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Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods
Open accessAbstract
Dietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating, but prospective and experimental studies have produced contradictory findings, apparently because dietary restraint scales do not identify individuals who are reducing caloric intake. Yet, experimentally manipulated caloric deprivation increases responsivity of brain regions implicated in attention and reward to food images, which may contribute to binge eating. We tested whether self-imposed acute and longer-term caloric restriction increases responsivity of attention and reward regions to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food using functional magnetic resonance imaging among female and male adolescents (Study 1 n=34; Study 2 n=51/81). Duration of acute caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation in response to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, putamen, and precentral gyrus respectively). Youth in a longer-term negative energy balance likewise showed greater activation in attention (anterior cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex), visual processing (superior visual cortex), reward (caudate) and memory (hippocampus) regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food relative to those in neutral or positive energy balance. Results confirm that self-imposed caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation regions to food, which may explain why caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In two fMRI studies of adolescents, longer self-imposed caloric deprivation and a 2-week negative energy balance were associated with greater responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation brain regions to palatable food images, anticipated milkshake receipt, and milkshake receipt. The authors argue this may help explain why caloric-deprivation weight-loss diets often do not produce lasting weight loss.
Key findings
- Study 1 (N = 34 female adolescents; mean deprivation 7.8 ± 4.6 hours, range 1–16): duration of caloric deprivation correlated positively with left OFC activation for appetizing > unappetizing food pictures and right precentral gyrus activation for appetizing > water pictures; no significant effects emerged for reverse contrasts or quadratic relations.
- Study 2 acute deprivation (n = 51; mean 6.9 ± 3.7 hours, range 3–22.5): hours since last caloric intake correlated positively with activation during milkshake cue > tasteless cue in regions including MTG, precentral gyrus, medial SFG, lingual gyrus, dlPFC, dorsal ACC, MFG, IOG, vlPFC, parahippocampal gyrus, putamen, cerebellum, thalamus, and MOG; for milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt, it correlated positively with left mid insula.
- Study 2 longer-term energy balance: the negative energy balance group (≥1 kg loss; n = 27; mean −1.5 ± 0.5 kg) showed greater activation than the positive energy balance group (n = 23; mean +1.7 ± 0.9 kg) in left precuneus, left mPFC, and right ventral ACC for anticipated receipt, and in left caudate and right precentral gyrus for receipt; versus the energy stable group (n = 31; mean −0.01 ± 0.08 kg), it showed greater activation in left cuneus, left dlPFC, and left PCC for anticipated receipt, and bilateral caudate, right hippocampus, left MOG, and left fusiform gyrus for receipt.
- Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation in Study 1 (p = 0.98; r = 0.004) or Study 2 (p = 0.46; r = 0.10), and did not differ across energy balance groups (p = 0.92).
Methods
- Two fMRI studies in adolescents. Study 1 included 34 healthy female adolescents (M age = 15.5 ± 0.9, BMI = 24.6 ± 5.6). Study 2 included 162 adolescent males and females (M age = 15.3 ± 1.07, BMI = 20.8 ± 1.90), but analyses used 51 participants with data on pre-scan caloric deprivation and 81 participants meeting weight-change criteria.
- Study 1 used a food-picture paradigm: participants rated 103 food pictures, then viewed their 40 most appetizing, 40 least appetizing, and 40 water pictures; contrasts were appetizing > unappetizing and appetizing > water, regressed on hours since last dietary intake.
- Study 2 used a milkshake receipt/anticipation paradigm with chocolate milkshake versus calorie-free tasteless solution; contrasts were milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt and milkshake cue > tasteless cue, regressed on hours since last caloric intake and compared across negative, stable, and positive energy balance groups based on 2-week weight change (lost ≥1 kg, remained within 0.1 kg, gained ≥1 kg). Imaging used SPM8 with whole-brain cluster-level correction (p < 0.001, k ≥ 11, corrected p < 0.05).
Limitations
- The paper states: there was no way to confirm that the negative energy balance group consumed fewer calories than needed on the actual scan day; only one palatable food was tested and it was a beverage, so generalization to solid foods is cautious; participants were adolescents, so results may not generalize to adults; and sample sizes, though larger than many imaging studies, were still moderate and may have limited power and generalizability.
- Evident from the text: the acute-deprivation analyses in Study 2 used only 51 of 162 participants because deprivation data were not collected for all; Study 1 included only females while Study 2 included both sexes; and the acute-deprivation findings are correlational, based on self-reported hours since last intake rather than experimentally manipulated deprivation.
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Claims the paper makes
39 Own result · 35 Not checked yet · 27 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Youth in a longer-term negative energy balance likewise showed greater activation in attention (anterior cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex), visual processing (superior visual cortex), reward (caudate) and memory (hippocampus) regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food relative to those in neutral or positive energy balance.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Duration of acute caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation in response to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, putamen, and precentral gyrus respectively).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the appetizing food > unappetizing food contrast, duration of caloric deprivation was positively related to activity in the left OFC (Figure 1A).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plaincorrelationaln = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no evidence of significant quadratic relations between hours of caloric deprivation and neural activation in response to images of appetizing foods.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the appetizing food > water contrast, duration of caloric deprivation was positively related to activity in the right precentral gyrus (Figure 1B).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plaincorrelationaln = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant effects when examining the unappetizing > appetizing food or water > appetizing food contrasts.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participant’s Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation (P = 0.98; r = 0.004)”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants in a negative energy balance state during the scan in Study 2 compared to those in a positive or stable energy balance showed greater activation in the precuneus, mPFC, ventral ACC, cuneus, dlPFC, and PCC in response to anticipated receipt of milkshake.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positive energy balance group did not show significantly greater activation in response to the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast compared to either energy stable or negative energy balance groups.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant effects emerged for the reverse contrasts.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On 1-20 point scales, participants rated the chocolate milkshake as highly pleasant (M = 14.2) and edible (M = 15.8) immediately before the scan.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants (N = 34) reported a mean deprivation of 7.8 ± 4.6 hours (range 1 to 16).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, participant’s Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation (P = 0.46, r = 0.10).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast, hours of caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in the right hemisphere in the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), precentral gyrus, medial superior frontal gyrus (medial SFG), lingual gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC, Figure 1C), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal ACC), and middle frontal gyrus (MFG)”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plaincorrelationaln = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants (n = 51) reported a mean deprivation of 6.9 ± 3.7 hours (range 3 to 22.5).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those in the positive energy balance group (≥ 1kg in weight gain; n = 23) showed a mean weight gain of 1.7 ± 0.9kg (range 1.1 - 5.6kg) over the 2-week period.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast, participants in the negative energy balance group showed greater activation in the left precuneus, left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and right ventral ACC relative to the positive energy balance group and greater activation in the left cuneus, left dlPFC, and left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) relative to the energy stable group (Table”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants in the energy stable group (remained within 0.1kg, n = 31) showed a trivial increase in mean weight (−0.01 ± 0.08kg; range −0.1 - 0.1kg).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hours since last caloric intake and negative energy balance status showed no correlation with scores on the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“Theorists posit that dietary restraint increases risk for onset and maintenance of binge eating and bulimia nervosa (Fairburn, 1997; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fairburn, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Polivy & Herman, 1985 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“prospective and experimental studies have produced contradictory findings”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“increases in bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson & Wardle, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Stice, 2001 source
- Not checked yetcites Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“some individuals may engage in true caloric restriction, which does increase risk for binge eating (Stice et al., 2010).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stice et al., 2010 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, randomized trials find that assignment to energy-deficit weight loss interventions versus waitlist control conditions results in significant decreases in binge eating for healthy young adults”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groesz & Stice, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Presnell & Stice, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Goodrick, Poston, Kimball, Reeves & Foreyt, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because we used larger samples (N = 34, 51, & 81) than employed in past studies (N = 10 to 20), we were able to conduct whole-brain analyses, rather than region of interest analyses, which should provide a more comprehensive and reliable index of the effect of elective dietary restriction in neural response to food.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
hedgeddirectn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants who moved greater 2mm or 2° in any direction were excluded from analyses.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.6 Imaging acquisition, preprocessing and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“rats randomized to extreme caloric deprivation conditions (in which they lost 7% - 20% of their body mass) eat significantly more calories during ad lib feeding and show a preference for high-fat foods immediately after the deprivation period relative to non-deprived rats”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hagan, Chandler, Wauford, Rybak, & Oswald, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Lucas & Sclafani, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Ogawa et al., 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another gap in the literature is that few studies have investigated the effects of elective longer-term caloric deprivation; the fMRI experiments described above only investigated the effects of acute caloric deprivation.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects remained when potential outliers were excluded for these and subsequently reported effects.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
plainn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Because findings did not change when this covariate was included, results from analyses that did not include this covariate are reported.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.6 Imaging acquisition, preprocessing and analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dreher et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“potentially because of the small samples used in these studies (Ns = 10 to 20).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“though null effects also emerged (Siep et al., 2009; Uher et al., 2006)”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“humans randomized to periods of caloric deprivation work longer on operant tasks to earn high-calorie snack foods and eat more snack foods than non-deprived controls”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cameron, Goldfield, Cyr, & Doucet, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Epstein et al., 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Raynor & Epstein, 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting threshold of p < 0.001 with a cluster (k) ≥ 11 was considered corrected for multiple comparisions across the whole brain.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.6 Imaging acquisition, preprocessing and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This scale has shown internal consistency (α’s range from .93 to .95) and temporal reliability (2-week test-retest r = .82; Stice, et al., 2004; van Strien et al., 1986).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.3 Dutch Restrained Eating Scale
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Random effects analyses were used to account for both within-group and within-subject variance.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.6 Imaging acquisition, preprocessing and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prospective acquisition correction (PACE) was applied to adjust slice position and orientation, as well as to re-grid residual volume-to-volume motion in real-time during data acquisition for the purpose of reducing motion-induced effects in Study 2 (Thesen et al., 2000).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.6 Imaging acquisition, preprocessing and analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thesen et al., 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, data suggest that true caloric restriction may increase the reward value of food, such that the longer the caloric deprivation, the greater the activation of attention and reward regions in response to food, which putatively increases the likelihood of food intake.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A cluster level threshold of p < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain for each study were derived using Monte Carlo simulations (10,000 iterations) of random noise distribution in the whole brain mask (3×3×3mm) using the 3dClustSim in AFNI (Cox, 1996; Forman et al., 1995).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.6 Imaging acquisition, preprocessing and analysis
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fMRI experiments in which participants were randomly assigned to a period of caloric deprivation or a non-deprivation condition have strong internal validity, but limited external validity because participants did not voluntarily elect to engage in caloric restriction, as occurs in real-world dieters.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In response to pictures of palatable foods, individuals who had successfully recovered from obesity showed greater activation in a region associated with inhibitory control (the superior frontal region) than obese and normal weight individuals, greater activation in a region involved in visual attention (middle temporal region) than normal weight individuals, and less activation in a motor”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCaffery et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although this scale correlates with self-reported caloric intake, like all dietary restraint or dieting scales, it does not correlate with objectively measured caloric intake (e.g., Ouwens et al., 2003; Stice, et al., 2004).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 2.3 Dutch Restrained Eating Scale
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Experimental research with rats has revealed that acute food deprivation and chronic caloric deprivation results in increased DA release at feeding and increased D2 receptor binding (Thanos et al., 2008)”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thanos et al., 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interesting, animal experiments show that caloric deprivation selectively increases preferences for high-fat foods (Lucas & Sclafani, 1992).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lucas & Sclafani, 1992
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the findings from Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that duration of acute calorie deprivation is related to greater reward valuation of and attention to palatable food pictures and food cues and potentially with greater motivation to obtain or consume the food.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Abstinence from cocaine after a period of regular use resulted in a 17% increase in cells that selectively fire in response to cocaine directed behavior”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cameron & Carelli, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, results imply that caloric deprivation increases responsivity to real food much more than it does to images of food, probably because pictures of food hold no caloric value for hungry people.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data collectively suggest that caloric deprivation increases D2R receptor sensitization, which could explain the greater reward value of food after caloric deprivation.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Mechanisms of caloric deprivation observed in rats generalize to humans.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, we investigated neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of only one palatable food and it was a beverage.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and elevated D2Rs showed enhanced effector striatal coupling (Carr et al., 2003).”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carr et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results should be generalized with caution to other palatable foods, particularly solid foods.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, although the samples used in these studies are larger than those typically used in brain imaging studies, they were still only moderate in magnitude, which may have limited our statistical power and the generalizability of our findings.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, because participants in these two studies were adolescents, results may not generalize to adults.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Administration of the D1R agonist SFK-82958 produced enhanced striatal activation”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carr et al., 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most critically, findings imply that weight loss diets that involve the replacement of unhealthy energy dense foods with healthy low energy density foods should be more effective than diets that involve long periods of caloric deprivation.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results imply that if people attempt to lose weight by abstaining from food intake for long durations of time, it will have the effect of increasing the reward value of food, which may lead to poor food choices when the individual eventually does eat.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, although the samples used in these studies are larger than those typically used in brain imaging studies, they were still only moderate in magnitude, which may have limited our statistical power and the generalizability of our findings.”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
“To assess the impact of longer-term energy balance we used weight change over the 2-week period during which the scan occurred to group participants into three a priori groups”
“This allowed us to contrast the neural response of individuals who were in an objectively measured negative energy balance to those who were in an energy stable or positive energy balance state when the scan took place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
“participants reported the number of hours since their last dietary intake (to the nearest quarter hour)”
“duration of caloric deprivation”
The paper relies on this without support.
BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
“BOLD response was contrasted during receipt of milkshake versus tasteless solution”
“activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.
“which may explain why caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported duration of elective acute caloric deprivation accurately reflects their actual caloric deprivation.
“participants reporting a longer duration of elective acute caloric deprivation”
“Hours since last caloric intake and negative energy balance status showed no correlation with scores on the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mechanisms of caloric deprivation observed in rats generalize to humans.
“These data collectively suggest that caloric deprivation increases D2R receptor sensitization, which could explain the greater reward value of food after caloric deprivation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The targeted-effect size was chosen based on findings from studies employing CIC paradigms for drug craving52, food cravings25,37,53,54 and internet gaming craving27, which report medium-to-large effect sizes in cue reactivity52.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
“showed a trivial increase in mean weight”
§ Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods > 2. Methods > 3.1 Results
“(−0.01 ± 0.08kg; range −0.1 - 0.1kg)”
Citations
Cites
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.
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Stice, E. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.124 · Cited by 1,251
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gautier, 1999, Increased cortical representation of hunger and satiation in obese men, Diabetes, 48, A312
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger
Tomova, L., Wang, K. L., Thompson, T., Matthews, G. A., Takahashi, A., Tye, K. M., & Saxe, R. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z · Cited by 283
“The targeted effect size was chosen based on findings from studies employing cue-induced craving paradigms for drug craving (53) , food cravings (28, (54) (55) (56) and internet gaming craving (30) which report medium to large effect sizes in cue reactivity (53) .”
Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders
Schulte, E. M., Grilo, C. M., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001 · Cited by 271
Brooks, S. J., Cedernaes, J., & Schiöth, H. B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060393 · Cited by 269
“We observed increased activation in the left dorsomedial prefrontal, right precentral and right parahippocampal gyri in obese subjects, regions linked to attention, motor coordination, and explicit memory, and that are implicated in processes associated with the anticipation of food intake, particularly during perceiv…”
BackgroundA Review of Interventions that Promote Eating by Internal Cues.
Schaefer, J. T., & Magnuson, A. B. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.024 · Cited by 227
“Physiologically, dieting or energy deprivation activates portions of the brain responsible for attention (anterior cingulate cortex) and reward (amygdala) of food.(11) Increasing the reward value of high-energy foods in the brain increases the likelihood of food intake and may result in binge eating.”
BackgroundByrne, C. S., Chambers, E. S., Alhabeeb, H., Chhina, N., Morrison, D. J., Preston, T., Tedford, C., Fitzpatrick, J., Irani, C., Busza, A., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.126706 · Cited by 201
“Similarly, satiation decreases BOLD responses to food taste in the nucleus accumbens (31), whereas duration of food deprivation correlates with a greater caudate BOLD signal in response to actual and anticipated receipt of palatable food (29).”
BackgroundAn Evidence‐Based Rationale for Adopting Weight‐Inclusive Health Policy
Hunger, J. M., Smith, J. P., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2020) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12062 · Cited by 201
A core eating network and its modulations underlie diverse eating phenomena
Chen, J., Papies, E. K., & Barsalou, L. W. (2016) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.004 · Cited by 144
“Consistent with the grounded cognition perspective, increased neural activity in the ventral reward pathway for food cues when participants are hungry mirrors the analogous ventral reward activations that can occur when participants are hungry during actual eating (as described earlier in the section on eating; Stice…”
Goldstone, A. P., Prechtl, C. G., Scholtz, S., Miras, A. D., Chhina, N., Durighel, G., Deliran, S. S., Beckmann, C. F., Ghatei, M. A., Ashby, D. R., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.075291 · Cited by 147
Stice, E. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093317 · Cited by 151
Self-citationStice, E. M., Yokum, S., Veling, H., Kemps, E., & Lawrence, N. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.007 · Cited by 117
Self-citationTraining motor responses to food: A novel treatment for obesity targeting implicit processes
Stice, E. M., Lawrence, N., Kemps, E., & Veling, H. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.005 · Cited by 117
“A third drawback of behavioral weight loss interventions is that they typically involve acute caloric deprivation, which ironically increases the reward value of high-calorie foods (Fuhrer et al., 2008; Goldstone et al., 2009; Leidy et al., 2011; Stice et al., 2013).”
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Food preferences and underlying mechanisms after bariatric surgery
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Interoceptive contributions to healthy eating and obesity
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Fasting for 24 Hours Heightens Reward from Food and Food-Related Cues
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Integration of Satiety Signals by the Central Nervous System
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“Neuroimaging studies performed in humans demonstrate that, generally speaking, the hungrier one is, the greater the activity in the prefrontal cortex [129,130].”
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Jens Blechert, A., Klackl, J., Miedl, S. F., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.006 · Cited by 82
Neural Insensitivity to the Effects of Hunger in Women Remitted From Anorexia Nervosa
Kaye, W. H., Wierenga, C. E., Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Berner, L. A., Ely, A. V., Bailer, U. F., Paulus, M. P., & Fudge, J. L. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19030261 · Cited by 77
“In healthy individuals, hunger, compared with satiety, increases brain response in these reward, attention, and motivation regions in response to palatable foods (6, 7, 12, 13).”
Stice, E. M., Rohde, P., Shaw, H. E., & Desjardins, C. D. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa146 · Cited by 69
“Weight suppression theoretically increases the reward value of food, based on evidence that a longer time since last caloric intake correlated with greater reward region (putamen, orbitofrontal cortex) response to high-calorie food images, expected tastes of high-calorie foods, and tastes of high-calorie foods (3) and…”
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“unrestrained) eaters in response to highly palatable food pictures during a fed state (49), and in individuals who are food deprived (50), suggesting that binge eaters, along with other disordered eaters, may activate motor planning areas in response to high-ED food stimuli, reflecting readiness for intake.”
BackgroundOn the central role of brain connectivity in neurodegenerative disease progression
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The neural signature of satiation is associated with ghrelin response and triglyceride metabolism
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“Prior studies consistently find that hunger potentiates brain responses to food cues [19,20,22,31] and that responses to food and food cues are attenuated by satiation [10,18,27,28].”
BackgroundPapies, E. K., Best, M., Gelibter, E., & Barsalou, L. W. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/693110 · Cited by 75
A comparison of functional brain changes associated with surgical versus behavioral weight loss
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“Behavioral and recent neuroimaging data demonstrate that if one voluntarily restricts one’s intake of food, the reward value, attentional bias, and salience of food cues increase (28).”
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“Specifically, together with previous observations of increased neural reactivity in the striatum when anticipating food during physiological hunger (53, 54), it appears that food consumption in an energy-deficient state is mainly driven by an increased motivational processing of food-related cues.”
BackgroundAn orexigenic subnetwork within the human hippocampus
Barbosa, D. A. N., Gattas, S., Salgado, J. S., Kuijper, F. M., Wang, A. R., Huang, Y., Kakusa, B. W., Leuze, C. W., Luczak, A., Rapp, P. E., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06459-w · Cited by 44
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“However, heightened FFA is also observed in response to food cues or palatable food intake among obese and/or food-deprived individuals (Siep et al., 2009; Kroemer et al., 2013a,b; Stice et al., 2013).”
Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward
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Spontaneous regional brain activity links restrained eating to later weight gain among young women
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Altered regional homogeneity and efficient response inhibition in restrained eaters
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Harding, I. H., Andrews, Z. B., Mata, F., Orlandea, S., Martínez-Zalacaín, I., Soriano-Mas, C., Stice, E., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.237 · Cited by 31
Self-citationNeural correlates of restrained eaters’ high susceptibility to food cues: An fMRI study
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“For example, in healthy individuals, hunger is associated with increased activation in the reward network in response to visual food images (Führer et al., 2008; Goldstone et al., 2009; Stice et al., 2013) and sweet taste stimuli, (Haase et al., 2009; Small, 2006) thereby motivating eating.”
BackgroundExperimental scarcity increases the relative reinforcing value of food in food insecure adults
Crandall, A. K., & Temple, J. L. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.148 · Cited by 31
Portingale, J., Eddy, S., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Liu, S.-S., Giles, S., & Krug, I. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106310 · Cited by 32
“Neurobiological research has also established dietary restraint as a precipitant of binge-eating as it increases the responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation regions to the receipt of hyper-palatable foods (Espel-Huynh et al., 2018; Stice et al., 2013).”
Kahathuduwa, C. N., Boyd, L. A., Davis, T. H., O’Boyle, M. W., & Binks, M. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.112 · Cited by 33
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“Specifically, some behavioral interventions involved prolonged caloric deprivation which could increase the reward value of high-calorie foods/food cues (e.g. Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWithdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive
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“viduals show greater reactivity to food cues when fasting or calorically restricted.(80,81) To expand upon this work, researchers may specifically examine whether withdrawal from HP foods, without caloric restric-”
BackgroundLegend of Weight Loss: A Crosstalk Between the Bariatric Surgery and the Brain
Lin, Z., & Qu, S. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-04474-8 · Cited by 28
“cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, superior visual cortex), and reward (caudate) regions in response to food, in addit ion to the restored memory system (hippocampus) [11].”
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“However, given the aforementioned biobehavioural insights into the so-called ‘paradoxical’ effects of food deprivation(9,11), it also seems plausible that FI could exert lasting impacts on one’s ability to eat intuitively.”
Backgroundvan Dillen, L. V., & van Steenbergen, H. (2018) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0579-3 · Cited by 27
Internally regulated eating style: a comprehensive theoretical framework
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“For example, with respect to hunger, it has been found that the longer the fasting the greater the activation of reward valuation of palatable food in the brain(140), which may lead to overconsumption(141,142).”
BackgroundMikhail, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.747854 · Cited by 25
“This is particularly true given that consumption of palatable foods is intrinsically pleasurable, especially after a period of food restriction (116).”
BackgroundLearning to eat intuitively: A qualitative exploration of the experience of mid-age women
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“, 2006) and increased activation of brain regions responsible for attention and reward in response to food (Stice et al., 2013).”
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Luiz, L. B., Brito, C. L. D. S., Debon, L. M., Brandalise, L. N., de Azevedo, J. T., Mombach, K. D., Heberle, L. S., & Mottin, C. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167577 · Cited by 22
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Yamamiya, Y., Desjardins, C. D., & Stice, E. M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001568 · Cited by 21
Self-citationSubjective Happiness and Emotional Responsiveness to Food Stimuli
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IMAGING IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The use of functional MRI to study the endocrinology of appetite
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Adipositas-assoziierte Lymphödeme – unterschätzt und unterbehandelt
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“, 2009) with positive correlations between the duration of caloric deprivation (1 to 16 hr) and degree of neural activation in the OFC, as well as brain areas of attention (anterior cingulate cortex), motivation (putamen), and motor control (precentral gyrus) (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSmith, K. E., LUO, S. H., & Mason, T. B. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.013 · Cited by 17
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“This is important as food receipt and food anticipation picture paradigms may be associated with different patterns of neural activation (9,10).”
Kalan, R. E., Smith, A., Mason, T. B., & Smith, K. E. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107127 · Cited by 18
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“Given prior evidence suggesting that changes in metabolic state can modulate brain reward sensitivity to food cues (15-25), we predicted that glucose-induced reductions in hypothalamic activity would correlate with reductions in food-cue reactivity within brain areas implicated in reward processing.”
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Yang, X., Casement, M. D., Yokum, S., & Stice, E. M. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102067 · Cited by 13
“Among lean adolescents, fat and sugar have demonstrated differential effects on reward and gustatory regions, with sugar eliciting stronger activations (Stice et al., 2013).”
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Cognitive Neuroscience Perspectives on Food Decision-Making: A Brief Introduction
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“This is because if one voluntarily restricts food intake, the reward value, attention bias, and salience of food cues increases (Stice, Burger, and Yokum 2013).”
BackgroundDieting as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
Stice, E. M., & Burger, K. S. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118574089.ch24 · Cited by 11
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“Unfortunately, this might increase the reward value of food and increase motivation to obtain the food (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundRYGB progressively increases avidity for a low-energy, artificially sweetened diet in female rats
Geary, N., Bächler, T., Whiting, L., Lutz, T. A., & Asarian, L. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.029 · Cited by 10
“Adipose-tissue loss, which is usually approximated as body-weight loss, beyond a certain level provokes anabolic responses, including decreases in physical activity and resting energy expenditure (beyond what is appropriate for the lower weight) and increases in food intake, hunger and flavor hedonics (Cameron et al.,…”
BackgroundDiet quality from early pregnancy through 1-y postpartum: a prospective cohort study
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“…threshold and subthreshold anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD), and are marked by chronicity, relapse, distress, impairment, suicide, and morbidity (Stice et al., 2013; Swanson, Crow, Le Grange, Swendsen, & Merikangas, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOvernight fasting affects avoidance learning and relief
Papalini, S., Neefs, L., Beckers, T., Oudenhove, L. V., & Vervliet, B. (2022) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2103068 · Cited by 10
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“This definition approximates the frequency criteria for subthres-hold BN, BED, or PD, which are associated with elevated psycho-social impairment, distress, service utilization, and obesity (Stice et al., 2013b).”
Self-citationControl Yourself: Broad Implications of Narrowed Attention
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“In addition, it has been known at least since the 1940s that calorie deprivation leads individuals to develop an intense preoccupation with thoughts of food (Keys et al., 1950), and more recent evidence has linked it to biased attention to food cues (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGender Differences in Risk Factors for Stice’s Bulimia in a Non-Clinical Sample
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The impact of hunger on indulgent food choices is moderated by healthy eating concerns
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Neural processing of sweet taste in reward regions is reduced following bariatric surgery
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“Several studies have shown that exposure to food cues in various modalities can lead to increased caloric intake [19–21] and that motivational responses are enhanced under food deprivation [6,22].”
BackgroundHighly Palatable Foods Are Addictive
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Micronutrients and the evolution of the human brain
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“Independently of FA condition, the brain circuits activated by the view of palatable food images were comparable to what was previously described in lean and obese participants [40,55], i.e. high appetizing images promoted brain activation in sensory, motivational and hedonic brain regions.”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Stice, E., Burger, K., & Yokum, S.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stice, Eric
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 67
- Pages
- 322-330
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3693571
- OpenAlex
- W2019359264
- Semantic Scholar
- d625270db3768000736d7210c91ae80a6f829b16
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 11.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R1MH64560A, DK080760, DK092468)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- caloric deprivation, dietary restraint, binge eating, food reward, negative energy balance, adolescents, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, motivation, weight loss diet
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Appetite, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Eating, Female, Humans, Male, Reward, Visual Perception, Caloric Restriction, Anticipation, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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