The two faces of IL-6 in the tumor microenvironment
Open accessAbstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, IL-6 signaling is generally considered a malevolent player, assuming a dark visage that promotes tumor progression. Chronic IL-6 signaling is linked to tumorigenesis in numerous mouse models as well as in human disease. IL-6 acts intrinsically on tumor cells through numerous downstream mediators to support cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastatic dissemination. Moreover, IL-6 can act extrinsically on other cells within the complex tumor microenvironment to sustain a pro-tumor milieu by supporting angiogenesis and tumor evasion of immune surveillance. A lesser known role for IL-6 signaling has recently emerged in which it plays a beneficial role, presenting a fairer face that opposes tumor growth by mobilizing anti-tumor T cell immune responses to attain tumor control. Accumulating evidence establishes IL-6 as a key player in the activation, proliferation and survival of lymphocytes during active immune responses. IL-6 signaling can also resculpt the T cell immune response, shifting it from a suppressive to a responsive state that can effectively act against tumors. Finally, IL-6 plays an indispensable role in boosting T cell trafficking to lymph nodes and to tumor sites, where they have the opportunity to become activated and execute their cytotoxic effector functions, respectively. Here, we discuss the dual faces of IL-6 signaling in the tumor microenvironment; the dark face that drives malignancy, and the fairer aspect that promotes anti-tumor adaptive immunity.
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IL-6 is a major acute inflammatory phase mediator with pro-tumorigenic properties.
“Interestingly, IL-6 is a major acute inflammatory phase mediator with pro-tumorigenic properties.49,50”
From Autoimmune diseases and immune-checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy: Review of the literature and personalized risk-based prevention strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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Vitiello, G. A., & Miller, G. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20190456 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cytokine and Chemokine Signals of T‐Cell Exclusion in Tumors
Zhang, Y., Guan, X.-Y., & Jiang, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.594609 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Horisberger, A., La Rosa, S., Zurcher, J.-P., Zimmermann, S., Spertini, F., Coukos, G., & Obeid, M. (2018) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-018-0481-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
IL6 Signaling in Peripheral Blood T Cells Predicts Clinical Outcome in Breast Cancer
Wang, L., Miyahira, A. K., Simons, D. L., Lu, X., Chang, A. Y., Wang, C., Suni, M. A., Maino, V. C., Dirbas, F. M., Yim, J., et al. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1373 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fisher, D. T., Appenheimer, M. M., & Evans, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Evans, Sharon S.
- ORCID
- Evans, Sharon S.
- Venue
- Seminars in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 38-47
- ISSN
- 1044-5323 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3970580
- OpenAlex
- W1994447535
- Cited by
- 693
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Seminars in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA085183, R01CA079765, CA79765, T32CA085183)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56AI082039, AI082039, R01AI082039)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, tumor microenvironment, IL-6 signaling, tumor progression, angiogenesis, immune evasion, antitumor T-cell responses, T cell migration, lymphocyte activation, tumor immunosuppression, metastasis, adaptive immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Movement, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Humans, Lymph Nodes, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-6, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Adaptive Immunity, Tumor Microenvironment, Cellular Microenvironment
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