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Cited by 101Extracellular vesicles in diseaseNanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryRNA Interference and Gene Delivery

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 109 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Programming assembly of biomimetic exosomes: An emerging theranostic nanomedicine platform

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Xu, Xiao, Xu, Limei, Wen, Caining, Xia, Jiang, Zhang, Yuanmin, Liang, Yujie·2023·Materials Today Bio
DOI 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100760PMC PMC10450992
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Abstract

Exosomes have emerged as a promising cell-free therapeutic approach. However, challenges in large-scale production, quality control, and heterogeneity must be overcome before they can be used clinically. Biomimetic exosomes containing key components of natural exosomes have been assembled through extrusion, artificial synthesis, and liposome fusion to address these limitations. These exosome-mimetics (EMs) possess similar morphology and function but provide higher yields, faster large-scale production, and similar size compared to conventional exosomes. This article provides an overview of the chemical and biological properties of various synthetic exosome systems, including nanovesicles (NVs), EMs, and hybrid exosomes. We highlight recent advances in the production and applications of nanobiotechnology and discuss the advantages, limitations, and potential clinical applications of programming assembly of exosome mimetics.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100760

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Graphical abstract Graphical abstract Approaches for the development of biomimetic exosomes as nonotheranostic platform.
Graphical abstract Graphical abstract Approaches for the development of biomimetic exosomes as nonotheranostic platform.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 1 Establishment of the biofabrication of exosome-mimetic by extrusion methods. The cells were collected and sonicated followed by sequential extrusion through polycarbonate membranes to yield 50–200 nm nanovesicles.
Fig. 1 Establishment of the biofabrication of exosome-mimetic by extrusion methods. The cells were collected and sonicated followed by sequential extrusion through polycarbonate membranes to yield 50–200 nm nanovesicles.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Synthetic biology approaches in the development of biomimetic exosomes. (A) Schematic illustration of miRNA-containing lipid vesicles formed exclusively from artificial precursors generated by EV particle precursors at the periphery of water droplets and subsequently modified with surface proteins. Adapted from Ref. [45]with permission. Copyright © 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (B) Novel supramolecular vesicles with reversible and controlled fusion and fission behaviour were fabricated, which undergo fusion upon oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and further fission upon reduction, and this biomimetic exosomes can be used as a nanocarrier for siRNA. Modified with permission of ref. [46]. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fig. 2 Synthetic biology approaches in the development of biomimetic exosomes. (A) Schematic illustration of miRNA-containing lipid vesicles formed exclusively from artificial precursors generated by EV particle precursors at the periphery of water droplets and subsequently modified with surface proteins. Adapted from Ref. [45]with permission. Copyright © 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (B) Novel supramolecular vesicles with reversible and controlled fusion and fission behaviour were fabricated, which undergo fusion upon oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and further fission upon reduction, and this biomimetic exosomes can be used as a nanocarrier for siRNA. Modified with permission of ref. [46]. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Scheme of the approach in synthesis bio-hybrid exosome-liposome. Freeze-thaw, incubation, and sonication were used for the synthesis.
Fig. 3 Scheme of the approach in synthesis bio-hybrid exosome-liposome. Freeze-thaw, incubation, and sonication were used for the synthesis.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Drug loaded method for biomimetic exosomes. Drugs can be passively loaded in vitro by simple incubation, sonication, freeze-thaw electroporation, and extrusion, or they can be actively loaded using a pH gradient generated by ionophores or (NH4)2SO4.
Fig. 4 Drug loaded method for biomimetic exosomes. Drugs can be passively loaded in vitro by simple incubation, sonication, freeze-thaw electroporation, and extrusion, or they can be actively loaded using a pH gradient generated by ionophores or (NH4)2SO4.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Schematic representation of surface functionalized biomimetic exosomes. (A) Genetic engineering approaches involve the expression of a gene encoding a targeting protein fused to an exosomal membrane protein in the donor cell, which then secretes this targeting protein on the biomimetic exosomes. (B) Targeting ligands on the surface of biomimetic exosomes can be inserted into the exosomes membrane by click chemistry in reaction with exosomal membrane proteins or by hydrophobic interaction with phospholipid bilayers using lipophilic or amphiphilic molecules. (C) Metabolic labeling, in which metabolite analogs are introduced into biomimetic exosomes in biosynthesis following cellular uptake of functional groups, such as azides, which allow subsequent bioorthogonal reactions of the targeting ligands. (D) The sortase A-mediated ligation has been shown to be applicable to modify the exosome to allow active loading of molecules onto the membrane surface of biomimetic exosomes.
Fig. 5 Schematic representation of surface functionalized biomimetic exosomes. (A) Genetic engineering approaches involve the expression of a gene encoding a targeting protein fused to an exosomal membrane protein in the donor cell, which then secretes this targeting protein on the biomimetic exosomes. (B) Targeting ligands on the surface of biomimetic exosomes can be inserted into the exosomes membrane by click chemistry in reaction with exosomal membrane proteins or by hydrophobic interaction with phospholipid bilayers using lipophilic or amphiphilic molecules. (C) Metabolic labeling, in which metabolite analogs are introduced into biomimetic exosomes in biosynthesis following cellular uptake of functional groups, such as azides, which allow subsequent bioorthogonal reactions of the targeting ligands. (D) The sortase A-mediated ligation has been shown to be applicable to modify the exosome to allow active loading of molecules onto the membrane surface of biomimetic exosomes.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Different modification strategies to enhance the function of biomimetic exosomes. (A)Increase the total yield of biomimetic exosomes.(B) Improve drug encapsulation efficiency.(C) Surface protein engineering improves targeting ability.(D) Increases the circulation time.
Fig. 6 Different modification strategies to enhance the function of biomimetic exosomes. (A)Increase the total yield of biomimetic exosomes.(B) Improve drug encapsulation efficiency.(C) Surface protein engineering improves targeting ability.(D) Increases the circulation time.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Xu, X., Xu, L., Wen, C., Xia, J., Zhang, Y., & Liang, Y.
Affiliations
  • Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University (CN)
  • Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Corresponding author
  • Zhang, Yuanmin
  • Liang, Yujie
ORCID
Venue
Materials Today Bio
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-10
Volume
22
Pages
100760
ISSN
2590-0064 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100760
PMC
PMC10450992
OpenAlex
W4385755937
Cited by
101
References
109
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 10
FWCI
2.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materials Today Bio (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (82102607)
  • Innovation and Technology Commission
  • Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023QH148)
  • Jining Medical University (2022-BS-03, 2022-BS-04)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Keywords
exosome mimetics, nanovesicles, extrusion, liposome fusion, artificial synthesis, cell-free therapy, theranostics, nanomedicine, mass production, quality control

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