Somatotopic organisation of the human insula to painful heat studied with high resolution functional imaging
Abstract
Pain perception is a multidimensional phenomenon, derived from sensory, affective, cognitive-evaluative and homeostatic information. Neuroimaging studies of pain perception have investigated the role of primary somatosensory cortex (SI); however, they have typically failed to demonstrate the expected somatotopy. An alternative network for the sensory component of pain has been proposed, involving a temperature and pain-specific nucleus of the thalamus (VMpo) and its projections to dorsal posterior insula (dpIns). According to this hypothesis, projections to the insula should be arranged somatotopically. In order to test for the presence of somatotopy in the operculo-insular brain region, we delivered moderately painful thermal stimuli to the right face, hand and foot in 14 healthy subjects and recorded brain responses using high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. For each subject, the thermode temperature was adjusted to produce pain ratings of 5 to 6 out of 10, which corresponded to average temperatures for the face, hand and foot of 49.6, 48.5 and 48.5 degrees C, respectively. Examination of mixed effects group activation maps suggested a pain-related somatotopy in the contralateral posterior insula and putamen. Construction of frequency maps revealed that face activation within the posterior insula was anterior to both hand and foot, whilst foot activation was located medially in the circular sulcus. Single subject analysis demonstrated that only coordinates for dpIns activation were significantly dependent on stimulus location (Hotelling's Trace, P = 0.012). Coordinates for face (paired t test, P = 0.004) and hand (P < 0.001) activity were more lateral than those for foot, whilst face activation was anterior to the foot (P = 0.037). Based on single subject analyses, the average standard space (MNI) coordinates for face, hand and foot activity were (-40,-16,11), (-40,-19,14) and (-35,-21,11) respectively.
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Pain is a complex and multidimensional sensory experience based upon hierarchical somatosensory, affective, and homeostatic information processed in parallel and overlapping brain networks.
“While pain is a complex and multidimensional sensory experience based upon hierarchical somatosensory, affective, and homeostatic information processed in parallel and overlapping brain networks (Craig, 2002, 2003a,b,c; Brooks et al., 2005),”
From The evolutionary and genetic origins of consciousness in the Cambrian Period over 500 million years ago (2013) · cites this paper as Brooks et al., 2005
Prior research identified OP1 and dpINS as two regions in the operculoinsular region specifically involved in pain-related somatosensory processing.
“Prior research has identi fi ed two regions in the operculoinsular region that are speci fi cally involved in pain-related somatosensory processing: OP1, the most caudal area of the parietal operculum, and dpINS (19 -23).”
From Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain (2011) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Brooks, J. C. W., Zambreanu, L., Godinez, A., Craig, A. D. (., & Tracey, I.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Barrow Neurological Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brooks, J.C.W.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 201-209
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071978760
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 12.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Dr Hadwen Trust for Humane Research
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS041287, NS41287)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- somatotopic organization, posterior insula, thermal pain, somatosensory cortex, thalamus, putamen, insula, pain perception, single-subject analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Foot, Hand, Hot Temperature, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pain, Pain Measurement, Somatosensory Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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