Learning‐dependent changes in sleep spindles and Stage 2 sleep
Abstract
Summary: It has become increasingly clear that sleep is necessary for efficient memory consolidation. Recently, it has been found that Stage 2 sleep disruption impairs procedural memory performance, and that memory performance is correlated with the duration of Stage 2 sleep; but the mechanisms involved in synaptic plasticity for procedural memory during sleep have not been identified. The present study examined the learning‐dependent changes in sleep, including Stage 2 sleep spindles. Following an intense period of simple motor procedural learning, the duration of Stage 2 sleep and spindle density increased. There were no changes observed in the duration of any other stage of sleep or in the density of rapid eye movements. These findings support the hypothesis that sleep spindles are involved in the off‐line reprocessing of simple motor procedural memory during Stage 2 sleep.
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There is consistent evidence for an involvement of stage 2 sleep and sleep spindles in motor learning.
“There is consistent evidence for an involvement of stage 2 sleep and sleep spindles in motor learning (139,396,822,862,921), and memory for a simple motor task is impaired after selective stage 2 sleep deprivation (1112, 1117).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [396]
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- Authors
- FOGEL, S. M., & SMITH, C. T.
- Affiliations
- Trent University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- SMITH, CARLYLE T.
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-08-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 250-255
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- OpenAlex
- W1987835654
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Trent University
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, stage 2 sleep, memory consolidation, synaptic plasticity, spindle density, REM sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Learning, Memory, Neuronal Plasticity, Sleep Stages, Polysomnography
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