TRIM46 Controls Neuronal Polarity and Axon Specification by Driving the Formation of Parallel Microtubule Arrays
Open accessAbstract
Axon formation, the initial step in establishing neuronal polarity, critically depends on local microtubule reorganization and is characterized by the formation of parallel microtubule bundles. How uniform microtubule polarity is achieved during axonal development remains an outstanding question. Here, we show that the tripartite motif containing (TRIM) protein TRIM46 plays an instructive role in the initial polarization of neuronal cells. TRIM46 is specifically localized to the newly specified axon and, at later stages, partly overlaps with the axon initial segment (AIS). TRIM46 specifically forms closely spaced parallel microtubule bundles oriented with their plus-end out. Without TRIM46, all neurites have a dendrite-like mixed microtubule organization resulting in Tau missorting and altered cargo trafficking. By forming uniform microtubule bundles in the axon, TRIM46 is required for neuronal polarity and axon specification in vitro and in vivo. Thus, TRIM46 defines a unique axonal cytoskeletal compartment for regulating microtubule organization during neuronal development.
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TRIM46 is associated with proper microtubule functions.
“Among these proteins, TOGARAM1 and TRIM46 are associated with proper microtubule functions, 55 , 56 and MTFR1L is associated with mitochondrial fusion processes. 57”
From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [56]
TOGARAM1 is associated with proper microtubule functions.
“Among these proteins, TOGARAM1 and TRIM46 are associated with proper microtubule functions, 55 , 56 and MTFR1L is associated with mitochondrial fusion processes. 57”
From Unraveling sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and related endophenotypes with brain proteomes (2025) · cites this paper as [56]
The section on parallel microtubule organization in the proximal axon describes TRIM46’s role in microtubule organization, not TOGARAM1’s. Searches of our copy for “TOGARAM1” and its expanded name found no passage addressing TOGARAM1’s function, so this source does not verify the specific claim attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- van Beuningen, S. F. B., Will, L., Harterink, M., Chazeau, A., van Battum, E. Y., Frias, C. P., Franker, M. A. M., Katrukha, E. A., Stucchi, R., Vocking, K., Antunes, A. T., Slenders, L., Doulkeridou, S., Sillevis Smitt, P., Altelaar, A. F. M., Post, J. A., Akhmanova, A., Pasterkamp, R. J., Kapitein, L. C., de Graaff, E., & Hoogenraad, C. C.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hoogenraad, Casper C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1208-1226
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2182809622
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 8.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
- Keywords
- TRIM46, neuronal polarity, axon specification, microtubule polarity, axon initial segment, microtubule reorganization, axonal cytoskeleton, neuronal development
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Axons, Cells, Cultured, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cerebral Cortex, Female, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microtubules, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neurons, Pregnancy, Repressor Proteins, Cell Polarity, COS Cells, Mice, Rats, HEK293 Cells
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