Functional neuroanatomy of the insular lobe
Open accessAbstract
The insula is the fifth lobe of the brain and it is the least known. Hidden under the temporal, frontal and parietal opercula, as well as under dense arterial and venous vessels, its accessibility is particularly restricted. Functional data on this region in humans, therefore, are scarce and the existing evidence makes conclusions on its functional and somatotopic organization difficult. 5 patients with intractable epilepsy underwent an invasive presurgical evaluation with implantation of diagnostic invasive-depth electrodes, including insular electrodes that were inserted using a mesiocaudodorsal to laterorostroventral approach. Altogether 113 contacts were found to be in the insula and were stimulated with alternating currents during preoperative monitoring. Different viscerosensitive and somatosensory phenomena were elicited by stimulation of these electrodes. A relatively high density of electrode contacts enabled us to delineate several functionally distinct areas within the insula. We found somatosensory symptoms to be restricted to the posterior insula and a subgroup of warmth or painful sensations in the dorsal posterior insula. Viscerosensory symptoms were elicited by more anterior electrode contacts with a subgroup of gustatory symptoms occurring after stimulation of electrode contacts in the central part of the insula. The anterior insula did not show reproducible responses to stimulation. In line with previous studies, we found evidence for somato- and viscerosensory cortex in the insula. In addition, our results suggest that there is a predominantly posterior and central distribution of these functions in the insular lobe.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Intracranial stimulation of different insula regions is associated with distinct internal sensations.
“This is consistent with evidence that intracranial stimulation of different insula regions is associated with distinct internal sensations (Stephani et al., 2011).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Stephani et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Results of these and other studies and considerations concerning the neuroanatomy of the insula have led to a hypothesis regarding a central role of the insula for higher cortical functions and processing of homeostatic information (Singer et al. 2004; Craig 2009).”
BackgroundResultHow do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body
Craig, A. D. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn894 · Cited by 6,006 · see citing works
Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093535 · Cited by 3,929 · see citing works
A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust
Phillips, M. L., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brammer, M., Andrew, C., Calder, A. J., Bullmore, E. T., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Williams, S. C. R., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39051 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works
Penfield, W. G. (1950) · Digital Commons - RU (Rockefeller University) · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Kurth, F., Zilles, K., Fox, P. T., Laird, A. R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0255-z · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking
Naqvi, N. H., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, H., & Bechara, A. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1135926 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen
Economo, C. V., & Koskinas, G. N. (1925) · Springer eBooks · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function
(1968) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03150020096041 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Insula of the old world monkey. III: Efferent cortical output and comments on function
Mesulam, M. ‐., & Mufson, E. J. (1982) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902120104 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Thermosensory activation of insular cortex
Craig, A. D., Chen, K., Bandy, D., & Reiman, E. M. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/72131 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Orexin Neurons Regulate Arousal According to Energy Balance in Mice
Yamanaka, A., Beuckmann, C. T., Willie, J. T., Hara, J., Tsujino, N., Mieda, M., Tominaga, M., Yagami, K.-I., Sugiyama, F., Goto, K., et al. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00331-3 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Dissociation of Neural Representation of Intensity and Affective Valuation in Human Gustation
Small, D. M., Gregory, M. D., Mak, Y. E., Gitelman, D. R., Mesulam, M. M., & Parrish, T. B. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00467-7 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Evidence for a viscerotopic sensory representation in the cortex and thalamus in the rat
Cechetto, D. F., & Saper, C. B. (1987) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902620104 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Mesulam, M. M., & Mufson, E. J. (1982) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902120102 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
A thalamic nucleus specific for pain and temperature sensation
Craig, A. D., Bushnell, M. C., Zhang, E.-T., & Blomqvist, A. G. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372770a0 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
THE INSULA: FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON ITS FUNCTION
PENFIELD, W., & FAULK, M. E. (1955) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/78.4.445 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Centenary of Brodmann's map — conception and fate
Zilles, K., & Amunts, K. (2010) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2776 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Convergence of autonomic and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat
Saper, C. B. (1982) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902100207 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Ostrowsky‐Coste, K. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.4.376 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Insula of the old world monkey. II: Afferent cortical input and comments on the claustrum
Mufson, E. J., & Mesulam, M. ‐. (1982) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902120103 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Friedman, D. P., Murray, E. A., O'Neill, J. B., & Mishkin, M. (1986) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902520304 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Clinical manifestations of insular lobe seizures: a stereo-electroencephalographic study
Isnard, J., Guénot, M., Sindou, M., & Mauguière, F. (2004) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.68903.x · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat
Allen, G. V., Saper, C. B., Hurley, K. M., & Cechetto, D. F. (1991) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903110102 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Topographic anatomy of the insular region
Türe, U., Yaşargil, D. C. H., Al-Mefty, O., & Yaşargil, M. G. (1999) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1999.90.4.0720 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
The Human Parietal Operculum. I. Cytoarchitectonic Mapping of Subdivisions
Eickhoff, S. B., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K., & Amunts, K. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi105 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Brooks, J. C. W., Zambreanu, L., Godinez, A., Craig, A. D. (., & Tracey, I. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.041 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Brain structures mediating cardiovascular arousal and interoceptive awareness
Pollatos, O., Schandry, R., Auer, D. P., & Kaufmann, C. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.026 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The Insula of Reil in Man and Monkey
Mesulam, M. M., & Mufson, E. J. (1985) · Cerebral cortex · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9619-3_5 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
(1952) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1952.02930330079031 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Taste representation in the human insula
Small, D. M. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0266-9 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex
Greenspan, J. D., Lee, R. R., & Lenz, F. A. (1999) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00021-4 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Gastric distention activates satiety circuitry in the human brain
Wang, G.-J., Tomasi, D., Backus, W., Wang, R., Telang, F., Geliebter, A., Korner, J., Bauman, A., Fowler, J. S., Thanos, P. K., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.008 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Projections of thalamic gustatory and lingual areas in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis
Pritchard, T. C., Hamilton, R. B., Morse, J. R., & Norgren, R. (1986) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902440208 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Variations and Connections of the Human Thalamus
Buren, J. M. V., & Borke, R. C. (1972) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-88594-5 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Roles of the Insular Cortex in the Modulation of Pain: Insights from Brain Lesions
Starr, C. J., Sawaki, L. A., Wittenberg, G. F., Burdette, J. H., Oshiro, Y., de Quevedo, A. S., & Coghill, R. C. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5173-08.2009 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Somatotopic Organization of Human Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
Ruben, J. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.5.463 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Reappraisal of the human vestibular cortex by cortical electrical stimulation study
Kahane, P., Hoffmann, D., Minotti, L., & Berthoz, A. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10726 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Functional Mapping of the Insular Cortex: Clinical Implication in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Ostrowsky‐Coste, K., Isnard, J., Ryvlin, P., Guénot, M., Fischer, C., & Mauguı̀ere, F. (2000) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00228.x · Cited by 272 · see citing works
The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function
(1951) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1951.01700010242018 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Nocturnal Hypermotor Seizures, Suggesting Frontal Lobe Epilepsy, Can Originate in the Insula
Ryvlin, P., Minotti, L., Demarquay, G., Hirsch, É., Arzimanoglou, A. A., Hoffman, D., Guénot, M., Picard, F., Rheims, S., & Kahane, P. (2006) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00510.x · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Cytoarchitecture and Probabilistic Maps of the Human Posterior Insular Cortex
Kurth, F., Eickhoff, S. B., Schleicher, A., Hömke, L., Zilles, K., & Amunts, K. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp208 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Revisiting the role of the insula in refractory partial epilepsy
Nguyen, D. K., Nguyen, D. B., Malak, R., Leroux, J., Carmant, L., Saint-Hilaire, J. M., Giard, N., Cossette, P., & Bouthillier, A. (2008) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01758.x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Dual representation of pain in the operculo-insular cortex in humans
Frot, M. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg032 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The Somatotopic Organization of Cytoarchitectonic Areas on the Human Parietal Operculum
Eickhoff, S. B., Grefkes, C., Zilles, K., & Fink, G. R. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl090 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Taste perception in patients with insular cortex lesions
Pritchard, T. C., Macaluso, D. A., & Eslinger, P. J. (1999) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.113.4.663 · Cited by 225 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Deficits in the qualitative and quantitative discrimination of gustatory stimuli were found on the side of the tongue ipsilateral to insular lesions (Pritchard et al. 1999).”
BackgroundMazzola, L., Isnard, J., Peyron, R., Guénot, M., & Mauguière, F. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.07.014 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Human SII and Posterior Insula Differently Encode Thermal Laser Stimuli
Frot, M., Magnin, M., Mauguı̀ere, F., & Garcı́a-Larrea, L. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk007 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Henderson, L. A., Gandevia, S. C., & Macefield, V. G. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.013 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Insular involvement in brain infarction increases risk for cardiac arrhythmia and death
Abboud, H., Berroir, S., Labreuche, J., Orjuela, K. D., & Amarenco, P. (2006) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20806 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Conduction of Pain Above the Level of the Thalamus Opticus
Biemond, A. (1956) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1956.02330210011001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Benjamin, R. M., & Burton, H. (1968) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(68)90100-5 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
GUSTATORY HALLUCINATIONS IN EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
Hausser‐Hauw, C., & Bancaud, J. (1987) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/110.2.339 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Painful Stimuli Evoke Potentials Recorded From the Parasylvian Cortex in Humans
Lenz, F. A., Rios, M., Chau, D. T., Krauss, G., Zirh, A. T., & Lesser, R. P. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.2077 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Valeriani, M., Restuccia, D., Barba, C., Pera, D. L., Tonali, P., & Mauguı̀ere, F. (2000) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00273-x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Functional anatomy of the insula: new insights from imaging
Dupont, S., Bouilleret, V., Hasboun, D., Semah, F., & Baulac, M. (2003) · Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy · doi:10.1007/s00276-003-0103-4 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Insular lesionectomy for refractory epilepsy: management and outcome
von Lehe, M., Wellmer, J., Urbach, H., Schramm, J., Elger, C. E., & Clusmann, H. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp047 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Vandenbergh, J., Dupont, P. J., Fischler, B., Bormans, G. M., Persoons, P., Janssens, J., & Tack, J. F. (2005) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.054 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
STIMULATION STUDIES OF INSULAR CORTEX OF MACACA MULATTA
Hoffman, B. L., & Rasmussen, T. (1953) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1953.16.4.343 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Coq, J., Qi, H., Collins, C. E., & Kaas, J. H. (2004) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20237 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Characterization of baroreceptor-related neurons in the monkey insular cortex
Zhang, Z.-H., Dougherty, P. M., & Oppenheimer, S. M. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00268-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Isolated insular infarction eliminates contralateral cold, cold pain, and pinprick perception
Birklein, F., Rolke, R., & Müller‐Forell, W. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000181351.82772.b3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ladabaum, U., Roberts, T. P. L., & McGonigle, D. J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.033 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Henderson, L. A., Rubin, T. K., & Macefield, V. G. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21131 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dysphagia Due to Unilateral Infarction in the Vascular Territory of the Anterior Insula
Riecker, A., Gastl, R., Kühnlein, P., Kassubek, J., & Prosiegel, M. (2008) · Dysphagia · doi:10.1007/s00455-008-9164-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The future of mapping sensory cortex in primates: three of many remaining issues
Kaas, J. H. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1624 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The nuclei and cerebral connections of the human thalamus
Buren, J. M. V., & Borke, R. C. (1972) · Springer eBooks · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dysphagia with Bilateral Lesions of the Insular Cortex
Stickler, D. E., Gilmore, R. L., Rosenbek, J. C., & Donovan, N. J. (2003) · Dysphagia · doi:10.1007/s00455-002-0103-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sensory responses from stimulation of the inferior Rolandic and Sylvian regions in man
Buren, J. M. V. (1983) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1983.59.1.0119 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Structure and Function of the Human Insula
Uddin, L. Q., Nomi, J. S., Hébert-Seropian, B., Ghaziri, J., & Boucher, O. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000377 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuys, R. (2012) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53860-4.00007-6 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Dynamic Development of Regional Cortical Thickness and Surface Area in Early Childhood
Lyall, A. E., Shi, F., Geng, X., Woolson, S., Li, G., Wang, L., Hamer, R. M., Shen, D., & Gilmore, J. H. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu027 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Interoception and psychopathology: A developmental neuroscience perspective
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.006 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Contributions of the insula to cognition and emotion
Gasquoine, P. G. (2014) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9246-9 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Anterior insula as a gatekeeper of executive control
Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Uddin, L. Q. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104736 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
The Corticocortical Structural Connectivity of the Human Insula
Ghaziri, J., Tucholka, A., Girard, G., Houde, J., Boucher, O., Gilbert, G., Descoteaux, M., Lippé, S., Rainville, P., & Nguyen, D. K. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv308 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Stimulation of the human cortex and the experience of pain: Wilder Penfield's observations revisited
Mazzola, L., Isnard, J., Peyron, R., & Mauguı̀ere, F. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr265 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Qin, P., Wang, M., & Northoff, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.004 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Anterior insular cortex plays a critical role in interoceptive attention
Wang, X., Wu, Q., Egan, L., Gu, X., Liu, P., Gu, H., Yang, Y., Luo, J., Wu, Y., Gao, Z., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.42265 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The insular cortex and the regulation of cardiac function
Oppenheimer, S., & Cechetto, D. (2016) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140076 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review
Brewer, R., Murphy, J., & Bird, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.036 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Low‐frequency electrical stimulation of a fiber tract in temporal lobe epilepsy
Koubeissi, M. Z., Kahriman, E. S., Syed, T. U., Miller, J., & Durand, D. M. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23915 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Insular and hippocampal gray matter volume reductions in patients with major depressive disorder
Stratmann, M., Konrad, C., Kugel, H., Krug, A., Schöning, S., Ohrmann, P., Uhlmann, C., Postert, C., Suslow, T., Heindel, W., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102692 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Seizure Semiology: Its Value and Limitations in Localizing the Epileptogenic Zone
Tufenkjian, K., & Lüders, H. O. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2012.8.4.243 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The posterior insular-opercular region and the search of a primary cortex for pain
Garcı́a-Larrea, L. (2012) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2012.06.001 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Insula: A “Hub of Activity” in Migraine
Borsook, D., Veggeberg, R., Erpelding, N., Borra, R., Linnman, C., Burstein, R., & Becerra, L. (2016) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858415601369 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
How the insula speaks to the heart: Cardiac responses to insular stimulation in humans
Chouchou, F., Mauguière, F., Vallayer, O., Catenoix, H., Isnard, J., Montavont, A., Jung, J., Pichot, V., Rheims, S., & Mazzola, L. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24548 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Benarroch, E. E. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000008525 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Functional organization of the insula and inner perisylvian regions
Jezzini, A., Caruana, F., Stoianov, I., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1200143109 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Spatial segregation of somato-sensory and pain activations in the human operculo-insular cortex
Mazzola, L., Faillenot, I., Barral, F.-G., Mauguière, F., & Peyron, R. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.072 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The human insula: Architectonic organization and postmortem MRI registration
Morel, A., Gallay, M. N., Baechler, A., Wyss, M., & Gallay, D. S. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.076 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Herrero, E. M., Maini, L., Sescousse, G., & Zatorre, R. J. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hilti, L. M., Hänggi, J., Vitacco, D., Kraemer, B., Palla, A., Luechinger, R., Jäncke, L., & Brugger, P. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws316 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Insular and insulo-opercular epilepsy in childhood: An SEEG study
Dylgjeri, S., Taussig, D., Chipaux, M., Lebas, A., Fohlen, M., Bulteau, C., Ternier, J., Ferrand‐Sorbets, S., Delalande, O., Isnard, J., et al. (2014) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2014.01.008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Mazzola, L., Mauguı̀ere, F., & Isnard, J. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000382 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
He, H., Yang, M., Duan, M., Chen, X., Lai, Y., Xia, Y., Shao, J., Biswal, B. B., Luo, C., & Yao, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00744 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A Role for the Claustrum in Salience Processing?
Smith, J. B., Watson, G. D. R., Liang, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, N., & Alloway, K. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00064 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
An insula hierarchical network architecture for active interoceptive inference
Fermin, A. S. R., Friston, K., & Yamawaki, S. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.220226 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Social information processing following resection of the insular cortex
Boucher, O., Rouleau, I., Lassonde, M. C., Leporé, F., Bouthillier, A., & Nguyen, D. K. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.008 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Functional connectivity of insular efferences
Almashaikhi, T., Rheims, S., Jung, J., Ostrowsky‐Coste, K., Montavont, A., de Bellescize, J., Arzimanoglou, A. A., Kéo‐Kosal, P., Guénot, M., Bertrand, O., et al. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22549 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Pugnaghi, M., Meletti, S., Castana, L., Francione, S., Nobili, L., Mai, R., & Tassi, L. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.03.013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Gustatory and olfactory responses to stimulation of the human insula
Mazzola, L., Royet, J., Catenoix, H., Montavont, A., Isnard, J., & Mauguière, F. (2017) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25010 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Role of the Rodent Insula in Anxiety
Méndez-Ruette, M., Linsambarth, S., Moraga‐Amaro, R., Quintana-Donoso, D., Méndez, L., Tamburini, G., Cornejo, F., Torres, R. F., & Stehberg, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00330 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Besteher, B., Gaser, C., & Nenadić, I. (2020) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000501024 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Functional Territories of Human Dentate Nucleus
Guell, X., D’Mello, A. M., Hubbard, N. A., Romeo, R. R., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Whitfield, S., Schmahmann, J. D., & Anteraper, S. A. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz247 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wright, H., Li, X., Fallon, N. B., Crookall, R., Giesbrecht, T., Thomas, A. K., Halford, J. C. G., Harrold, J. A., & Stančák, A. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13182 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Vestibular responses to direct stimulation of the human insular cortex
Mazzola, L., Christophe Lopez, A., Faillenot, I., Chouchou, F., Mauguı̀ere, F., & Isnard, J. (2014) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24252 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Molecular, Functional, and Structural Imaging of Major Depressive Disorder
Zhang, K., Zhu, Y., Zhu, Y., Wu, S., Liu, H., Zhang, W., Xu, C., Zhang, H., Hayashi, T., & Tian, M. (2016) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0030-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Surbeck, W., Bouthillier, A., Weil, A. G., Crevier, L., Carmant, L., Lortie, A., Major, P., & Nguyen, D. K. (2011) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02910.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Premonitory urges and tics in Tourette syndrome: computational mechanisms and neural correlates
Conceição, V. A., Dias, Â. J. B., Farinha, A. C., & Maia, T. V. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Tian, Y., & Zalesky, A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.055 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Glimpse into the Multiple Roles of the Insula
Gschwind, M., & Picard, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Functional mapping of the human insula: Data from electrical stimulations
Mazzola, L., Mauguı̀ere, F., & Isnard, J. (2019) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.12.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mandelli, M. L., Vitali, P., Santos, M., Henry, M., Gola, K., Rosenberg, L., Dronkers, N., Miller, B., Seeley, W. W., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.012 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Insular Cortex: Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy
Shura, R. D., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2014) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.260401 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Pavuluri, M. N., & May, A. (2015) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2015.1.18 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lenoir, C., Algoet, M., & Mouraux, A. (2018) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp276359 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Han, H., Chen, J., Jeong, C., & Glover, G. H. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Altered Regional and Circuit Resting-State Activity Associated with Unilateral Hearing Loss
Wang, X., Yang, F., Fu, Z., Wang, Z., Ge, J., Zhang, K., Gao, Z., Gao, J., Yang, Y., Fan, J., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096126 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Uncovering the functional anatomy of the human insula during speech
Woolnough, O., Forseth, K. J., Rollo, P. S., & Tandon, N. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53086 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Induction of a sense of bliss by electrical stimulation of the anterior insula
Picard, F., Scavarda, D., & Bartoloméi, F. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.013 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Intrainsular functional connectivity in human
Almashaikhi, T., Rheims, S., Ostrowsky‐Coste, K., Montavont, A., Jung, J., de Bellescize, J., Arzimanoglou, A. A., Kéo‐Kosal, P., Guénot, M., Bertrand, O., et al. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22366 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Two Neural Networks for Laughter: A Tractography Study
Gerbella, M., Pinardi, C., Cesare, G. D., Rizzolatti, G., & Caruana, F. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa264 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Laoprasert, P., Ojemann, J. G., & Handler, M. H. (2017) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.13682 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Me, Myself and My Insula: An Oasis in the Forefront of Self-Consciousness
Tisserand, A., Philippi, N., Botzung, A., & Blanc, F. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12040599 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Neural processing of basic tastes in healthy young and older adults — an fMRI study
Hoogeveen, H. R., Dalenberg, J. R., Renken, R. J., Horst, G. J. T., & Lorist, M. M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Piccinin, C. C., Piovesana, L. G., Santos, M. C. A., Guimarães, R., de Campos, B. M., de Rezende, T. J. R., Campos, L. S., Torres, F. R., Amato-Filho, A., França, M. C., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00283 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Vascular consequences of operculoinsular corticectomy for refractory epilepsy
Finet, P., Nguyen, D. K., & Bouthillier, A. (2015) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2014.10.jns141246 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cytoarchitecture, probability maps and segregation of the human insula
Quabs, J., Caspers, S., Schöne, C., Mohlberg, H., Bludau, S., Dickscheid, T., & Amunts, K. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119453 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Connectivity of the frontal and anterior insular network: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study
Enatsu, R., González-Martínez, J., Bulacio, J. C., Mosher, J. C., Burgess, R. C., Najm, I., & Nair, D. R. (2015) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2015.6.jns15622 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Zaccarella, E., & Friederici, A. D. (2015) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.12.006 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Intracranial electrodes in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy
Yuan, J., Chen, Y., & Hirsch, É. (2012) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1020-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ellingsen, D., Garcia, R. G., Lee, J., Lin, R. L., Kim, J., Thurler, A. H., Castel, S., Dimisko, L., Rosen, B. R., Hadjikhani, N. K., et al. (2016) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Clinical presentation of strokes confined to the insula: a systematic review of literature
Stefano, V. D., Angelis, M. V. D., Montemitro, C., Russo, M., Carrarini, C., Giannantonio, M. D., Brighina, F., ONOFRJ, M. C., Werring, D. J., & Simister, R. J. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05109-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kittleson, A. R., Woodward, N. D., Heckers, S., & Sheffield, J. M. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105643 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Functional Integration in the Sensory-Motor System Predicts Aging in Healthy Older Adults
He, H., Luo, C., Chang, X., Shan, Y., Cao, W., Gong, J., Klugah‐Brown, B., Bobes, M. A., Biswal, B. B., & Yao, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00306 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
He, C., Fan, D., Liu, X., Wáng, Q., Zhang, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., & Xie, C. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01829-w · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Insular Cortex and the Regulation of Cardiac Function
Oppenheimer, S., & Cechetto, D. F. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00691.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Anatomoelectroclinical features of SEEG-confirmed pure insular-onset epilepsy
Peltola, M. E., Trébuchon, A., Lagarde, S., Scavarda, D., Carron, R., Metsähonkala, L., Lauronen, L., Lepine, A. F., Villeneuve, N., & Bartoloméi, F. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.106964 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Berman, B. D., Horovitz, S. G., & Hallett, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00638 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Effects of Temperature Priming on Cooperation in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
Storey, S., & Workman, L. (2013) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491301100106 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Su, J., Wang, M., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Q., Qian, Y., Lu, H., Zhang, H., Li, G., Wu, Y.-L., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17069-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Pain syndromes and the parietal lobe
Garcı́a-Larrea, L., & Mauguı̀ere, F. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63622-5.00010-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Brain activation elicited by acute stress: An ALE meta-analysis
Qiu, Y., Fan, Z., Zhong, M., Yang, J., Wu, K., Hu, H., Zhang, R., Guo, Y. Q., Lee, T. M. C., & Huang, R. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.020 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Human cortical activity evoked by gaze shift observation: An intracranial EEG study
Caruana, F., Cantalupo, G., Russo, G. L., Mai, R., Sartori, I., & Avanzini, P. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22270 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Shame on the brain: Neural correlates of moral injury event recall in posttraumatic stress disorder
Lloyd, C. S., Nicholson, A. A., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., Neufeld, R. W. J., Jetly, R., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23128 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Functional coherence of insula networks is associated with externalizing behavior.
Abram, S. V., Wisner, K., Grazioplene, R. G., Krueger, R. F., MacDonald, A. W., & DeYoung, C. G. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000078 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Insular Cortex and the Amygdala: Shared Functions and Interactions
Moraga‐Amaro, R., & Stehberg, J. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/48495 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hernández-Ortiz, E., Luis-Islas, J., Tecuapetla, F., Gutiérrez, R., & Bermúdez‐Rattoni, F. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113365 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Probing the interoceptive network by listening to heartbeats: an fMRI study
Kleint, N. I., Wittchen, H.-U., & Lueken, U. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133164 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The association of insular stroke with lesion volume
Kodumuri, N., Sebastian, R., Davis, C. L., Posner, J., Kim, E. H., Tippett, D. C., Wright, A. E., & Hillis, A. E. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.01.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Primary Interoceptive Cortex Activity during Simulated Experiences of the Body
Wilson‐Mendenhall, C. D., Henriques, A., Barsalou, L. W., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01346 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Functional Alterations in Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Anxiety Disorders
Lee, Y. J., Guell, X., Hubbard, N. A., Siless, V., Frosch, I. R., Goncalves, M., Lo, N., Nair, A., Ghosh, S., Hofmann, S. G., et al. (2020) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01213-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dziedzic, T. A., Bala, A., & Marchel, A. (2021) · Neurosurgical Review · doi:10.1007/s10143-021-01602-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A review of brain regions and associated post-concussion symptoms
Danielli, E., Simard, N., DeMatteo, C. A., Kumbhare, D. A., Ulmer, S., & Noseworthy, M. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1136367 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
TrpM8‐mediated somatosensation in mouse neocortex
Beukema, P., Cecil, K. L., Peterson, E., Mann, V. R., Matsushita, M. T., Takashima, Y., Navlakha, S., & Barth, A. L. (2018) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24418 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Insula-cingulate structural and functional connectivity: an ultra-high field MRI study
Cormie, M. A., Kaya, B., Hadjis, G. E., Mouseli, P., & Moayedi, M. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad244 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Invasive Investigation of Insular Cortex Epilepsy
Ryvlin, P., & Picard, F. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000395 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Reduced insula habituation associated with amplification of trigeminal brainstem input in migraine
Lee, J., Lin, R. L., Garcia, R. G., Kim, J., Kim, H., Loggia, M. L., Mawla, I., Wasan, A. D., Edwards, R. R., Rosen, B. R., et al. (2016) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102416665223 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gazzina, S., Benussi, A., Premi, E., Paternicò, D., Cristillo, V., Dell’Era, V., Cosseddu, M., Archetti, S., Alberici, A., Gasparotti, R., et al. (2017) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-017-0612-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Anatomo-functional basis of emotional and motor resonance elicited by facial expressions
Vecchio, M. D., Avanzini, P., Gerbella, M., Costa, S. E., Zauli, F. M., d’Orio, P., Focacci, E., Sartori, I., & Caruana, F. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae050 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Interoceptive training impacts the neural circuit of the anterior insula cortex
Sugawara, A., Katsunuma, R., Terasawa, Y., & Sekiguchi, A. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02933-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Memory and functional brain differences in a national sample of U.S. veterans with Gulf War Illness
Cooper, C. M., Briggs, R. W., Farris, E. A., Bartlett, J. C., Haley, R. W., & Odegard, T. N. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.03.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Changes of the postcentral cortex in irritable bowel syndrome patients
Nan, J., Yang, W., Meng, P., Huang, W. M., Zheng, Q., Xia, Y., & Liu, F. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00087-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Murphy, B. A., Miller, J. P., Gunalan, K., & Ajiboye, A. B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150359 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zauli, F. M., Vecchio, M. D., Russo, S., Mariani, V., Pelliccia, V., d’Orio, P., Sartori, I., Avanzini, P., & Caruana, F. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0180 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Anatomo-functional organization of insular networks: From sensory integration to behavioral control
Simone, L., Caruana, F., Borra, E., Sorbo, S. D., Jezzini, A., Rozzi, S., Luppino, G., & Gerbella, M. (2025) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102748 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Aguilar‐Rivera, M., Kim, S., Coleman, T. P., Maldonado, P., & Torrealba, F. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78200-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shared and unique neural circuitry underlying temporally unpredictable threat and reward processing
Radoman, M., Lieberman, L., Jimmy, J., & Gorka, S. M. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stephani, C., Fernandez-Baca Vaca, G., Maciunas, R., Koubeissi, M., & Lüders, H. O.
- Affiliations
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stephani, C.
- Venue
- Brain Structure and Function
- Published
- 2010-12-14
- Volume
- 216
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-149
- ISSN
- 1863-2653 (ISSN-L)
- 1863-2661
- PMC
- PMC3097350
- OpenAlex
- W2167344375
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brain Structure and Function (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- insula, functional neuroanatomy, somatosensory cortex, gustatory cortex, insular lobe, drug-resistant epilepsy, preoperative assessment, electrical stimulation, somatotopic organization, depth electrodes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Sensation, Deep Brain Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review