Impaired MMN/P3a complex in first-episode psychosis: cognitive and psychosocial associations
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a neurophysiological indicator of the brain's ability to extract relevant information from an irrelevant background. The P3a orienting response often accompanies MMN in deviance detection paradigms. Both MMN and P3a have been described as reliable biomarkers of schizophrenia. MMN/P3a impairments are associated with deficits in verbal memory and attentional switching, reflecting dysfunctions in the temporal and frontal systems, respectively. It remains unresolved whether MMN/P3a are robust biomarkers of psychosis in first-episode patients. Thirty-four young people (18 to 30years) were assessed in this study; 17 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients were compared to 17 healthy controls. To elicit MMN/P3a, a two-tone passive auditory oddball paradigm with 8% duration deviants was used; event-related potentials were recorded at frontal, central and temporal (mastoid) sites. Neuropsychological assessments included processing speed, attentional switching, simple attention, and verbal learning and memory. Social functioning and quality of life measures were also obtained. The FEP group showed significantly reduced MMN amplitudes compared to controls. The FEP group also showed significantly reduced P3a amplitudes at frontal and central sites compared with controls. As expected, the FEP group also showed significant deficits in attention and verbal learning/memory. Correlational analyses found strong associations between fronto-central MMN/P3a peak amplitude and cognitive/psychosocial functioning. This study provides evidence of early neurobiological markers in young people with FEP. These findings suggest that MMN/P3a impairments are present at early stages of psychosis and that fundamental pre-attentive/deviance detection deficits may mark the beginning of progressive underlying changes with illness onset. Such deficits in FEP appear to have important links with higher-order cognitive and psychosocial functioning.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A growing number of papers report reductions in P3a in schizophrenia.
“and a growing number of papers are reporting reductions in P3a in schizophrenia (Alain, Bernstein, Cortese, Yu, & Zipursky, 2002; Hermens, et al., 2010; Jahshan, et al., 2011; Kiang, Braff, Sprock, & Light, 2009; Mathalon, Ford, & Pfefferbaum, 2000; Merrin & Floyd, 1994; O'Donnell, et al., 1996; Turetsky, Bilker, Siegel, Kohler, & Gur, 2009).”
From Anticipating the future: Automatic prediction failures in schizophrenia (2012) · cites this paper as Hermens, et al., 2010
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,767 · see citing works
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090 · see citing works
Development of a Rating Scale for Primary Depressive Illness
Hamilton, M. (1967) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x · Cited by 8,410 · see citing works
Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b
Polich, J. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019 · Cited by 7,919 · see citing works
A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2400 · Cited by 6,117 · see citing works
Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O'Connell, K. A. (2004) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/b:qure.0000018486.91360.00 · Cited by 4,686 · see citing works
What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.3.321 · Cited by 3,516 · see citing works
The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review
Näätänen, R., Paavilainen, P., Rinne, T., & Alho, K. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.026 · Cited by 2,644 · see citing works
Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man
Squires, N. K., Squires, K. C., & Hillyard, S. A. (1975) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(75)90263-1 · Cited by 2,101 · see citing works
A Solution for Reliable and Valid Reduction of Ocular Artifacts, Applied to the P300 ERP
Semlitsch, H. V., Anderer, P., Schuster, P., & Presslich, O. (1986) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00696.x · Cited by 2,021 · see citing works
Näätänen, R. (1990) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00078407 · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
Revising axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning
Goldman, H. H., Skodol, A. E., & Lave, T. R. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.9.1148 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
Pantelis, C., Velakoulis, D., McGorry, P. D., Wood, S. J., John Suckling, A., Phillips, L., Yung, A. R., Bullmore, E. T., Brewer, W. J., Soulsby, B., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12323-9 · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
The Functional Significance of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Review
Couture, S. M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl029 · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
The Prodromal Phase of First-episode Psychosis: Past and Current Conceptualizations
Yung, A. R., & McGorry, P. D. (1996) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/22.2.353 · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
Validation of the alcohol smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST)
Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Babor, T. F., Farrell, M., Formigoni, M. L., Jittiwutikarn, J., De Lacerda, R. B., Ling, W., Marsden, J., Monteiro, M., et al. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Neuropsychology of First-Episode Schizophrenia: Initial Characterization and Clinical Correlates
Bilder, R. M., Goldman, R. S., Robinson, D. G., Reiter, G., Bell, L., Bates, J. A., Pappadopulos, E. A., Willson, D. F., Alvir, J., Woerner, M. G., et al. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.549 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia Is the Core of the Disorder
Elvevag, B., & Goldberg, T. E. (2000) · Critical Reviews™ in Neurobiology · doi:10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v14.i1.10 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Umbricht, D., & Krljes, S. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.12.002 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Javitt, D. C., Steinschneider, M., Schroeder, C. E., & Arezzo, J. C. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11962 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Generators of the late cognitive potentials in auditory and visual oddball tasks
Halgren, E., Marinković, K., & Chauvel, P. (1998) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(97)00119-3 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
(2001) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15180-000 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Horton, A., & Larrabee, G. J. (1999) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/14.5.473 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Mismatch Negativity Deficits Are Associated With Poor Functioning in Schizophrenia Patients
Light, G. A., & Braff, D. L. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.127 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Salisbury, D. F., Kuroki, N., Kasai, K., Shenton, M. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.521 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Brewer, W. J., Francey, S. M., Wood, S. J., Jackson, H. J., Pantelis, C., Phillips, L., Yung, A. R., Anderson, V. A., & McGorry, P. D. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.71 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Brain potential evidence for an auditory sensory memory deficit in schizophrenia
Catts, S. V., Shelley, A. M., Ward, P. B., Liebert, B. J., McConaghy, N., Andrews, S., & Michie, P. T. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.2.213 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin enhances the encoding of positive social memories in humans.
Guastella, A. J., Mitchell, P. B., & Mathews, F. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.008 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Giard, M., Lavikahen, J., Reinikainen, K., Perrin, F., Bertrand, O., Pernier, J., & Näätänen, R. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.2.133 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Neurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia
Javitt, D. C., Spencer, K., Thaker, G. K., Winterer, G., & Hajós, M. (2007) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2463 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Mismatch negativity potentials and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia
Baldeweg, T., Klugman, A., Gruzelier, J., & Hirsch, S. R. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.009 · Cited by 321 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Unlike P3, MMN deficits are relatively specific to schizophrenia (Catts et al., 1995; Salisbury et al., 2007; Umbricht et al., 2003) and correlate with the symptom severity and poor functional status (Baldeweg et al., 2004; Light and Braff, 2005a; Umbricht and Krljes, 2005).”
BackgroundRyan, A. D., Ryder, R. D., Schiebinger, L., SINGER, P. A., & House, R. (1991) · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Attentional orienting and reorienting is indicated by human event-related brain potentials
Schröger, E., & Wolff, C. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199810260-00003 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Mathalon, D. H., Ford, J. M., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00277-2 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Mismatch Negativity in Chronic Schizophrenia and First-Episode Schizophrenia
Salisbury, D. F., Shenton, M. E., Griggs, C. B., Bonner‐Jackson, A., & McCarley, R. W. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.686 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
How specific are deficits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia?
Umbricht, D., Koller, R., Schmid, L., Skrabo, A., Grübel, C., Huber, T., & Stassen, H. H. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01642-6 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Näätänen, R., & Kähkönen, S. (2008) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145708009322 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
What has MMN revealed about the auditory system in schizophrenia?
Michie, P. T. (2001) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00166-0 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
ERPs in schizophrenia: Effects of antipsychotic medication
Ford, J. M., White, P. M., Csernansky, J. G., Faustman, W. O., Roth, W. T., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91221-1 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Cognitive Functioning in the Schizophrenia Prodrome
Simon, A. E., Cattapan-Ludewig, K., Zmilacher, S., Arbach, D., Gruber, K., Dvorsky, D. N., Roth, B., Isler, E., Zimmer, A., & Umbricht, D. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm018 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Neurochemical Substrates and Neuroanatomical Generators of the Event-Related P300
Frodl, T., Ronald Bottlender, A., & Hegerl, U. (1999) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000026603 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Umbricht, D., Bates, J. A., Lieberman, J. A., Kane, J. M., & Javitt, D. C. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.030 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Light, G. A., Swerdlow, N. R., & BRAFF, D. L. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1624 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Light, G. A., & BRAFF, D. L. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1741 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Gray Matter Deficits, Mismatch Negativity, and Outcomes in Schizophrenia
Rasser, P. E., Schall, U., Todd, J., Michie, P. T., Ward, P. B., Johnston, P., Helmbold, K., Case, V., Soyland, A., Tooney, P. A., et al. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp060 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional Mechanisms of Episodic Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia
Danion, J., Huron, C., Vidailhet, P., & Berna, F. S. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705201103 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Michael Kiang, A., Light, G. A., Prugh, J., Seana Coulson, A., BRAFF, D. L., & Marta Kutas, A. (2007) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617707070816 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Turetsky, B. I., Colbath, E. A., & Gur, R. E. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00258-8 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Profile of auditory information-processing deficits in schizophrenia
Turetsky, B. I., Bilker, W. B., Siegel, S. J., Kohler, C. G., & Gur, R. E. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.04.013 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Hall, M.-H., Schulze, K., Rijsdijk, F., Kalidindi, S., McDonald, C., Bramon, E., Murray, R. M., & Sham, P. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005261 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Social and cognitive functioning in psychosis
Addington, J., & Addington, D. E. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Wegener, S. V., Hodge, M. A., Wegener, S. V., Hodge, M. A., Lucas, S. K., Fitzgerald, D., Harris, A. W. F., & Brennan, J. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01608.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationFitzgerald, D., Fitzgerald, D., Lucas, S. K., Redoblado, M. A., Winter, V. R., Brennan, J., Anderson, J., & Harris, A. W. F. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01403.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Phonetic mismatch negativity predicts social skills acquisition in schizophrenia
Kawakubo, Y., Kamio, S., Nose, T., Iwanami, A., Nakagome, K., Fukuda, M., Kato, N., Rogers, M. A., & Kasai, K. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.02.010 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in schizophrenia
Kasai, K., Iwanami, A., Yamasue, H., Kuroki, N., Nakagome, K., & Fukuda, M. (2002) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00023-8 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Scott, E. M., Naismith, S. L., Whitwell, B. G., Hamilton, B. A., Chudleigh, C., & Hickie, I. B. (2009) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10398560802657322 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationReeder, C. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl019 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Oades, R. D., Wild–Wall, N., Juran, S. A., Sachsse, J., Oknina, L. B., & Röpcke, B. (2006) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-7 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Tone duration mismatch negativity deficits predict impairment of executive function in schizophrenia
Toyomaki, A., Kusumi, I., Matsuyama, T., Kako, Y., Ito, K., & Koyama, T. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.020 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Support for an association between mismatch negativity and social functioning in schizophrenia
Kawakubo, Y., & Kasai, K. (2006) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.03.003 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Optimized mismatch negativity paradigm reflects deficits in schizophrenia patients
Thönneßen, H., Zvyagintsev, M., Harke, K. C., Boers, F., Dammers, J., Norra, C., & Mathiak, K. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.009 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Amphetamine psychosis: a model for studying the onset and course of psychosis
Hermens, D. F., Lubman, D. I., Ward, P. B., Naismith, S. L., & Hickie, I. B. (2009) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02370.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered auditory processing in acutely psychotic never-medicated first-episode patients
Valkonen‐Korhonen, M., Purhonen, M., Tarkka, I. M., Sipilä, P., Partanen, J. V., Karhu, J., & Lehtonen, J. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00199-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Banati, R. B., & Hickie, I. B. (2009) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02371.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationKEAGE, H. A. D., CLARK, C. R., HERMENS, D. F., KOHN, M. R., CLARKE, S., WILLIAMS, L. M., CREWTHER, D., LAMB, C., & GORDON, E. (2006) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635206001070 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Deficits in Auditory and Visual Context-Dependent Processing in Schizophrenia
Javitt, D. C., Shelley, A.-M., Silipo, G., & Lieberman, J. A. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1131 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aas, M., Dazzan, P., Mondelli, V., Melle, I., Murray, R. M., & Pariante, C. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00182 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Thomas, M. L., Green, M. F., Hellemann, G., Sugar, C. A., Tarasenko, M., Calkins, M. E., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Lazzeroni, L. C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2980 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Anticipating the future: Automatic prediction failures in schizophrenia
Ford, J. M., & Mathalon, D. H. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.004 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Baldeweg, T., & Hirsch, S. R. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.03.008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sensory prediction errors in the continuum of psychosis
Randeniya, R., Oestreich, L. K. L., & Garrido, M. I. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.019 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Neurophysiologic markers of abnormal brain activity in schizophrenia
Rissling, A. J., Makeig, S., Braff, D. L., & Light, G. A. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0149-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kim, M., Kim, S. N., Lee, S., Byun, M. S., Shin, K. S., Park, H. Y., Jang, J. H., & Kwon, J. S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Erickson, M. A., Albrecht, M., Ruffle, A., Fleming, L., Corlett, P., & Gold, J. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2017.05.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Clinical Staging for Youth Mental Disorders: Progress in Reforming Diagnosis and Clinical Care
McGorry, P. D., & Mei, C. (2021) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-050620-030405 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gao, L., Chen, J., Gu, L., Shu, H., Wang, Z., Liu, D., Yan, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00256 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hermens, D. F., Ward, P. B., Hodge, M. A. R., Kaur, M., Naismith, S. L., & Hickie, I. B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Sydney South West Area Health Service (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 822-829
- ISSN
- 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2046345394
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 8.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Sydney
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- mismatch negativity, P3a, first-episode psychosis, deviance detection, auditory oddball paradigm, event-related potentials, neurobiological biomarkers, attentional shift, verbal learning and memory, processing speed, social functioning, quality of life, preattentive processing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychotic Disorders, Quality of Life, Reaction Time, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
