Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?

Hart, Benjamin L.; Hart, Lynette A.; Pinter-Wollman, Noa

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.012

Cited by 185Primate Behavior and EcologyAnimal Behavior and Welfare StudiesComparative Animal Anatomy Studies

Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?

Hart, Benjamin L., Hart, Lynette A., Pinter-Wollman, Noa·2008·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.012

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Among terrestrial mammals, elephants share the unique status, along with humans and great apes, of having large brains, being long-lived and having offspring that require long periods of dependency. Elephants have the largest brains of all terrestrial mammals, including the greatest volume of cerebral cortex. In contrast to what one might expect from such a large-brained species, the performance of elephants in cognitive feats, such as tool use, visual discrimination learning and tests of "insight" behavior, is unimpressive in comparison to the performance by chimpanzees and, of course, humans. Where elephants do seem to excel is in long-term, extensive spatial-temporal and social memory. In addition, elephants appear to be somewhat unique among non-human species in their reactions to disabled and deceased conspecifics, exhibiting behaviors that are mindful of "theory-of-mind" phenomena. Information gleaned from studies on the neural cytoarchitecture of large brains reveals that the neurons of the cerebral cortex of elephants are much less densely populated than in large-brained primates. The interactions between cortical neurons would appear to be more global and less compartmentalized into local areas, and cortical information processing slower, than in great apes and humans. Although focused neural cytoarchitecture studies on the elephant are needed, this comparative perspective on the cortical neural cytoarchitecture appears to relate to differences in behavior between elephants and their primate counterparts.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.012

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Elephants have large brains with a neuron density three times that of humans (257 billion neurons).
“Elephants have large brains with a neuron density three times that of humans (257 billion neurons; Hart et al., 2008; Herculano-Houzel et al., 2014; Shoshani et al., 2006)”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Hart et al., 2008

The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
チャールス, ダ., & 茂穂, 田. (1907) · Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai zasshi · doi:10.1537/ase1887.22.495 · Cited by 10,909 · see citing works
The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory
Burgess, N., Maguire, E. A., & O'Keefe, J. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00830-9 · Cited by 2,401 · see citing works
EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN AND INTELLIGENCE
Radinsky, L., & Jerison, H. J. (1975) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2407154 · Cited by 1,982 · see citing works
Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition
Gallup, G. G. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.167.3914.86 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology
Owen‐Smith, N. (1988) · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Behavioral adaptations to pathogens and parasites: Five strategies
Hart, B. L. (1990) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80038-7 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Self-citation
A universal scaling law between gray matter and white matter of cerebral cortex
Zhang, K., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.090504197 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence
Reiss, D., & Marino, L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.101086398 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant
Plotnik, J. M., de Waal, F. B. M., & Reiss, D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants
McComb, K., Moss, C., Durant, S. M., Baker, L., & Sayialel, S. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1057895 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Manufacture and use of hook-tools by New Caledonian crows
Hunt, G. R. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/379249a0 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Shaping of Hooks in New Caledonian Crows
Weir, A. A. S., Chappell, J., & Kacelnik, A. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1073433 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Brain sizes, surfaces, and neuronal sizes of the cortex cerebri: A stereological investigation of man and his variability and a comparison with some mammals (primates, whales, marsupials, insectivores, and one elephant)
Haug, H. (1987) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001800203 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture
van Schaik, C. P., Deaner, R. O., & Merrill, M. Y. (1999) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0304 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Animal Social Complexity
(2003) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674419131 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
The living elephants: evolutionary ecology, behavior, and conservation
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-4051 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants
McComb, K., Moss, C., Sayialel, S., & Baker, L. (2000) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence
Gould, S. J. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4149.400 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology
Albon, S. D. (1989) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(89)90043-8 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa
Roca, A. L., Georgiadis, N., Pecon‐Slattery, J., & O’Brien, S. J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059936 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Long-distance communication of acoustic cues to social identity in African elephants
McComb, K., Reby, D., Baker, L., Moss, C. J., & Sayialel, S. (2003) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2047 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence.
Povinelli, D. J., Rulf, A. B., Landau, K. R., & Bierschwale, D. T. (1993) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.107.4.347 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The organization of neocortex in mammals: are species differences really so different?
Krubitzer, L. A. (1995) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93938-t · Cited by 298 · see citing works
On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals
Hofman, M. A. (1989) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(89)90013-0 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Why is Brain Size so Important:Design Problems and Solutions as Neocortex Gets Biggeror Smaller
Kaas, J. H. (2000) · Brain and Mind · doi:10.1023/a:1010028405318 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch
Douglas-Hamilton, I., Bhalla, S., Wittemyer, G., & Vollrath, F. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Hippocampal Function in Cognition
Sweatt, J. D. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1795-9 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Elephant memories. Thirteen years in the life of an elephant family
(1993) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/0160-4120(93)90102-n · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Structural and functional organization of mammalian cerebral cortex: The correlation of neurone density with brain size. Cortical neurone density in the fin whale (Balaenoptera Physalus L.) with a note on the cortical neurone density in the Indian elephant
Tower, D. B. (1954) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901010103 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Evolutionary Anatomy of the Primate Cerebral Cortex
(2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511897085 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Elephant brain
Shoshani, J., Kupsky, W. J., & Marchant, G. H. (2006) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Elephant memories. Thirteen years in the life of an elephant family
Eltringham, S. K. (1989) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90080-8 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The Ai project: historical and ecological contexts
Matsuzawa, T. (2003) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0199-2 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Annotation: The savant syndrome
Heaton, P. F., & Wallace, G. L. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00284.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Savant Syndrome: Intellectual impairment and exceptional skill.
Miller, L. K. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.31 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Among the Elephants
Buss, I. O., Hamilton, I. D., & Hamilton, O. D. (1976) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3799973 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching
Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., McCoy, M., & Sarath, C. R. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citation
Failure to find self-recognition in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in contrast to their use of mirror cues to discover hidden food.
Povinelli, D. J. (1989) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.103.2.122 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies
Megan, S. (2004) · Complicity An International Journal of Complexity and Education · doi:10.29173/cmplct8720 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Patterns of molecular genetic variation among African elephant populations
Comstock, K. E., Georgiadis, N., Pecon‐Slattery, J., et al. (2002) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01615.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Tool use by wild and captive elephants
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S., & Liska, J. (1993) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1183 · Cited by 111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The repertoire of tool use in Asian and African elephants also includes scratching with a stick and throwing sticks or stones at rodents competing for fruit beneath a tree (Chevalier-Skolnikoff and Liska, 1993; Hart and Hart, 1994; Kurt and Hartl, 1995; Wickler and Seibt, 1997).”
Background
African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species
McComb, K., Baker, L., & Moss, C. (2006) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Movements and patterns of habitat utilization of elephants in Tsavo National Park, Kenya
Leuthold, W., & Sale, J. B. (1973) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00099.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy].
Almas, T., Vedeler, C. A., Moen, G., & Mörk, S. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Spatial distribution and movements of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the northern Namib Desert region of the Kaokoveld, South West Africa/Namibia
Viljoen, P. J. (1989) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02561.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Behavioural Diversity among the Wild Chimpanzee Populations of Bossou and Neighbouring Areas, Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa
Humle, T., & Matsuzawa, T. (2001) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000049924 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Creative or created: Using anecdotes to investigate animal cognition
Bates, L. A., & BYRNE, R. (2007) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.11.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sexual differentiation in three unconventional mammals: Spotted hyenas, elephants and tammar wallabies
Glickman, S. E., Short, R. V., & Renfree, M. B. (2005) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.013 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Scaling of White Matter to Gray Matter in Cerebellum and Neocortex
Bush, E. C., & Allman, J. M. (2003) · Brain, Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000068880 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Parcellation and Area-Area Connectivity as a Function of Neocortex Size
Changizi, M. A., & Shinsuke Shimojo, A. (2005) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000085942 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
3. Sources of Social Complexity in the Three Elephant Species
Payne, Κ. (2003) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674419131.c5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Feelings and Emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium
(2004) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806582 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Scaling laws in the mammalian neocortex: Does form provide clues to function?
Harrison, K. H., Hof, P. R., & Wang, S. S.-H. (2002) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1023/a:1024178127195 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Not all chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) show self-recognition
Swartz, K. B., & Evans, S. (1991) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02381939 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Home range and seasonal movement of elephants in the Kunene Region, northwestern Namibia
Leggett, K. E. A. (2006) · African Zoology · doi:10.3377/1562-7020(2006)41[17:hrasmo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Arealization of the Neocortex in Mammals: Genetic and Epigenetic Contributions to the Phenotype
Krubitzer, L. A., & Huffman, K. J. (2000) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000006667 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Molecules remodel the mammalian tree
JONG, W. W. D. (1998) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01335-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Brain evolution in hominids: are we at the end of the road?
Hofman, M. A. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511897085.009 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Brain of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana): Neuroanatomy from magnetic resonance images
Hakeem, A. Y., Hof, P. R., Sherwood, C. C., Switzer, R. C., Rasmussen, L. E. L., & Allman, J. M. (2005) · The Anatomical Record Part A Discoveries in Molecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1002/ar.a.20255 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fly switching by Asian elephants: tool use to control parasites
Hart, B. L., & Hart, L. A. (1994) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1994.1209 · Cited by 53 · cited 3× · see citing works
“More recently, studies have documented the efficacy of fly switching in repelling flies (Hart and Hart, 1994) and the modification of branches to use as switches (Hart et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
An overview of the central nervous system of the elephant through a critical appraisal of the literature published in the XIX and XX centuries
Cozzi, B., Spagnoli, S., & Bruno, L. (2001) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00456-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Elephant life: fifteen years of high population density
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-0304 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
On the Possibility of Animal Empathy
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806582.022 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
SIMULTANEOUS VISUAL DISCRIMINATION IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS
Nissani, M., Hoefler-Nissani, D., Lay, U. T., & Htun, U. W. (2005) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2005.34-04 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reconstructing the Organization of Neocortex of the First Mammals and Subsequent Modifications
Kaas, J. (2007) · Evolution of Nervous Systems · doi:10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00057-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Scaling the Brain and Its Connections
Changizi, M. (2007) · Evolution of Nervous Systems · doi:10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00061-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Evolution of Longevity in Ungulates and Carnivores
Cutler, R. G. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000212324 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Do asian elephants (Elephas maximus) apply causal reasoning to tool-use tasks?
Nissani, M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.32.1.91 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neuronal correlates of corticalization in mammals: A theory
Hofman, M. A. (1985) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(85)80117-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
CURRENT ISSUES AND EMERGING THEORIES IN ANIMAL COGNITION
Boysen, S. T., & Himes, G. T. (1999) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.683 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Spatial and Social Cognition in Corvids: An Evolutionary Approach
Balda, R. P., & Kamil, A. C. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1885.003.0020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A two-component theory of encephalization in mammals
Hofman, M. A. (1982) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(82)90211-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Aimed Object‐throwing by a Wild African Elephant in an Interspecific Encounter
Wickler, W., & Seibt, U. (1997) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00152.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Captured in the Net of Space and Time: Understanding Cortical Field Evolution
Krubitzer, L. A., & Hunt, D. L. (2007) · Evolution of Nervous Systems · doi:10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00058-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Theory of Mind and Insight in Chimpanzees, Elephants, and Other Animals?
Nissani, M. (2004) · Comparative Vertebrate Cognition · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8913-0_7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zähmung und Dressurleistungen indischer Arbeitselefanten
Koehler, O., & Altevogt, B. R. U. R. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1954.tb02173.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Evolution of the Elephant Brain: A Paradox between Brain Size and Cognitive Behavior
Hart, B. L., & Hart, L. A. (2007) · Evolution of Nervous Systems · doi:10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00343-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Biology of Large African Mammals in Their Environment.
Leader‐Williams, N., Jewell, P. A., & Maloiy, G. M. O. (1990) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2404404 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dr. Skinner on the 'disintegration of perceptual principles' of psychotics.
Yacorzynski, G. K. (1943) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0059425 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Intellect in Brutes
Peal, S. E. (1879) · Nature · doi:10.1038/021034b0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Untitled work
Wiese (2000) · doi:10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5
Neocortical neuron number in humans: Effect of sex and age
(1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970728)384:2

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy
Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., Clayton, N. S., Connor, R., Davis, S., Deakin, B., DeRubeis, R. J., et al. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3628 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Comparative analysis of encephalization in mammals reveals relaxed constraints on anthropoid primate and cetacean brain scaling
BODDY, A. M., McGOWEN, M. R., SHERWOOD, C. C., GROSSMAN, L. I., GOODMAN, M., & WILDMAN, D. E. (2012) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02491.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Learning from the past and looking to the future: emerging perspectives for improving the treatment of psychiatric disorders
Millan, M. J., Goodwin, G. M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Ove Ögren, S. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.016 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Putting the elephant back in the herd: elephant relative quantity judgments match those of other species
Perdue, B. M., Talbot, C. F., Stone, A. M., & Beran, M. J. (2012) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0521-y · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Insightful problem solving in an Asian elephant
Foerder, P., Galloway, M., Barthel, T., Moore, D. E., & Reiss, D. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023251 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Successful acquisition of an olfactory discrimination test by Asian elephants, Elephas maximus
Arvidsson, J., Amundin, M., & Laska, M. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.021 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Evidence of means–end behavior in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Irie-Sugimoto, N., Kobayashi, T., Sato, T., & Hasegawa, T. (2008) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-007-0126-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Behavioural responses of free-ranging Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) towards dying and dead conspecifics
Sharma, N., Pokharel, S. S., Kohshima, S., & Sukumar, R. (2020) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00739-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Physiological plasticity in elephants: highly dynamic glucocorticoids in African and Asian elephants
Pokharel, S. S., & Brown, J. L. (2023) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coad088 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Novel behaviour shown by an Asian elephant in the context of allomothering
Vidya, T. N. C. (2014) · acta ethologica · doi:10.1007/s10211-013-0168-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation
Hope, S. F., Willgohs, K. R., Dittakul, S., & Plotnik, J. M. (2025) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-024-00655-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Long-Term Olfactory Memory in African Elephants
Hoerner, F., Lawrenz, A., Oerke, A.-K., Müller, D. W. H., Azogu-Sepe, I., Roller, M., Damerau, K., & Preisfeld, A. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13040679 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Elephants in captivity
Doyle, C. (2018) · The Palgrave Handbook of Practical Animal Ethics · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-36671-9_12 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Authors: Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., & Pinter-Wollman, N.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author: Hart, Benjamin L.
ORCID: Hart, Benjamin L.
Hart, Lynette A.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-01
Volume: 32
Issue: 1
Pages: 86-98
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.012
OpenAlex: W2075821884
Cited by: 185
References: 82
Citations by year: 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 0.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
Keywords: elephants, brain size, cognition, cerebral cortex, spatial memory, social memory, tool use, visual discrimination learning, theory of mind, long-term memory, primate comparison
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Cognition, Elephants, Humans, Memory, Organ Size, Tool Use Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks