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Cited by 237Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesChild and Animal Learning Development

Prepotent Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Two Meta‐Analyses

Open access
Geurts, Hilde M., van den Bergh, Sanne F. W. M., Ruzzano, Laura·2014·Autism Research
DOI 10.1002/aur.1369
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Abstract

There is a substantial amount of data providing evidence for, but also against the hypothesis that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encounter inhibitory control deficits. ASD is often associated with interference control deficits rather than prepotent response inhibition. Moreover, the developmental trajectory for these inhibitory control processes is hypothesized to differ in ASD as compared to typical development. In efforts to gain a more comprehensive perspective of inhibition in ASD, separate quantitative analysis for prepotent response inhibition studies and interference control studies were conducted. Together, these two meta‐analyses included 41 studies with a combined sample size of 1,091 people with ASD (M age 14.8 years), and 1,306 typically developing (TD) controls (M age 13.8 years).The meta‐analyses indicated that individuals with ASD show increased difficulties in prepotent response inhibition (effect size 0.55) and in interference control (effect size 0.31). In addition, age was a relevant moderator for prepotent response inhibition but not for interference control. Exploratory analyses revealed that when IQ was taken into account, heterogeneity considerably decreased among interference control studies but not among prepotent response inhibition. In contrast to the general belief, both prepotent response inhibition and interference control problems were observed in individuals with ASD. However, a large variation between studies was also found. Therefore, there remain factors beyond inhibition type, age, or IQ that significantly influence inhibitory control performance among individuals with ASD. Autism Res 2014, 7: 407–420. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Findingown data

    The systematic review identified 47 studies that met the eligibility criteria.

    “This review yielded 47 studies that met eligibility criteria (see Table 1 for details) 1 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Studies assessing interference control (N = 28) yielded a significant effect, b = .31, SE = 0.13, p = .02.

    “Studies assessing interference control (N=28) also yielded a significant effect (b = .31,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Heterogeneity between prepotent response inhibition studies was significant, QE = 70.6, df = 22, p < .0001.

    “Heterogeneity between studies was significant (QE = 70.6,df=22, p <.0001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Studies assessing prepotent response inhibition (N = 23) showed a significant positive effect, b = .55, SE = 0.12, p < .0001.

    “Studies assessing prepotent response inhibition (N=23) showed a significant and positive deviation from zero (b = .55,SE=0.12,p <.0001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Inhibition type did not moderate the effect sizes, QM = 1.9, df = 1, p = .17.

    “However, when we explored inhibition type as a moderator (N=51), inhibition type was not found to moderate the effect sizes (QM = 1.9, df=1, p =.17).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 36
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24

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    Findingown data

    For prepotent response inhibition, age did not significantly moderate effect sizes, QM = 0.01, df = 1, p = .92, and heterogeneity remained significant, QE = 70.3, df = 21, p < .0001.

    “For prepotent response inhibition, age did not seem to significantly moderate effects sizes (QM = 0.01, df=1, p =. 92), and heterogeneity between studies remained significant (QE =70.3, df=21, p<.0001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For interference inhibition, age did not significantly moderate effect sizes, QM = 1.4, df = 1, p = .24, and heterogeneity remained significant, QE = 107.9, df = 26, p < .0001.

    “For interference inhibition, age did not significantly moderate effects sizes (QM = 1.4,df=1, p = .24),and heterogeneity between studies remained significant (QE = 107.9,df=26, p<.0001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When tasks were categorized by the Friedman and Miyake taxonomy, the prepotent response inhibition effect size slightly decreased to b = .48, p < .0001, while heterogeneity increased to QE = 149.2.

    “When categorizing tasks according to the Friedman and Miyake taxonomy (2004), the effect size for prepotent response inhibition slightly decreased (b = .48,p<.0001), while the heterogeneity increased (QE = 149.2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Friedman & Miyake, 2004

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    Findingown data

    For prepotent response studies, the regression test suggested potential funnel plot asymmetry at p = .05, but trim-and-fill indicated no missing studies on either side.

    “For the sample of prepotent response studies (panel a), the regression test suggested potential asymmetry (p = .05),however the Trim and Fill method indicated no missing studies on either extreme side of the funnel plot.”
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    Findingown data

    After excluding the outliers, heterogeneity between prepotent response studies remained significant, QE = 50.6, df = 18, p < .0001.

    “between studies remained significant (QE = 50.6,df=18, p<.0001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Because some studies included more than one inhibition task, the review produced 51 effect sizes.

    “Please note that some studies included more than one inhibition task, resulting in 51 effect sizes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    After excluding the three outlier studies, age became a significant moderator, QM = 4.5, df = 1, p = .033, and accounted for 25% of the heterogeneity.

    “Excluding these three studies did alter the findings considerably as age was now a significant moderator (QM = 4.5, df =1, p = .033)and accounted for 25% of the heterogeneity.”
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    Findingown data

    Six studies did not report enough information to calculate an effect size.

    “Six studies reported insufficient information to calculate the effect size (Dichter & Belger, 2007;Eskes et al., 1990;Henderson et al., 2006;Kana et al., 2007;Raymaekers et al., 2006;Raymaekers et al., 2007).”
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    • cites Dichter & Belger, 2007

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    • cites Eskes et al., 1990

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    • cites Henderson et al., 2006

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Thirty-five studies focused on children and/or adolescents, while only six focused on adults with ASD.

    “Please note that 35 studies focused on children and/or adolescents, while only 6 studies focused on adults with ASD (see Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    For interference studies, the regression test did not suggest publication bias, but trim-and-fill suggested potential asymmetry on the right side at p = .06, indicating the true effect may be larger than the included studies yielded.

    “For the sample of interference studies (panel b), the regression test did not suggest publication bias.Results from the Trim and Fill method did suggest potential asymmetry on the right side of the funnel plot (p =.06), indicating that the true effect for interference studies may be larger than the effect yielded by the included studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Two interference studies were identified as outliers, Johnston et al., 2011 and Schmitz et al., 2006; excluding them did not alter the findings, QM = 2.4, df = 1, p = .12; QE = 103.9, df = 24, p < .0001.

    “Two studies were identified as outliers (Johnston et al., 2011;Schmitz et al., 2006), however, excluding these studies did not alter the findings (QM = 2.4, df=1, p =.12; QE = 103.9,df=24, p<.0001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Johnston et al., 2011

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    • cites Schmitz et al., 2006

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    Findingown data

    The combined sample included 1091 people with ASD with a mean age of 14.8 years and 1306 typically developing controls with a mean age of 13.8 years.

    “This resulted in a combined sample size of 1091 people with ASD (M age 14.8 years) and 1306 TD controls (M age 13.8 years).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    Under the Friedman and Miyake taxonomy, the prepotent response inhibition effect remained significant, whereas the interference control effect became non-significant.

    “For prepotent response inhibition, the effect remained significant, whereas the effect for interference control became insignificant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Friedman & Miyake, 2004

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    Findingown data

    When tested according to the Friedman and Miyake taxonomy, moderating effects were altered for prepotent response inhibition, and IQ rather than age approached significance as a moderator.

    “When tested according to the Friedman and Miyake taxonomy (2004), the moderating effects were altered with respect to prepotent response inhibition (i.e, now including the Stroop findings).IQ, rather than age, approached significance as a moderating variable (results can be obtained from the first author).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Friedman & Miyake, 2004

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    Findingown data

    For prepotent response inhibition, modality of the dependent measure was a significant moderator, QM = 3.95, df = 1, p = .05; QE = 60.7, df = 21, p < .0001; both accuracy (.42) and reaction time (.57) modes yielded significant effects.

    “For prepotent response inhibition, the modality of the dependent measure was a significant moderator (QM = 3.95, df =1, p = .05;QE = 60.7,df=21, p <.0001).Both modes yielded significant effects: accuracy measures (.42) and reaction time measures (.57).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    This variability was present even when similar tasks were used, with Stroop studies showing the largest variability.

    “This was the case even when similar tasks (studies utilizing the Stroop task actually showed the largest variability) were used.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    For interference inhibition, the mode of the dependent measure did not influence effect sizes or heterogeneity, QM = 0.04, df = 1, p = .84; QE = 113.0, df = 26, p < .0001.

    “For interference inhibition, (QM = 0.04, df =1, p =.84; QE = 113.0,df=26, p <.0001) the mode of the dependent measure did not influence the observed effect sizes or observed heterogeneity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Across studies, the age range was broad, from 4 to 83 years.

    “Across studies, the age range was rather broad (4 to 83 years of age)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For prepotent response inhibition, IQ was not a significant moderator, QM = 0.84, df = 1, p = .36, and heterogeneity remained significant, QE = 48.1, df = 19, p < .0001.

    “For prepotent response inhibition, IQ was not a significant moderator (QM = 0.84, df =1, p =.36) and the heterogeneity was still significant (QE = 48.1,df=19, p<.0001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The literature contains evidence both for and against the existence of inhibition deficits in people with ASD.

    “Consequently, there is a substantial amount of data providing evidence for and against the hypothesis that individuals with ASD encounter inhibition deficits.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Study information was first recorded by one author, checked by a second, and final decisions on mistakes were made by a third author before effect sizes were inspected.

    “All the study information listed in Table 1 was first recorded by SvB and then checked by LR.When LR discovered mistakes, HMG made the final decision as to which information to include before effect sizes were inspected.”
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    Premisecitation

    Inhibition is considered multifaceted and is commonly divided into prepotent response inhibition and resistance to distractor interference.

    “While inhibition is often discussed as a unitary construct, from a behavioral and cognitive neuroscience perspective, it is considered to be multifaceted (Aron, 2011;Friedman & Miyake, 2004;Nigg, 2000).Therefore, inhibition is commonly divided into prepotent response inhibition and resistance to distractor interference.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Aron, 2011

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    • cites Friedman & Miyake, 2004

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    • cites Nigg, 2000

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    Study design and conductown data

    Cook's distance was below one for all studies, indicating that no study was overly influential on the observed outcome.

    “In addition, Cook's distance was below one for all studies, indicating that no study was overly influential on the observed outcome.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationown data

    There is some evidence of publication bias in either form of inhibitory control, but no evidently strong publication bias.

    “Hence, there seems to be some evidence for a publication bias in either form of inhibitory control, however there is no evidently strong publication bias.”
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    Study design and conductreasoning

    The dependent measure for each task was selected before effect sizes were calculated in order to reduce experimenter bias.

    “The selection of dependent measures was made before effect sizes were calculated to minimize experimenter bias.”
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    Premisenone given

    Flanker and Simon paradigms are the most commonly used measures of resistance to distractor interference.

    “The Flanker (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974) and Simon paradigms (Simon & Wolf, 1963) are the most commonly used measures to assess resistance to distractor interference.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974

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    • cites Simon & Wolf, 1963

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    Study design and conductown data

    The majority of studies focused on children between 8 and 15 years, so aging effects into late adulthood could not be tested.

    “While our sample did include adults, the majority of the studies focused on children who were between 8 and 15 years, therefore we could not test aging effects into late adulthood.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Sanderson and Allen (2012) matched participants on IQ, which resulted in an age difference between the ASD and TD groups, and observed no difference in Flanker task performance.

    “The study by Sanderson and Allen (2012) corresponds with this interpretation.In this study, participants were matched on IQ (i.e., mental age) resulting in an age difference between the ASD and TD group and they observed no difference in Flanker task performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sanderson & Allen, 2012

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    Premisecitation

    IQ is known to influence inhibitory control performance.

    “First, IQ is known to influence inhibitory control performance (Ogilvie et al., 2011;Polderman et al., 2009;Salthouse, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ogilvie et al., 2011

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    • cites Polderman et al., 2009

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    • cites Salthouse, 2010

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    Premisecitation

    A recent study with healthy adults (N = 23) showed that most inhibition measures displayed good test-retest reliability and internal consistency.

    “With respect to task reliability, a recent study with healthy adults (N=23; (Wöstmann et al., 2013), which focused on test-retest reliability of several inhibition tasks (e.g., Stroop, Simon, Flanker, Stop task, Go/NoGo, CPT) showed that most of the measures displayed good test-retest reliability and internal consistency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wöstmann et al., 2013

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    Premisecitation

    One study (Verté et al., 2006) compared ASD subtypes on prepotent response inhibition and interference control and found no difference among subtypes.

    “To our knowledge there is one study (Verté et al., 2006), which compared children of different ASD subtypes on prepotent response inhibition and interference control.Results indicated no difference in performance among subtypes (see also Christ et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Verté et al., 2006

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    • cites Christ et al., 2011

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    Interpretationown data

    IQ was a relevant moderator for interference inhibition but not for prepotent response inhibition.

    “Our findings revealed that IQ was in fact a relevant moderator for interference inhibition, but not for prepotent response inhibition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A cross-sectional study has shown that problems with interference control seem to resolve with increasing age.

    “In addition, a cross sectional study has shown that problems with interference control seem to resolve with an increase in age (Christ et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Christ et al., 2011

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Age moderated performance on prepotent response inhibition tasks but not on interference control tasks.

    “That is, age moderated performance on prepotent response inhibition tasks, but not interference control tasks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Motivation, attention, and working memory are potentially important factors.

    “Factors that are potentially important are motivation (Geurts et al., 2008;Kohls et al., 2009), attention (Sanderson & Allen, 2012;Tye et al., 2013), and working memory (Kana et al., 2007;”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Geurts et al., 2008

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    • cites Kohls et al., 2009

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    • cites Sanderson & Allen, 2012

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    Interpretationreasoning

    If only reaction time is considered, heterogeneity remains because some studies reported difference scores that rule out global deficits such as slower processing speed, while most reported performance on the incongruent condition, which incorporates more processes than conflict resolution alone.

    “However, if we focus solely on RT we still observe heterogeneity as, for example, some studies reported the preferred actual interference scores (i.e., difference score) with which one rules out more global deficits like a generally slower processing speed, while most studies reported the performance on the interference (i.e., incongruent) condition which incorporates much more processes than so”
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    Premisecitation

    Included tasks might differ in sensitivity to performance differences as a function of task difficulty and reliability.

    “For example, the included tasks might differ in sensitivity to performance differences; a function of a task's difficulty and reliability (MacDonald & Carter, 2002).”
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    • cites MacDonald & Carter, 2002

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is not surprising that large heterogeneity was observed.

    “Hence, it is not surprising that we observed large heterogeneity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The findings contrast previous studies by Christ and colleagues and suggest that prepotent response inhibition is more difficult for individuals with ASD than for typically developing individuals.

    “Hence our findings also contrast previous studies (Christ et al., 2007;Christ et al., 2011), and suggests that prepotent response inhibition is more difficult for individuals with ASD as compared to TD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Christ et al., 2007

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    • cites Christ et al., 2011

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    Interpretationown data

    Differences between ASD and TD on inhibition tasks can be observed with both reaction time and accuracy, but the degree of difference may be higher when reaction time is the dependent measure.

    “That is, while differences between ASD and TD on inhibition tasks can be observed when recording both RT and accuracy, the degree of this difference may be higher when RT serves as the dependent measure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In Christ et al. (2011), an interference problem was observed in ASD individuals with slightly lower IQ than the TD group; because covarying IQ may not sufficiently control for differences, IQ differences may confound Flanker task effects.

    “For example, in a study by Christ and colleagues (2011), an interference problem was observed in individuals with ASD.These ASD individuals had a slightly lower IQ then the TD group.In order to statistically control for this, IQ was always entered as a covariate in the analyses.However, covarying IQ might not be a sufficient technique to control for the observed differences (Dennis et al., 2009),”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Christ et al., 2011

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    • cites Dennis et al., 2009

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    Study design and conductreasoning

    Studies differed largely in how ASD diagnoses were verified and in which measures were used to determine ASD severity, so severity could not be tested in the current study.

    “Unfortunately studies differed largely in how the ASD diagnoses were verified and which measures (if any) were used to determine ASD severity.Hence this could not be tested in the current study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Results showed poor reliability for the stop task SSRT and a reduction in variability of reaction time and of reaction time for incongruent trials in the Stroop, Simon, and Flanker tasks.

    “However, results showed poor reliability for the stop task (SSRT; see also Kuntsi et al., 2001), but see (Soreni et al., 2009) for contrasting findings in ADHD), and a reduction in variability of reaction time and of the reaction time for the incongruent trials in the Stroop, Simon, and Flanker task.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kuntsi et al., 2001

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    • cites Soreni et al., 2009

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    Premisecitation

    Behavioral improvements in both inhibition types are known to continue up to adulthood.

    “it is known that behavioral improvements are seen up to adulthood in both inhibition types (Huizinga et al., 2006).”
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    • cites Huizinga et al., 2006

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This study shows that many factors are likely involved in inhibitory control and that these factors may differ by type of inhibition.

    “Thus, this study shows that there are likely to be many factors involved in inhibitory control, and further, that these factors may differ given the type of inhibition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The number of participants selected for the meta-analysis differed from the number included in the analysis due to exclusions.

    “The number of participants selected differed from the number of participants included in the analysis (e.g., excluded participants).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductown data

    When means and standard deviations were not reported for the selected dependent measure, the effect size was computed from the t statistic.

    “The M(SD) were not reported for the selected dependent measure, therefore the effect size was calculated from the t statistic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    One dependent measure per study was selected using three criteria: best reflection of inhibitory control, most frequently reported, and largest effect when manipulations were added.

    “For each of the studies we chose one dependent measure.The selection was based on the following criteria: 1) Which reported measure best reflects inhibitory control?2) What dependent measure has been most often reported across studies? 3) If specific experimental manipulations were added the reported measure was chosen on which the largest effect was reported.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study by Ashwin, Wheelwright, and Baron-Cohen (2013) was excluded because its task did not meet inclusion criterion 3, as its interference component did not elicit an alternative response.

    “A study conducted by Ashwin, Wheelwright, and Baron-Cohen (2013) was not included as we determined that the task used did not meet inclusion criteria 3. Unlike standard interference tasks (e.g., Stroop & Flanker), the interference component did not elicit an alternative response.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ashwin, Wheelwright, and Baron-Cohen (2013)

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    Study design and conductown data

    Six studies were excluded from the meta-analysis because they lacked sufficient information to compute effect sizes.

    “Six studies did not provide enough information to calculate an effect sizes, therefore they were excluded from further analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    For Christ et al. (2007), the participant numbers from the text were used instead of those in the table because the text numbers appeared correct.

    “InChrist et al. (2007), the number of participants in the table was different from the text.We used the numbers from the text because they appeared to be correct.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Christ et al. (2007)

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Additional inhibition tasks from the included studies could not be included in the meta-analysis.

    “These studies included additional inhibition tasks, which could not be included in the meta analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    People with ASD show poorer performance on prepotent response inhibition and interference control tasks compared with typically developing individuals.

    “Despite these limitations, our study suggests that people with ASD do in fact show poorer performance on prepotent response inhibition and interference control tasks in comparison to TD individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The authors reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

    “Dr. Geurts, Msc van den Bergh, and Msc Ruzzano reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    For a study where analyses were conducted on IQ-matched subgroups, the effect size was based on the whole group.

    “In this study, analyses were conducted on subgroups of participants matched on IQ.The effect size is based on the whole group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The findings emphasize the multi-faceted nature of inhibition and illustrate the contribution of factors such as age and IQ and their differential effects between each type of inhibition.

    “Rather, our findings emphasize the multi-faceted nature of inhibition, and illustrate the contribution of factors, such as age, and IQ and their differential effects between each type of inhibition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The effect size for each study was calculated using the number of participants included in the analysis, not the number selected, to maximize accuracy.

    “The calculated effect size is based on the number of participants who were included in the analysis in order to ensure the most accurate effect size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
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  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The dependent variable in one study was interpreted as an accuracy score even though the article did not explicitly state this.

    “The dependent variable has been interpreted as an accuracy score, however this is not explicitly stated in the article.”
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Claims other papers make about this one

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  • Inhibitory control findings are generally mixed, and meta-analytic effect sizes are null or small-to-medium when interference control tests are used.

    “findings related to inhibitory control are generally mixed and meta-analytic effect sizes are null or small-to-medium when interference control tests are used (such as Stroop, flanker and Simon tasks).59,60,78,79”

    From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [78]

  • Response inhibition findings in ASD vary despite large samples and similar task designs, and ASD heterogeneity may explain this inconsistency.

    “Although sampling variation may explain divergent results, an interesting possibility is that heterogeneity in ASD helps explain the inconsistency across the literature 19.”

    From Subtyping cognitive profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder using a Functional Random Forest algorithm (2018) · cites this paper as [19]

  • The present findings contribute to a broader cognitive control literature in ASD that shows similar inconsistencies in findings, yet converges to suggest that children with ASD may show selective impairments in interference control or proactive mechanisms in the absence of problems with reactive stopping.

    “The present findings contribute to a broader cognitive control literature in ASD that shows similar inconsistencies in findings (Ambrosino et al., 2014; Christ et al., 2007; Geurts et al., 2014; Yerys, 2015), yet converges to suggest that children with ASD may show selective impairments in interference control (Adams and Jarrold, 2012) or proactive mechanisms (Schmitt et al., 2017) in the absence”

    From No evidence of differences in cognitive control in children with autism spectrum disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder: An fMRI study (2019) · cites this paper as Geurts et al., 2014

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Authors
Geurts, H. M., van den Bergh, S. F. W. M., & Ruzzano, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Amsterdam (NL)
  • Research &amp; Development Dr Leo Kannerhuis, Center for Autism Amsterdam The Netherlands
Corresponding author
Geurts, Hilde M.
ORCID
Geurts, Hilde M.
Venue
Autism Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-03-04
Volume
7
Issue
4
Pages
407-420
ISSN
  • 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-3806
DOI
10.1002/aur.1369
OpenAlex
W2141268338
Cited by
237
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4
FWCI
1.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Autism Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) MagW VIDI (452-10-003)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, prepotent response inhibition, interference control, inhibitory control deficits, cognitive development, age differences, typically developing controls
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Young Adult

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