_20 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The microbial community can be characterized by its composition (Metagenome), by the analysis of transcripts (Metatranscriptome), by the analysis of proteins (Metaproteome) or by the analysis of the final products resulting from the collective action of the community (Metabolomics).[46]”
BackgroundMethodAlmeida-da-Silva, C. L. C., Alpagot, T., Zhu, Y., Lee, S. S., Roberts, B. P., Hung, S.-C., Tang, N., & Ojcius, D. M. (2019) · Microbial Cell · doi:10.15698/mic2019.04.674 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Considering that periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease caused by complex interactions between distinct pathogens [37, 38, 51], it is possible that other microbial agents present in the dental plaques of periodontitis patients could be the cause of disease, and C.”
BackgroundDo Oral Pathogens Inhabit the Eye and Play a Role in Ocular Diseases?
Arjunan, P., & Swaminathan, R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11102938 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A perturbed balance in the oral microbiome conglomerate culminates in a variety of chronic systemic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, preterm birth, diabetes, and pneumonia [55].”
BackgroundGeldenhuys, J., Redelinghuys, M. J., Lombaard, H. A., Ehlers, M. M., Cowan, D. A., & Kock, M. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.810673 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Identifying oral microbiome alterations in adult betel quid chewing population of Delhi, India
Bahuguna, M., Hooda, S., Mohan, L., Gupta, R. K., & Diwan, P. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278221 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The oral cavity is made up of diverse structures and tissues, including cheeks, gingiva, gingival sulcus, lips, teeth, tongue and palate, providing different habitats, nutrients, and growth conditions [3] for microbes.”
BackgroundAnthropogenic impact on airborne bacteria of the Tibetan Plateau
Zhang, Z., Qi, J., Liu, Y., Ji, M., Wang, W., Wu, W., Liu, K., & Huang, Z. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108370 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Functional signatures of ex-vivo dental caries onset
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Eye on the Enigmatic Link: Dysbiotic Oral Pathogens in Ocular Diseases; The Flip Side
Arjunan, P. (2020) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.1080/08830185.2020.1845330 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Studies have emphasized that perturbed balance in the oral microbiome culminate in a variety of chronic systemic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, preterm birth, diabetes and pneumonia [21].”
BackgroundProbiotics During the Therapeutic Management of Periodontitis
Furlaneto, F. A. C., Ishikawa, K., Messora, M. R., & Mayer, M. P. A. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_19 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ghamari, M., Sabzi, S., Rajabi, E., Khodadadi, G., Navidifar, T., Sadeghi, Z., & Bostanghadiri, N. (2025) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10636-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kumari, M., Bhushan, B., Eslavath, M. R., Srivastava, A. K., Meena, R. C., Varshney, R. K., & Ganju, L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30963-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Oral bacteriophages: metagenomic clues to interpret microbiomes
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Regueira‐Iglesias, A., Vázquez-González, L., Balsa‐Castro, C., Blanco‐Pintos, T., Vila-Blanco, N., Carreira, M. J., & Tomás, I. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.04398-22 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, this limited approach does not reflect the complexity of the oral microbiota, where around 700 species have been identified (15, 16).”
BackgroundPolymicrobial Biofilms: Fundamentals, diseases, and treatments - A review
Espinosa-Duque, A., de Concepción, U., Palencia, S. L., García, A., Palencia, M., & del Valle, U. (2020) · Journal of Science with Technological Applications · doi:10.34294/j.jsta.20.8.54 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…multiple structures of teeth and tissues such as tongue, gums and palate, causing a rapid growth of microorganisms that are resistant to environmental stressors (Bjarnsholt, 2013; Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez, 2015; Filoche et al. , 2010; Jakubovics and Kolenbrander, 2010; Willems et al. , 2016).”
The Function of the Oral Microbiome in Health and Disease
Frias‐Lopez, J., & Duran-Pinedo, A. E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42990-4_10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Survey of Bacterial Microcompartment Distribution in the Human Microbiome
Asija, K., Sutter, M., & Kerfeld, C. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.669024 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Therapeutic Modulation of the Microbiome in Oncology: Current Trends and Future Directions
Saraswat, I., & Goel, A. (2024) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/0113892010353600241109132441 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Oral Microbiota: A Literature Review for Updating Professionals in Dentistry. Part I
Barboza‐Solís, C., & Acuña-Amador, L. (2019) · Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.15517/ijds.2020.39178 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“As previously mentioned, oral bacteria communities are described as organized into biofilms (13,21,27).”
InfluentialLucchese, A., Marcolina, M., Mancini, N., Ferrarese, R., Acconciaioco, S., Gherlone, E. F., Bonini, C., Manuelli, M., & Polimeni, A. (2025) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2372751 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Oral microbiome plays a fundamental role in maintaining the homeostasis of the oral cavity and of systemic health too [2,3].”
Adami, G. R., Li, W., Green, S. J., Kim, E. M., & Wu, C. D. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87382-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kommerein, N., Vierengel, N., Groß, J., Opatz, T., Al‐Nawas, B., & Müller-Heupt, L. K. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10050965 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prodan, A., Imangaliyev, S., Brand, H. S., Rosema, N., Levin, E., Crielaard, W., Keijser, B. J. F., & Veerman, E. C. I. (2016) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-016-1096-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The oral cavity is a specialized ecological niche with thousands of microbial species, and the site of complex interactions between oral microbiota, salivary components, and host immune factors (Duran-Pinedo and Frias-Lopez 2015).”
Background
- Authors
- Duran-Pinedo, A. E., & Frias-Lopez, J.
- Affiliations
- The Forsyth Institute (US)
- Venue
- Microbes and Infection
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 505-516
- ISSN
- 1286-4579 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4495649
- OpenAlex
- W2079758378
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 24.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Microbes and Infection (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health (NIDCR/NIH) (DE021553, DE021127)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Keywords
- oral microbiota, dysbiosis, oral diseases, host-microbe interactions, oral health, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Dental Caries, Health Status, Humans, Oral Health, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Metagenome
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