The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective

Sergeant, Joseph A; Geurts, Hilde; Huijbregts, Stephan; Scheres, Anouk; Oosterlaan, Jaap

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004

Cited by 372Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective

Sergeant, Joseph A, Geurts, Hilde, Huijbregts, Stephan, Scheres, Anouk, Oosterlaan, Jaap·2003·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004

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Abstract

Five models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reviewed. It is proposed that the cognitive-energetic model provides a reasonably comprehensive account of ADHD by incorporating the features of both the inhibition and delay aversion models. It is suggested that ADHD can only be accounted for by an analysis at three levels: top-down control, specific cognitive processes and energetic factors. It is argued that a refined and conceptually comprehensive neuropsychological battery is needed to advance research in ADHD. A widely distributed neural network involving frontal, basal ganglia, limbic and cerebellar loci seem implicated in ADHD.

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From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [59]
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From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [39]
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From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Sergeant et al., 2003

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Bloomingdale, L. M. (1984) · SP Medical & Scientific Books · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The effects of methylphenidate on levels of processing and laterality in children with attention deficit disorder
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A Behavioral/Systems Approach to the Neuroscience of Drug Addiction
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Observations of Hyperactive Behaviour During Vigilance
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Contextual abnormalities of saccadic inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Cairney, S. J., Maruff, P. T., Vance, A. L. A., Barnett, R. L., Luk, E., & Currie, J. (2001) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210100890 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Rapport, M. D. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0993-2_16 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Debate and Argument: When “Impulsiveness” is Delay Aversion; A Reply to Schweitzer and Sulzer‐Azaroff (1995)
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01499.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 99 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Validity of the Executive Function Theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568 · see citing works
Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66915-2 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
a dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes
sagvolden, T., johansen, E. B., aase, H., & russell, V. A. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000075 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Causal Heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Do We Need Neuropsychologically Impaired Subtypes?
Nigg, J. T., Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Konrad, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21058 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
“These models shift the focus of the assumed pathology from regional brain abnormalities to dysfunctions in distributed network organization [Sergeant et al., 2006].”
Background
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Response Inhibition: Relevance for Genetic Research in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Aron, A. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.026 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Examining executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development
Corbett, B. A., Constantine, L. J., Hendren, R., Rocke, D., & Ozonoff, S. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.005 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
“, (Castellanos et al., 2006; Nigg et al., 2005; Sergeant et al., 2003; Sonuga-Barke, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Modeling Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Critical Appraisal of the Cognitive-Energetic Model
Sergeant, J. A. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.010 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fine motor skills and early comprehension of the world: two new school readiness indicators.
Grissmer, D., Grimm, K. J., Aiyer, S. M., Murrah, W. M., & Steele, J. S. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020104 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Varieties of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Intra-Individual Variability
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Scheres, A., Di Martino, A., Hyde, C., & Walters, J. R. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.005 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
“Alternatively, response variability might result from deficits in state regulation (Sergeant et al 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan
Seidman, L. J. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.004 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
“However, this model has received only partial support (Sergeant et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Attention-deficit disorder (attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder without hyperactivity): A neurobiologically and behaviorally distinct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity)
DIAMOND, A. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050388 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
The neurocognitive profile of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of meta-analyses
Pievsky, M. A., & McGrath, R. E. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acx055 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Dysfunctional Attentional Networks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from an Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Konrad, K., Neufang, S., Hanisch, C., Fink, G. R., & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.013 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Storebø, O. J., Ramstad, E., Krogh, H. B., Nilausen, T. D., Skoog, M., Holmskov, M., Rosendal, S., Groth, C., Magnusson, F. L., Moreira-Maia, C. R., et al. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009885.pub2 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review
Tamm, L., Narad, M. E., Antonini, T. N., O'Brien, K. M., Hawk, L. W., & Epstein, J. N. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0138-5 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“Most studies report that ADHD-related increases in RTV disappear are attenuated, and often disappear, during faster ERs [39] [83] [85] [86].”
BackgroundInfluential
Is there an inhibitory-response-control system in the rat? Evidence from anatomical and pharmacological studies of behavioral inhibition
Eagle, D. M., & Baunez, C. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.003 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“, stop-signal, go/no-go and delay-discounting tasks) have been used with great success to assess this condition, both in children and adults (Boonstra et al., 2008; Rubia et al., 2007; Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Evidence for higher reaction time variability for children with ADHD on a range of cognitive tasks including reward and event rate manipulations.
Epstein, J. N., Langberg, J. M., Rosen, P. J., Graham, A., Narad, M. E., Antonini, T. N., Brinkman, W. B., Froehlich, T., Simon, J. O., & Altaye, M. (2011) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0022155 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Response variability in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a neuronal and glial energetics hypothesis.
(2006) · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-30 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains
Wåhlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9286-9 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Association of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) 10/10-repeat genotype with ADHD symptoms and response inhibition in a general population sample
Cornish, K. M., Manly, T., Savage, R., Swanson, J., Morisano, D., Butler, N., Grant, C., Cross, G., Bentley, L., & Hollis, C. P. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001641 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Cognitive effects of immediate-release methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
PIETRZAK, R., MOLLICA, C., MARUFF, P., & SNYDER, P. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.10.002 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Performance of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on a Test Battery of Impulsiveness
Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., & Taylor, E. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600770761 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“…multifactorial cognitive aetiology model of ADHD, in which an impulsive cognitive style is attributable to an additive or interactive dysfunction in multiple, but probably related, cognitive systems and their closely related mediating neural networks (Sergeant et al., 2003; Willcutt et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive difficulties in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lambez, B., Harwood-Gross, A., Golumbic, E. Z., & Rassovsky, Y. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.007 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Associations among overeating, overweight, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A structural equation modelling approach
Davis, C. A., Levitan, R. D., Smith, M. D., Tweed, S., & Curtis, C. (2005) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.09.006 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation
Berger, A., Kofman, O., Livneh, U., & Henik, A. (2007) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.004 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“According to this approach, a deficit in arousal and activation could explain the findings mentioned above—that children with ADHD perform poorly in tasks requiring sustained attention over a long period of time and that their reaction times are usually longer than controls—a type of finding that, at first sight, seem…”
Background
Intra-individual variability in ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and Tourette's syndrome
Geurts, H. M., Grasman, R. P. P. P., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., van Kammen, S. M., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.013 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Alternatively, a failure to allocate sufficient effort (or attention) may only occur, when tasks are complex, since effort is related to the amount of executive control needed ( Sergeant, Geurts, Huijbregts, Scheres, & Oosterlaan, 2003 ).”
Self-citation
Recent Developments in Neuropsychological Models of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders
Willcutt, E. G., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Nigg, J. T., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Advances in Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000118526 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citation
The neurobiological basis of ADHD
Curatolo, P., D'Agati, E., & Moavero, R. (2010) · Italian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1824-7288-36-79 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Individuals with ADHD present difficulties in several domains of attentional and cognitive functions: problem solving, planning, orienting, alerting, cognitive flexibility, sustained attention, response inhibition, and working memory [7,11].”
Background
Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies
Storebø, O. J., Pedersen, N., Ramstad, E., Kielsholm, M. L., Nielsen, S. S., Krogh, H. B., Moreira-Maia, C. R., Magnusson, F. L., Holmskov, M., Gerner, T., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012069.pub2 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Testing for Neuropsychological Endophenotypes in Siblings Discordant for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Bidwell, L. C., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Pennington, B. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.003 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects
ANDREOU, P., NEALE, B. M., CHEN, W., CHRISTIANSEN, H., GABRIELS, I., HEISE, A., MEIDAD, S., MULLER, U. C., UEBEL, H., BANASCHEWSKI, T., et al. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000815 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Temporal reward discounting in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the contribution of symptom domains, reward magnitude, and session length
Scheres, A., Tontsch, C., Thoeny, A. L., & Kaczkurkin, A. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.033 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citation
ERP correlates of impaired error monitoring in children with ADHD
Wiersema, J. R., van der Meere, J. J., & Roeyers, H. (2005) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0276-6 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Many studies have shown that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; DSM-IV-TR, American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2000) commit more errors of commission than normal controls on a broad range of cognitive and attentional tasks (for reviews, see van der Meere, 2002, in press; Sergeant et al.,…”
BackgroundResult
Self-regulation in ADHD: the role of error processing
Shiels, K., & Hawk, L. W. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“The cognitive-energetic model (Sergeant et al., 2003) may come closest in this regard.”
BackgroundMethod
Size and Synchronization of Auditory Cortex Promotes Musical, Literacy, and Attentional Skills in Children
Seither‐Preisler, A., Parncutt, R., & Schneider, P. T. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5315-13.2014 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Hence, it is not surprising that central auditory processing disorders (CAPDs; Cacace and McFarland, 1998) appear in complex comorbidities of attention (Sergeant et al., 2003), language, and literacy problems (Dawes et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Towards an understanding of unique and shared pathways in the psychopathophysiology of ADHD
Banaschewski, T., Hollis, C., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., Rubia, K., Willcutt, E., & Taylor, E. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00400.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…be a secondary consequence of attentional problems (Banaschewski et al. , 2004; Brandeis et al. , 2002), altered motivational processes (Sagvolden et al. , in press; Sonuga-Barke, 2002), or an insufficient ability to regulate the state of activation (Kuntsi et al. , 2001; Sergeant et al. , 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Historical Neuropsychological Perspective
Mahone, E. M., & DENCKLA, M. B. (2017) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717000807 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Social skills training for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years
Storebø, O. J., Skoog, M., Damm, D., Thomsen, P. H., Simonsen, E., & Gluud, C. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008223.pub2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits
Salehinejad, M. A., Wischnewski, M., Nejati, V., Vicario, C. M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215095 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Since inhibitory control and WM deficiencies are among the major neuropsychological deficits of ADHD, [53] and mediated by the genetic risk for ADHD, [54], we performed a meta-analysis on the effects of tDCS on inhibitory control and WM performance in respective patients.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Inhibitory control of memory retrieval and motor processing associated with the right lateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence from deficits in individuals with ADHD
Depue, B. E., Burgess, G. C., Willcutt, E. G., Ruzic, L., & Banich, M. T. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.013 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“While inhibitory control in ADHD individuals has mainly been examined in the motor domain, some studies indicate that these individuals display reduced inhibitory control in interference tasks (Attentional Network Task; Konrad et al., 2006; for a review see; Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Background
Neurobiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Purper‐Ouakil, D., Ramoz, N., Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., & Simonneau, M. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212b40f · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“sponse speed (24), show delay aversion (25), and variability in”
Background
Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Wiersema, J. R., van der Meere, J. J., & Roeyers, H. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9115-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke 1,2* , Jan R Wiersema 2 , Jacob J van der Meere 2,3 , and Herbert Roeyers 2 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Behavioural differences between EEG-defined subgroups of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., Dupuy, F. E., Heckel, L. D., McCarthy, R., Selikowitz, M., & Johnstone, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.038 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Frontal lobe mediated executive function deficits are at the core of the major cognitive models of AD/HD (Barkley, 1997a, 1997b; Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuropsychological Perspective Towards DSM-V
Stefanatos, G. A., & Baron, I. S. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9020-3 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Temporal Lobe Dysfunction in Medication-Naïve Boys With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder During Attention Allocation and Its Relation to Response Variability
Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., & Taylor, E. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.024 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Contrasting deficits on executive functions between ADHD and reading disabled children
Marzocchi, G. M., Oosterlaan, J., Zuddas, A., Cavolina, P., Geurts, H. M., Redigolo, D., Vio, C., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01859.x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“findings of Shanahan et al. (2006), but this may depend on the tasks used here.”
MethodSelf-citation
Glutamatergic synapses in neurodevelopmental disorders
Moretto, E., Murru, L., Martano, G., Sassone, J., & Passafaro, M. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.014 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Curatolo, P., Paloscia, C., D'Agati, E., Moavero, R., & Pasini, A. (2009) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.06.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Individuals with ADHD present difficulties in several domains of attentional and cognitive functions: problem solving, planning, orienting, alerting, cognitive flexibility, sustained attention, response inhibition, and working memory.(9,10) Other domains involving affective components, such us motivation and delay ave…”
Background
Social skills training for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years
Storebø, O. J., Andersen, M. E., Skoog, M., Hansen, S. J., Simonsen, E. H., Pedersen, N. B., Tendal, B., Edemann-Callesen, H., Faltinsen, E. G., & Gluud, C. N. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008223.pub3 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Cognitive-Neuropsychological Function in Chronic Physical Aggression and Hyperactivity.
Séguin, J. R., Nagin, D. S., Assaad, J., & Tremblay, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.4.603 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Virtual-reality-based attention assessment of ADHD: ClinicaVR: Classroom-CPT versus a traditional continuous performance test
(2016) · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1186617 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Attention in Children With ADHD
Mullane, J. C., Corkum, P. V., Klein, R. M., McLaughlin, E. N., & Lawrence, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710366384 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
ADHD and DCD: A relationship in need of research
Sergeant, J. A., Piek, J. P., & Oosterlaan, J. (2006) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2005.10.007 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Parental self-confidence, parenting styles, and corporal punishment in families of ADHD children in Iran
Alizadeh, H., Applequist, K. F., & Coolidge, F. L. (2007) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.005 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“This diagnosis was also established by having the parents complete the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale, and the teachers complete the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale.”
Method
A meta-analysis of executive functioning in dyslexia with consideration of the impact of comorbid ADHD
Lonergan, A., Doyle, C., Cassidy, C., MacSweeney Mahon, S., Roche, R. A. P., Boran, L., & Bramham, J. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2019.1669609 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Dopamine Receptor D1/D5 Gene Expression in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Impulsive Choice in Rats
Loos, M., Pattij, T., Janssen, M. C. W., Counotte, D. S., Schoffelmeer, A. N. M., Smit, A. B., Spijker, S., & van Gaalen, M. M. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp167 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“a spectrum of neuropsychological processes (Sonuga-Barke 2002, 2005; Sergeant et al. 2003; Nigg et al. 2005).”
Background
Stress-induced enhancement of response inhibition depends on mineralocorticoid receptor activation
Schwabe, L., Höffken, O., Tegenthoff, M., & Wolf, O. T. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Lack of inhibitory control may lead to interpersonal conflicts and has also been suggested to play an important role in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or substance abuse (Ersche et al., 2012; Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Background
Are Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility Dead Ends in ADHD?
Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Buschgens, C. J. M., Buitelaar, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9146-z · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Executive deficits in working memory, (motor) inhibition, cognitive flexibility and planning are frequently found in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD (Barkley 1997; Boonstra et al. 2005b; Oosterlaan et al. 1998; Oosterlaan and Sergeant 1998; Pennington and Ozonoff 1996; Sergeant et al. 2003; Sergeant et al.…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders
Crisci, G., Caviola, S., Cardillo, R., & Mammarella, I. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.594234 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Although ADHD is often associated with EF deficits (Barkley et al., 1992; Pennington and Ozonoff, 1996; Sergeant et al., 2003), this association did not seem sufficient to consider EF as core-deficits of the disorder (Willcutt et al.”
Background
Altered Resting-State Frontoparietal Control Network in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Lin, H.-Y., Tseng, W.-Y. I., Lai, M.-C., Matsuo, K., & Gau, S. S.-F. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561771500020x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD
Bidwell, L. C., McClernon, F. J., & Kollins, S. H. (2011) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“, 2005) response inconsistency (Sergeant et al., 2003), and overall slow processing speed (Shanahan et al.”
Background
Inefficient cognitive control in adult ADHD: evidence from trial-by-trial Stroop test and cued task switching performance
King, J. A., Colla, M., Braß, M., Heuser, I., & von Cramon, D. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-42 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Neural Biomarkers for Dyslexia, ADHD, and ADD in the Auditory Cortex of Children
Serrallach, B. L., Groß, C., Bernhofs, V., Engelmann, D., Benner, J., Gündert, N., Blatow, M., Wengenroth, M., Seitz, A., Brunner, M., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00324 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…that central auditory processing disorders (CAPD), i.e. difficulties in recognizing and interpreting acoustic patterns that arise from dysfunction in the central nervous system, are often associated with attention (Sergeant et al., 2003), language, and literacy (Dawes et al., 2009) problems.”
Background
A behavioral neuroenergetics theory of ADHD
Killeen, P. R., Russell, V. A., & Sergeant, J. A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.011 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Influential
Electrophysiological evidence of atypical motivation and reward processing in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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“Current theories of ADHD emphasize disruption of frontal–striatal brain systems mediating cognitive control, especially the inability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors (Nigg, 2006; Sergeant, Geurts, Huijbregts, Scheres, & Oosterlaan, 2003; Sonuga-Barke, 2002, 2003).”
Dopaminergic Enhancement of Cognitive Function
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“, 2001, 2002), whereas under-activity of the meso-cortical dopamine system might contribute to cognitive symptoms (Durston, 2003; Sergeant et al., 2003; Solanto, 2002; Sonuga-Barke, 2002, 2003).”
Background
Neurobiology of ADHD: A Review
Mehta, T., Monegro, A. F., Nene, Y., Fayyaz, M., & Bollu, P. C. (2019) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-019-00182-w · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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“132 Imaging studies have reported decreased striatal activation in depressed patients.”
Does Cognitive Impairment Explain Behavioral and Social Problems of Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1?
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“…as joint attention and Theory of Mind (Baron-Cohen 2008; Hamilton 2009; Happé and Booth 2008; Mundy et al. 2009), and for hyperactivity-inattention, reward/loss sensitivity, motor activity, sustained attention, and response variability may have more explanatory value (cf. Sergeant et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Resting-State Neurophysiological Activity Patterns in Young People with ASD, ADHD, and ASD + ADHD
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“Increased theta has also been suggested to reflect hypo-arousal and an under-focused, suboptimal energetic state (Sergeant 2000) or the action of a top-down attentional control network that regulates arousal level (Sergeant et al. 2003).”
Background
Using Brain-Based Cognitive Measures to Support Clinical Decisions in ADHD
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Utility of capromab pendetide (ProstaScint) imaging in the management of prostate cancer.
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ERP correlates of error monitoring in adult ADHD
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“It is commonly known that children with ADHD commit more errors of commission than normal controls on a variety of cognitive and attentional tasks (for review, see Sergeant et al. 2003 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Executive function assessment and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Tasks versus ratings on the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale.
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Oculomotor inhibition reflects temporal expectations
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Working memory in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a lack of specialization of brain function
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“to task specific characteristics [26,31,32].”
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“…et al. 2005; Rommelse et al. 2007; Bitsakou et al. 2008; Mulder et al. 2010) are particularly consistent among studies and are considered central to ADHD neuropsychology (Barkley, 1997; Quay, 1997; Sergeant et al. 2003; Nigg et al. 2005; Sonuga-Barke, 2005; Wood et al. 2010; Killeen et al. 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Hot and Cool Forms of Inhibitory Control and Externalizing Behavior in Children of Mothers who Smoked during Pregnancy: An Exploratory Study
Huijbregts, S. C. J., Warren, A. J., de Sonneville, L. M. J., & Swaab, H. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Cognition in ADHD, ODD/CD, and ADHD+ODD/CD Cognition has been widely studied in ADHD (for reviews, see Barkley 1997; Castellanos et al. 2006; Sergeant et al. 2003; Wilcutt et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
ERP Correlates of Effortful Control in Children with Varying Levels of ADHD Symptoms
Wiersema, J. R., & Roeyers, H. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9288-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“However, alternative accounts for deteriorated performance in ADHD have been proposed, indicating sub-optimal energetic state ( Sergeant et al. 2003 ; W iersema et al.2006), altered motivational style (Sagvolden et al. 1998; Sonuga-Barke 2002), or aberrant error monitoring (Wiersema et al. 2005).”
BackgroundMethod
Neuroelectric and Behavioral Effects of Acute Exercise on Task Switching in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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“The executive function model (Pennington and Ozonoff, 1996) has been proposed to explain ADHD deficits (Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Background
Involvement of Norepinephrine in the Control of Activity and Attentive Processes in Animal Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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An RCT into the effects of neurofeedback on neurocognitive functioning compared to stimulant medication and physical activity in children with ADHD
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“Impaired neurocognitive functioning is considered a core dysfunction of the disorder [3, 4] and is reflected in deficiencies in a variety of neurocognitive functions including attention, inhibition, and working memory [5–8].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
State regulation in adult ADHD: an event-related potential study
Wiersema, R., van der Meere, J., Antrop, I., & Roeyers, H. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390500212896 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have shown that children with ADHD manifest relatively weak performance on various tasks of vigilance, motor inhibition, other executive functions, verbal learning, and memory ( Barkley, Grodzinsky, & DuPaul, 1992 ; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996 ; Sergeant, Geurts, Huijbregts, Scheres, & Oosterlaan, 2003…”
Background
Neuropsychological functioning in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without learning disabilities.
Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.2.166 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
What would Karl Popper say? Are current psychological theories of ADHD falsifiable?
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A Framework for the Assessment and Treatment of Sleep Problems in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Evidence for a General Factor Model of ADHD in Adults
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Quality of life, psychological characteristics, and adjustment in parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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ADHD Symptomatology and Risky Health, Driving, and Financial Behaviors in College
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“The contribution of a bottom-up down mechanism is consistent with Sergeant’s cognitive energetic model (Sergeant et al., 2003), which posits reward sensitivity, inability to delay reward, and increased activity among individuals with ADHD.”
Result
Error monitoring in children with ADHD or reading disorder: An event-related potential study
Voorde, S. V. D., Roeyers, H., & Wiersema, J. R. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.011 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“This is a finding that has frequently been reported by others in a diversity of neuropsychological tasks (Rommelse et al., 2007; Sergeant et al., 2003; van der Meere, 2005).”
Predicting the early developmental course of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
von Stauffenberg, C., & Campbell, S. B. G. (2007) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.011 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cognitive Control and Attentional Selection in Adolescents with ADHD Versus ADD
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Review The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective
Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H. M., Huijbregts, S. C. J., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003)
Self-citation
Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive?energetic model
SERGEANT, J. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bps.2004.09.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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Arousal and Executive Alterations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Self-citation
Neural Bases, Psychological Models and Treatments of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Reviews and Prospects
Mugishima, G. (2006)

Authors: Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Sergeant, Joseph A
ORCID: Sergeant, Joseph A
Geurts, Hilde
Huijbregts, Stephan
Scheres, Anouk
Oosterlaan, Jaap
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 27
Issue: 7
Pages: 583-592
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004
OpenAlex: W2121407687
Cited by: 372
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inhibition model, top-down control, frontal lobe, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebellum, artificial neural networks, neuropsychological assessment, cognitive processes
MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain Chemistry, Humans, Mental Processes, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neural Pathways

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The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective

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