Cited by 130Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorOlfactory and Sensory Function StudiesNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

Aerosolized oxytocin increases cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin in rhesus macaques

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Modi, Meera E., Connor-Stroud, Fawn, Landgraf, Rainer, Young, Larry J., Parr, Lisa A.·2014·Psychoneuroendocrinology

Abstract

Intranasal (IN) administration is a widely used method for examining the effect of oxytocin (OT) on social behavior and cognition in healthy subjects and psychiatric populations. IN-OT in humans enhances trust, emotional perception, and empathetic behavior and is under investigation as a potential pharmacotherapy to enhance social functioning in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Nonhuman primates (NHP) are an important model for understanding the effect of OT on social cognition, its neural mechanisms, and the development of IN-OT as a pharmacotherapy for treating social deficits in humans. However, NHP and even some human populations, such as very young infants and children, cannot easily follow the detailed self-administration protocol used in the majority of human IN-OT studies. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of several OT-administration routes for elevating central OT concentrations in rhesus macaques. First, we examined the effect of IN and intravenous (IV) routes of OT administration on concentrations of OT and vasopressin (AVP) in plasma and lumbar CSF. Second, we examined these same measures in monkeys after an aerosolized (AE) OT delivery route. All three administration routes significantly increased plasma OT concentrations, but only the AE-OT route significantly increased concentrations of CSF OT. No route affected concentrations of AVP in plasma or CSF. This study confirms that the AE route is the most effective method for increasing central OT concentrations in monkeys, and may also be an effective route, alternative to IN, for administering OT to some human populations.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.011

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  • In macaques given 24 IU oxytocin, only aerosol produced a significant CSF increase (from about 20 to about 60 pg/ml); both spray and aerosol raised plasma oxytocin, and the same dose intravenously raised plasma to about 60,000 pg/ml without increasing CSF.

    “In a larger study, Modi et al. gave 24IU oxytocin (~5µg/kg body weight) to macaques by spray or aerosol; only the aerosol produced a significant increase in CSF (from ~20 to ~60pg/ml) (25).”

    From Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions (2016) · cites this paper as [25]

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  • The intranasal dose administered in the present study has been associated with changes in central function in humans, and similar or smaller doses of oxytocin or vasopressin have been associated with elevations in peptide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in humans or macaques of no more than approximately 55 pg/ml or up to 0.005% of the administered dose.

    “The intranasal dose administered in the present study has been associated with changes in central function in humans 58, and similar or smaller doses of oxytocin or vasopressin (24–48 IU for oxytocin; 40–80 IU for vasopressin) have been associated with elevations in peptide levels in the cerebrospinnal fluid in humans or macaques of no more than approximately 55 pg/ml in actual levels 70, 71, 72,”
  • Intranasal oxytocin leads to a significant increase in oxytocin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid.

    “In addition, several studies have found that IN-OT leads to a significant increase in OT concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, which may also be indicative of IN-OT reaching the brain [30, 31].”
  • In monkeys, intranasal oxytocin or oxytocin intake via a nebulizer at 25 or 48 IU increased cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin concentration compared with placebo.

    “Also, in monkeys, IN-OT or OT intake via a nebulizer (25 or 48 IU) increased OT CSF concentration compared to placebo (Chang et al. 2012; Dal Monte et al. 2014; Modi et al. 2014).”

    From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Modi et al. 2014

  • Even if OT does travel across the BBB in small amounts, this quantity is not large enough to dampen amygdala activity compared to placebo.

    “While there is conflicting evidence on whether peripheral OT can cross the BBB (Modi et al., 2014), our study suggests that even if OT does travel across this barrier in small amounts, this quantity is not large enough to dampen amygdala activity compared to placebo.”

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  1. Parr LA Modi ME Siebert E Young LJ 2013b Intranasal oxytocin selectively attenuates rhesus monkeys’ attention to negative facial expressions Psychoneuroendocrinology PMC3743934 23490074

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Authors
Modi, M. E., Connor-Stroud, F., Landgraf, R., Young, L. J., & Parr, L. A.
Affiliations
  • Emory University (US)
  • Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
Corresponding author
Modi, Meera E.
Venue
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014-07
Volume
45
Pages
49-57
ISSN
0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2043628043
Cited by
129
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
FWCI
32.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • Emory University
  • National Institutes of Health (P51OD011132)
  • Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University
  • National Institute of Mental Health (K02MH064692, MH064692, MH068791, R21MH090776, R01MH068791, P50MH100023)
  • National Center for Research Resources (P51RR165, P51RR000165)
  • Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords
oxytocin, rhesus monkeys, intranasal administration, intravenous administration, vasopressin, route of administration, social cognition, autism spectrum disorder, pharmacotherapy
MeSH terms
Administration, Intranasal, Aerosols, Animals, Biological Availability, Macaca mulatta, Male, Oxytocin, Time Factors, Up-Regulation, Nasal Sprays, Administration, Intravenous

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