RING Domain E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
Abstract
E3 ligases confer specificity to ubiquitination by recognizing target substrates and mediating transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to substrate. The activity of most E3s is specified by a RING domain, which binds to an E2 approximately ubiquitin thioester and activates discharge of its ubiquitin cargo. E2-E3 complexes can either monoubiquitinate a substrate lysine or synthesize polyubiquitin chains assembled via different lysine residues of ubiquitin. These modifications can have diverse effects on the substrate, ranging from proteasome-dependent proteolysis to modulation of protein function, structure, assembly, and/or localization. Not surprisingly, RING E3-mediated ubiquitination can be regulated in a number of ways. RING-based E3s are specified by over 600 human genes, surpassing the 518 protein kinase genes. Accordingly, RING E3s have been linked to the control of many cellular processes and to multiple human diseases. Despite their critical importance, our knowledge of the physiological partners, biological functions, substrates, and mechanism of action for most RING E3s remains at a rudimentary stage.
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The selection of substrates for ubiquitination rests primarily with E3s.
“The selection of substrates for ubiquitination appears to rest primarily with E3s, and two major families are known: those that contain RING domains (9), and those that contain HECT domains (10).”
From RNF170 Protein, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Ubiquitin Ligase, Mediates Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ubiquitination and Degradation (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
The presence of a RING domain in RING E3s is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
“The RING domain is a 40-100aminoacidmotifthatcoordinateszincandwhosepresence in RING E3s is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.”
From RNF170 Protein, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Ubiquitin Ligase, Mediates Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ubiquitination and Degradation (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
RNF170 is a RING domain-containing protein.
“RNF170isaRINGdomain-containingproteinthatassociateswithactivatedIP3 receptors.”
From RNF170 Protein, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Ubiquitin Ligase, Mediates Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ubiquitination and Degradation (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
In previously authenticated RING domain-containing E3s, wild-type in vitro ubiquitin ligase activity and inhibition by mutation of cognate Cys/His residues have been seen.
“The in vitro ubiquitin ligase activity of wild-type protein and the inhibitory effect of mutation of residues cognate with Cys-101 and His-103 has been seen with previously authenticated RING domain-containing E3s (9, 18)”
From RNF170 Protein, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Ubiquitin Ligase, Mediates Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ubiquitination and Degradation (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
RNF170 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase.
“shows that RNF170 is an E3.”
From RNF170 Protein, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Ubiquitin Ligase, Mediates Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ubiquitination and Degradation (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
The sequence of the IDOL RING is similar to that of other prototypical RING-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases.
“The sequence of the IDOL RING is similar to that of other prototypical RING-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases (Fig. 2A) (16).”
The Mdm2 RING domain has intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, promoting transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 enzyme to lysine residues of target substrates.
“In common with many other RING domain proteins, the Mdm2 RING has intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, in that it can promote the transfer of ubiquitin molecules from an E2 conjugating enzyme directly to lysine residues of target substrates (Figure 1 and Ref. [9] for review).”
From The p53 orchestra: Mdm2 and Mdmx set the tone (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
Phosphorylation is an important regulator of E3 ligase function and Mdm2/Mdmx stability.
“Together with the observation that ATM can inhibit Mdm2 oligomerization and p53 degradation (see above and [29]) these data indicate phosphorylation is an important regulator of E3 ligase function and Mdm2/Mdmx stability [9].”
From The p53 orchestra: Mdm2 and Mdmx set the tone (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
The inability to identify the intracellular E2s needed for p53 ubiquitylation in vivo is likely explained by weak and short-lived E2-E3 contacts.
“This is probably due to the low affinity and the transient nature of E2–E3 interactions120,121.”
From MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
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“E3 ubiquitin ligases typically function as protein–protein interaction (PPI) hubs that juxtapose substrate proteins and E2~ubiquitin for ubiquitin transfer, marking the substrate for proteasomal degradation 3 .”
- Authors
- Deshaies, R. J., & Joazeiro, C. A. P.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 399-434
- ISSN
- 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4509
- OpenAlex
- W2144114582
- Cited by
- 2,679
- References
- 193
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 166 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 158 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 156 · 2015: 153 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 206 · 2012: 210
- FWCI
- 13.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01gm083060-04)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM065997, 1R01 GM 083060)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- ubiquitination, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, polyubiquitin chains, substrate specificity, human disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Genome, Human, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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