Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of five retinal disorders studied in the Eye Disease Case-Control Study. Data were obtained from 421 patients with neovascular AMD and 615 controls on a broad array of possible risk factors through interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory analyses of blood samples. Decreased risk of neovascular AMD was associated with higher levels of carotenoids in the serum samples, higher horizontal cup-to-disc ratios, and use of postmenopausal exogenous estrogens in women. Increased risk of neovascular AMD was associated with cigarette smoking, higher levels of serum cholesterol, and parity greater than zero. No support was found for sunlight exposure, serum zinc levels, or iris color as risk factors for this disease. Although no association was found with a history of cardiovascular disease itself, the associations with postmenopausal exogenous estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and serum cholesterol level are consistent with a hypothesis linking risk factors for cardiovascular disease with neovascular AMD. The association noted between serum carotenoid levels and neovascular AMD supports the hypothesis that higher levels of micronutrients with antioxidant capabilities may decrease the risk of AMD.
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Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration, confirmed by case-control, population-based, and prospective studies.
“Results from a number of case-control studies,28–33 population-based studies,34–36 and prospective studies of both physicians37 and nurses38 strongly confirm cigarette smoking as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration.”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [33]
Other epidemiological studies have shown little or no association between sunlight exposure and the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
“However, other epidemiological studies have shown little or no association between sunlight exposure and the risk of age-related macular degeneration.28,33,114”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1992-12-01
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1701
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4230439113
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (N01-EY-5-2111, N01-EY-5-2109, N01-EY-5-2110)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Keywords
- neovascular age-related macular degeneration, risk factors, carotenoids, serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, postmenopausal estrogen therapy, parity, cup-to-disc ratio, sun exposure, zinc, iris color, cardiovascular disease, antioxidants, micronutrients
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Eye Diseases, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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