Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) — main concerns and regulatory developments in Europe from an environmental point of view
Open accessAbstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are the most investigated substances of the group of per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Whereas for PFOS regulatory measures are already in force on international level (inclusion in Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants) such activities are missing for PFOA. The environmental concerns of PFOA, which are summarized in the present study, underline the necessity of regulatory measures on an international level for PFOA. Since it seems more likely to agree on a regulation within the European Union first, a regulatory strategy based on the European chemicals regulation REACH (EC No. 1907/2006), is discussed in the present study. PFOA is persistent in the environment, ubiquitous present in surface waters, and subject to long-range transport. It accumulates in biota, especially in top predators. PFOA is increasingly analyzed in food items, and in drinking water. PFOA’s intrinsic properties such as its persistency (P), its potential for bioaccumulation (B) and its toxicity (T) suggest that PFOA is a promising candidate for being identified as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) under REACH. Because of the dispersive occurrence of PFOA in the environment, the presence in imported products, and the use of PFCs, which can degrade to PFOA in various consumer products, a restriction under REACH seems to be the most effective regulatory measure to minimize human and environmental exposure to PFOA in the European Union. Due to its intrinsic properties, PFOA fulfills the REACH PBT-criteria. The next regulatory step will be the identification of PFOA and its ammonium salt (APFO) as SVHC according to REACH and the addition to the REACH Candidate List. As a second step, a restriction proposal will be prepared to include both substances and precursors into REACH Annex XVII.
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PFOA shows low BCFfish (1.8−27) due to fast elimination through the respiratory system in fish linked to its high solubility.
“PFOA shows low BCFFISH (1.8−27) due to fast elimination through the respiratory system in fish (i.e., gills) that is linked to its high solubility”
From A Never-Ending Story of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)? (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
Table 2 (Methods) reports a PFOA BCF range of 1.8–27, and the Assessment of the bioaccumulation potential says fish BCFs are far below the regulatory threshold. That section proposes that high water solubility could enable effective excretion through fish gills; it does not establish fast elimination or a definite causal explanation for the low BCFs. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPFOA can only be slowly eliminated from humans, on the scale of years.
“whereas it can only be slowly eliminated from humans, on the scale of years.26”
From A Never-Ending Story of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)? (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
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Kittlaus, S., Clara, M., van Gils, J., Gabriel, O., Broer, M. B., Hochedlinger, G., Trautvetter, H., Hepp, G., Krampe, J., Zessner, M., et al. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157764 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vierke, L., Staude, C., Biegel-Engler, A., Drost, W., & Schulte, C.
- Affiliations
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg (DE)
- German Environment Agency (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Vierke, Lena
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2012-05-07
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- OpenAlex
- W2106284600
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 9.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Umweltbundesamt
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, REACH regulation, substances of very high concern, persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances, Stockholm Convention, environmental persistence, long-range transport, chemical regulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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