Short-term CO2 and N2O emissions and microbial properties of biochar amended sandy loam soils
Abstract
Biochar produced during pyrolysis of biomass has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. In order to evaluate the effect of four different biochar additions on the emission of the greenhouse gases CO2 and N2O, two incubation experiments were established in a temperate sandy loam soil. Digestate, a waste-product of the wet fermentation of swine manure, and willow wood was slowly pyrolyzed at 350 °C and 700 °C, yielding four biochar types (DS350, DS700, WS350 and WS700). In the first incubation experiment (117 days), C mineralization was monitored in soil amended with biochar at a quantity of 10 Mg ha−1 on an area-basis (biochar to soil ratio of 1:69 on a mass basis) at 50% water filled pore space (WFPS). CO2 emissions from the 350 °C biochar treatments were significantly higher than the control (no biochar) treatment, while we observed no significantly different net C mineralization in the treatments with the 700 °C biochars compared to the control. After fitting a combined zero- plus first-order model to the cumulative C mineralization data, the parameter for the easily mineralizable C pool (CAf) positively correlated with the volatile matter (VM) contents of the biochars. Microbial biomass carbon consistently increased due to all biochar additions, while the dehydrogenase activity increased in the 350 °C biochar treatments but decreased in the 700 °C biochar treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the extracted phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) demonstrated that divergent microbial community structures established after the addition of all biochars. The markers for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were more abundant in the 350 °C biochar treatments compared to the control and to the other biochar treatments. Net N mineralization was higher in the digestate biochar treatments than in the willow biochar treatments and decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures and increasing C:N ratio. In a second incubation experiment (15 days) N2O emissions were measured at WFPS of 70% and the same biochars were added in the same quantity as for C mineralization, with the addition of 40 mg KNO3–N kg−1. The cumulative N2O emission after 15 days was positively correlated with the volatile matter content of the biochars and was significantly lower in the 700 °C biochar treatments compared to the control, while no significant differences were found for the 350 °C biochar treatments. This study suggests that volatile matter content could be an important property of biochars in explaining short-term CO2 and N2O emissions from biochar-amended soils.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Biochar amendment caused an increase in the activity of dehydrogenase and urease in soil.
“Ameloot et al. (2013) and Mierzwa-Hersztek et al. (2016) showed that biochar amendment caused an increase in the activity of dehydrogenase and urease in soil.”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Ameloot et al. 2013
A significant 29% increase in microbial biomass carbon in response to willow wood biochar amendment produced at 700 °C in sandy loam soil was reported.
“In another study, a significant 29% increase in microbial biomass carbon in response to willow wood biochar amendment produced at 700 °C in sandy loam soil was reported (Ameloot et al., 2013).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Ameloot et al., 2013
Biochars produced through a slow pyrolysis process at temperature of >500 °C from various feedstocks with lower ligno-cellulosic contents (i.e., manure, fruit peels, leaf litter) resulted in greater microbial biomass in biochar-amended soils.
“Some other studies also reported that biochars produced through a slow pyrolysis process at temperature of >500 °C from various feedstocks with lower ligno-cellulosic contents (i.e., manure, fruit peels, leaf litter) resulted in greater microbial biomass in biochar-amended soils (Ameloot et al., 2013;Domene et al., 2014;Luo et al., 2013).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Ameloot et al., 2013
Addition of biochar (5 and 10 t ha-1) in an Inceptisol increased dehydrogenase and urease activity by 19 and 44%, respectively.
“For instance, addition of biochar (5 and 10 t ha -1 ) in an Inceptisol increased the dehydrogenase and urease activity by 19 and 44%, respectively (Ameloot et al. 2013;Mierzwa-Hersztek et al. 2016).”
From Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant (2020) · cites this paper as Ameloot et al. 2013
Cites
A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
Bligh, E. G., & Dyer, W. J. (1959) · Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1139/o59-099 · Cited by 54,751 · see citing works
Biochar effects on soil biota – A review
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C., & Crowley, D. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022 · Cited by 5,074 · see citing works
Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., & Rondon, M. (2006) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5 · Cited by 3,053 · see citing works
Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects
Kuzyakov, Y., Friedel, J. K., & Stahr, K. (2000) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(00)00084-5 · Cited by 3,040 · see citing works
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., & Zech, W. (2002) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4 · Cited by 2,890 · see citing works
Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry
(1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-513840-6.x5014-9 · Cited by 2,837 · see citing works
Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F. G. A., van der Velde, M., & Bastos, A. C. (2011) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.015 · Cited by 2,422 · see citing works
Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment
Chan, K. Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A., & Joseph, S. (2007) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr07109 · Cited by 1,902 · see citing works
Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils
Zimmerman, A. R., Gao, B., & Ahn, M.-Y. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.005 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
The fumigation-extraction method to estimate soil microbial biomass: Calibration of the kEN value
Joergensen, R. G., & Müeller, T. (1996) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00101-8 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil–concepts and mechanisms
Warnock, D. D., Lehmann, J., Kuyper, T. W., & Rillig, M. C. (2007) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9391-5 · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
Use and misuse of PLFA measurements in soils
Frostegård, Å., Tunlid, A., & Bååth, E. (2010) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.021 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues
Demirbas, A. (2004) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2004.07.003 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
The fumigation-extraction method to estimate soil microbial biomass: Calibration of the kEC value
Joergensen, R. G. (1996) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00102-6 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works
Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments
Chan, K. Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr08036 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory-produced black carbon (biochar)
Zimmerman, A. R. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es903140c · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Black carbon decomposition and incorporation into soil microbial biomass estimated by 14C labeling
Kuzyakov, Y., Subbotina, I., Chen, H.-Q., Bogomolova, I., & Xu, X.-L. (2009) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.016 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment
Singh, B., Singh, B. P., & Cowie, A. L. (2010) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr10058 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity
Steinbeiss, S., Gleixner, G., & Antonietti, M. (2009) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.03.016 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Biochar for Environmental Management
Shackley, S. J., Clare, A., Joseph, S. D., McCarl, B. A., & Schmidt, H. (2009) · Taylor and Francis · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Physical Properties of Biochar
Downie, A., Crosky, A., & Munroe, P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9781849770552-9 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Karhu, K., Mattila, T., Bergström, I., & Regina, K. (2011) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.005 · Cited by 941 · see citing works
Cheng, C.-H., Lehmann, J., & Engelhard, M. H. (2008) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.010 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Graber, E. R., Meller Harel, Y., Kolton, M., Cytryn, E., Silber, A., Rav David, D., Tsechansky, L., Borenshtein, M., & Elad, Y. (2010) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0544-6 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Šimek, P., & Cooper, J. E. (2002) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00461.x · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Quantitative assessment of the fungal contribution to microbial tissue in soil
Joergensen, R. G., & Wichern, F. (2008) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.017 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Nitrous oxide emission from Australian agricultural lands and mitigation options: a review
Dalal, R. C., Wang, W., Robertson, G. P., & Parton, W. J. (2003) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr02064 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Yanai, Y., Toyota, K., & Okazaki, M. (2007) · Soil Science & Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00123.x · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Richardson, D. J., Felgate, H., Watmough, N. J., THOMSON, A. J., & Baggs, E. M. (2009) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.03.009 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
The effect of young biochar on soil respiration
Smith, J. L., Collins, H. P., & Bailey, V. L. (2010) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.013 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Short-term biochar-induced increase in soil CO2 release is both biotically and abiotically mediated
Jones, D. L., Murphy, D. V., Khalid, M. A., Ahmad, W., Edwards‐Jones, G., & DeLuca, T. H. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.018 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Cross, A., & Sohi, S. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.06.016 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
FORBES, M. S., Raison, R. J., & Skjemstad, J. O. (2006) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.007 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests
DeLuca, T. H., MacKenzie, M. D., Gundale, M. J., & Holben, W. E. (2006) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0096 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Biochar and the Nitrogen Cycle: Introduction
Clough, T. J., & Condron, L. M. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0204 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations
Hale, S. E., Cornelissen, G., & Werner, D. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203762264-22 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
(2009) · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Biochar adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable
Taghizadeh-Toosi, A., Clough, T. J., Sherlock, R. R., & Condron, L. M. (2012) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0870-3 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Bailey, V. L., Fansler, S. J., Smith, J. L., & Bolton, H. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.10.014 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobically digested maize silage
Mumme, J., Eckervogt, L., Pielert, J., Diakité, M., Rupp, F., & Kern, J. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.099 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Influence of biochars on flux of N2O and CO2 from Ferrosol
ZWIETEN, L. V., Kimber, S. W. L., Morris, S., Downie, A. E., Berger, E., Rust, J., & Scheer, C. (2010) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr10004 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
The charcoal effect in Boreal forests: mechanisms and ecological consequences
Wardle, D. A., Zackrisson, O., & Nilsson, M. (1998) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420050536 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Gundale, M. J., & DeLuca, T. H. (2006) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.004 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Relationships between habitable pore space, soil biota and mineralization rates in grassland soils
Hassink, J., Bouwman, L. A., Zwart, K. B., & Brussaard, L. (1993) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0038-0717(93)90240-c · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Microbial mineralization of biochar and wheat straw mixture in soil: A short-term study
Zavalloni, C., Alberti, G., Biasiol, S., Vedove, G. D., Fornasier, F., Liu, J., & Peressotti, A. (2011) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.07.012 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Moeskops, B., Sukristiyonubowo, Buchan, D. D., Sleutel, S., Herawaty, L., Husen, E., Saraswati, R., Setyorini, D., & Neve, S. D. (2010) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.03.005 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Taghizadeh‐Toosi, A., Clough, T. J., Condron, L. M., Sherlock, R. R., Anderson, C. R., & Craigie, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0419 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Black carbon sequestration as an alternative to bioenergy
Fowles, M. (2007) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.01.012 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Elmer, W. H., & Pignatello, J. J. (2011) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-10-10-0741 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Denef, K., Roobroeck, D., Wadu, M. C. W. M., Lootens, P., & Boeckx, P. (2008) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.008 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Spatial location of carbon decomposition in the soil pore system
Strong, D. T., Wever, H. D., Merckx, R., & Recous, S. (2004) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00639.x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Scheer, C., Grace, P. R., Rowlings, D. W., Kimber, S., & Van Zwieten, L. (2011) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0759-1 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Gundale, M. J., & DeLuca, T. H. (2006) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-006-0106-5 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Bruun, S., Jensen, E. S., & Jensen, L. (2008) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.04.020 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Bruun, E. W., Müller‐Stöver, D., Ambus, P., & Hauggaard‐Nielsen, H. (2011) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01377.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Elfstrand, S., Båth, B., & Mårtensson, A. M. (2006) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.11.001 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Soil enzymatic response to addition of municipal solid-waste compost
Serra-Wittling, C., Houot, S., & Barriuso, E. (1995) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/bf00336082 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Carbonization ranking of selected biomass for charcoal, liquid and gaseous products
Demirbaş, A. (2001) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00110-2 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek's Vision
Harden, C. P. (2010) · Vadose Zone Journal · doi:10.2136/vzj2009.0132br · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s
Insam, H. (2001) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/s0016-7061(01)00029-5 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Seasonal variability and mitigation options for N2O emissions from differently managed grasslands
Kammann, C. I., Grünhage, L., Müller, C., Jacobi, S., & Jäger, H. (1998) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(98)80031-6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Modeling black carbon degradation and movement in soil
Foereid, B., Lehmann, J. C., & Major, J. (2011) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0773-3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Biochar and earthworm effects on soil nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions
Augustenborg, C. A., Hepp, S., Kammann, C., Hagan, D., Schmidt, O., & Müller, C. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0119 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Sleutel, S., Neve, S. D., Roibás, M. R. P., & Hofman, G. (2004) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00685.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Buchan, D. D., Moeskops, B., Ameloot, N., Neve, S. D., & Sleutel, S. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.12.014 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Field Evaluation of Four Methods for Measuring Denitrification
Aulakh, M. S., Doran, J. W., & Mosier, A. R. (1991) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500050023x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Microbial Response to Charcoal Amendments and Fertilization of a Highly Weathered Tropical Soil
Birk, J. J., Steiner, C., Teixiera, W., Zech, W., & Glaser, B. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9031-8_16 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations
DeLuca, T. H., Gundale, M. J., MacKenzie, M. D., Gao, S., & Jones, D. L. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003297673-16 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effect of carbonization temperature on the yield and porosity of char produced from palm shell
Daud, W. M. A. W., Ali, W. S. W., & Sulaiman, M. Z. (2001) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.515 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nitrogen‐15 in NO characterises differently reactive soil organic N pools
Oelmann, Y., Wilcke, W., & Bol, R. A. (2005) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.2023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects
Tomczyk, A., Sokołowska, Z., & Boguta, P. (2020) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3 · Cited by 2,948 · see citing works
Gul, S., Whalen, J., Thomas, B., Sachdeva, V., & Deng, H. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.015 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Biochar's role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: A review and meta-analysis
Cayuela, M. L., van Zwieten, L., Singh, B. P., Jeffery, S., Roig, A., & Sánchez-Monedero, M. A. (2014) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.009 · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant
Hossain, M. Z., Bahar, M. M., Sarkar, B., Donne, S. W., Ok, Y. S., Palansooriya, K. N., Kirkham, M. B., Chowdhury, S., & Bolan, N. (2020) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-020-00065-z · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Response of microbial communities to biochar-amended soils: a critical review
Palansooriya, K. N., Wong, J. T. F., Hashimoto, Y., Huang, L., Rinklebe, J., Chang, S. X., Bolan, N., Wang, H., & Ok, Y. S. (2019) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-019-00009-2 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Environmental application of biochar: Current status and perspectives
Oliveira, F. R., Patel, A. K., Jaisi, D. P., Adhikari, S., Lü, H., & Khanal, S. K. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.122 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Singh, H., Northup, B. K., Rice, C. W., & Prasad, P. V. V. (2022) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms: review and research needs
Ameloot, N., Gräber, E. R., VERHEIJEN, F. G. A., & Neve, S. D. (2013) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12064 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Biochemical cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in biochar-amended soils
Gul, S., & Whalen, J. K. (2016) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.08.001 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Panahi, H. K. S., Dehhaghi, M., Ok, Y. S., Nizami, A., Khoshnevisan, B., Mussatto, S. I., Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M., & Lam, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122462 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
The effects of biochar addition on soil physicochemical properties: A review
Zhang, Y., Wang, J. M., & Feng, Y. (2021) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2021.105284 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Zeng, G., Huang, D., Lai, C., Chen, M., Cheng, M., Tang, W., Tang, L., Dong, H., Huang, B., et al. (2019) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.139 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, J., Müller, K., Li, Y., Fu, W., Lin, Z., & Wang, H. (2017) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-017-1906-y · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes: a meta‐analysis
He, Y., Zhou, X., Jiang, L., Li, M., Du, Z., Zhou, G., Shao, J., Wang, X., Xu, Z., Hosseini Bai, S., et al. (2017) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12376 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Nartey, O. D., & Zhao, B. (2014) · Advances in Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1155/2014/715398 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Zheng, J., Chen, J., Pan, G., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Li, L., Bian, R., Cheng, K., & Jinwei, Z. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.135 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Lü, W., Ding, W., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Luo, J., Bolan, N. S., & Xie, Z. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.029 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Adegbeye, M. J., Reddy, P. R. K., Obaisi, A. I., Elghandour, M. M. M. Y., Oyebamiji, K. J., Salem, A. Z. M., Morakinyo-Fasipe, O. T., Cipriano‐Salazar, M., & Camacho-Díaz, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118319 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Impact of biochar properties on soil conditions and agricultural sustainability: A review
Al‐Wabel, M. I., Hussain, Q., Usman, A. R. A., Ahmad, M., Abduljabbar, A., Sallam, A. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2018) · Land Degradation & Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.2829 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Soil biochar amendment as a climate change mitigation tool: Key parameters and mechanisms involved
Brassard, P., Godbout, S., & Raghavan, V. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.063 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Al-Wabel, M. I., Usman, A. R. A., El-Naggar, A. H., Aly, A. A., Ibrahim, H. M., Elmaghraby, S., & Al-Omran, A. (2015) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.003 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Li, X., Wang, T., Chang, S. X., Jiang, X., & Song, Y. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141593 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Xu, W., Dong, J., Yang, T., Shangguan, Z., Qu, J., Li, X., & Tan, X. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129557 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Mitchell, P. J., Simpson, A. J., Soong, R., & Simpson, M. J. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.11.017 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Effect of different biochar and fertilizer types on N2O and NO emissions
Nelissen, V., Saha, B. K., Ruysschaert, G., & Boeckx, P. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.026 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Effect of temperature on biochar priming effects and its stability in soils
Fang, Y., Singh, B., & Singh, B. P. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.10.006 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Voroney, R. P., & Price, G. W. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.006 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Mimmo, T., Panzacchi, P., Baratieri, M., Davies, C. A., & Tonon, G. (2014) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review
Semida, W. M., Beheiry, H. R., Sétamou, M., Simpson, C. R., Abd El-Mageed, T. A., Rady, M. M., & Nelson, S. D. (2019) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.015 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil
Case, S. D. C., McNamara, N. P., Reay, D. S., Stott, A. W., Grant, H. K., & Whitaker, J. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.11.012 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Zhang, D., Wang, P., Liu, X., Cheng, K., Li, L., Zheng, J., Zhang, X., Zheng, J., Crowley, D. E., et al. (2017) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.006 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Ameloot, N., Sleutel, S., Das, K. C., Jegajeevagan, K., & Neve, S. D. (2013) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12119 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Jing, Y., Zhang, Y., Han, I., Wang, P., Mei, Q., & Huang, Y. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65796-2 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Potential Benefits of Biochar in Agricultural Soils: A Review
Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Huang, X., Li, Z., Tan, X., Zeng, G., & Zhou, L. (2017) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(17)60375-8 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Bhaduri, D., Saha, A., Desai, D., & Meena, H. N. (2016) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.130 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Usman, A. R. A., Al-Wabel, M. I., Ok, Y. S., Alharbi, A., Wahb-Allah, M., EL-NAGGAR, A. H., Ahmad, M., Al-Faraj, A. I., & Al-Omran, A. M. (2015) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(15)60019-4 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
A Review on Current Status of Biochar Uses in Agriculture
Allohverdi, T., Mohanty, A. K., Roy, P., & Misra, M. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26185584 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Chen, J., Li, S., Liang, C., Xu, Q., Li, Y., Qin, H., & Fuhrmann, J. J. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.190 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Optimizing Carbon Sequestration in Croplands: A Synthesis
Tiefenbacher, A., Sandén, T., Haslmayr, H.-P., Miloczki, J., Wenzel, W. W., & Spiegel, H. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11050882 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Recent developments in biochar as an effective tool for agricultural soil management: a review
Laghari, M., Naidu, R., Xiao, B., Hu, Z., Mirjat, M. S., Hu, M., Kandhro, M. N., Chen, Z., Guo, D., Jogi, Q., et al. (2016) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7753 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Ameloot, N., Sleutel, S., Case, S. D. C., Alberti, G., McNamara, N. P., Zavalloni, C., Vervisch, B., Vedove, G. D., & Neve, S. D. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.08.004 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Cheng, G., Feng, H., Sun, B., Zhao, Y., Chen, H., Chen, J., Dyck, M. F., Wang, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8505-8 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Bashir, S., Hussain, Q., Akmal, M., Riaz, M., Hu, H., Ijaz, S. S., Iqbal, M., Abro, S. A., Mehmood, S., & Ahmad, M. (2017) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-017-1796-z · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Schimmelpfennig, S., Müller, C., Grünhage, L., Koch, C., & Kammann, C. (2014) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.027 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Effect of pesticides on microorganisms, enzymatic activity and plant in biochar-amended soil
Oleszczuk, P., Jośko, I. N., Futa, B., Pasieczna‐Patkowska, S., Pałys, E., & Kraska, P. (2013) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.10.010 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Yao, Q., Liu, J., Yu, Z., Li, Y., Jin, J., Liu, X., & Wang, G. (2017) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.01.007 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Luo, S., Wang, S., Tian, L., Li, S., Li, X., Shen, Y., & Tian, C. (2017) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.04.024 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and cotton stalks
Wang, Z., Xie, L., Liu, K., Wang, J., Zhu, H., Song, Q., & Shu, X. (2019) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.033 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Subedi, R., Taupe, N., Pelissetti, S., Petruzzelli, L., Bertora, C., Leahy, J. J., & Grignani, C. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.007 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Muhammad, N., Dai, Z., Xiao, K., Meng, J., Brookes, P. C., Liu, X., Wang, H., Wu, J., & Xu, J. (2014) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.01.023 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
A review on biochar’s effect on soil properties and crop growth
Premalatha, R. P., Bindu, J. P., Nivetha, E., Malarvizhi, P., Manorama, K., Parameswari, E., & Davamani, V. (2023) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2023.1092637 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Chen, J., Liu, X., Li, L., Zheng, J., Qu, J., Zheng, J., Zhang, X., & Pan, G. (2015) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.02.012 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z.-Z., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c01976 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Soil biochar amendment shapes the composition of N2O-reducing microbial communities
Harter, J., Weigold, P., El-Hadidi, M. S., Huson, D. H., Kappler, A. A., & Behrens, S. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.220 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Aamer, M., Shaaban, M., Hassan, M., Guoqin, H., Liu, Y., Ying, T. H., Rasul, F., Ma, Q., Li, Z., Rasheed, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109891 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Ndoung, O. C. N., de Figueiredo, C. C., & Ramos, M. L. G. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08473 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Li, X., Song, Y., Wang, F., Bian, Y., & Jiang, X. (2018) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.041 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Effects of Biochar on Soil Microbial Communities: A Meta-Analysis
Deshoux, M., Sadet-Bourgeteau, S., Gentil, S., & Prévost‐Bouré, N. C. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166079 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Xiao, J., Xue, J., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12083436 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Effects of biochar addition on soil hydraulic properties before and after freezing-thawing
Fu, Q., Zhao, H., Li, T., Hou, R., Liu, D., Ji, Y., Zhou, Z., & Yang, L. (2019) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2019.01.008 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Biochar as a Multifunctional Component of the Environment—A Review
Saletnik, B. A., Zaguła, G., Bajcar, M., Czernicka, M., Bobula, G., & Puchalski, C. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9061139 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Song, D., Tang, J., Xiang-yin, X., Zhang, S., Liang, G., Zhou, W., & Wang, X. (2017) · European Journal of Soil Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.11.003 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Benefits of soil biochar amendments to tomato growth under saline water irrigation
She, D., Sun, X., Agbna, G. H. D., Elshaikh, N. A., Hu, W., Edith, K., & Yu, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33040-7 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Effects of biochar application on fluxes of three biogenic greenhouse gases: a meta‐analysis
Song, X., Pan, G., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2016) · Ecosystem Health and Sustainability · doi:10.1002/ehs2.1202 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Jindo, K., Audette, Y., Higashikawa, F. S., Silva, C. A., Akashi, K., Mastrolonardo, G., Sanchez-Monedero, M. A., & Mondini, C. (2020) · Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture · doi:10.1186/s40538-020-00182-8 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Characterization of biochars produced from residues from biogas production
Kończak, M., & Oleszczuk, P. (2015) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2015.07.011 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Bamminger, C., Zaiser, N., Zinsser, P., Lamers, M., Kammann, C. I., & Marhan, S. (2014) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-014-0968-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Song, D., Xiang-yin, X., Zheng, Q., Liang, G., Zhou, W., & Wang, X. (2019) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.073 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Liu, D. L., Schwenke, G., & Yang, B. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.006 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Tea leaves biochar as a carrier of Bacillus cereus improves the soil function and crop productivity
Azeem, M., Hassan, T. U., Tahir, M. I., Ali, A., Jeyasundar, P. G. S. A., Hussain, Q., Bashir, S., Mehmood, S., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103732 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Liao, N., Li, Q., Zhang, W., Zhou, G., Ma, L., Min, W., Ye, J., & Hou, Z. (2015) · European Journal of Soil Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.12.008 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Influence of biochar on potential enzyme activities in two calcareous soils of contrasting texture
Khadem, A., & Raiesi, F. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.08.004 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Effect of poultry litter biochar on soil enzymatic activity, ecotoxicity and plant growth
Mierzwa-Hersztek, M., Gondek, K., & Baran, A. (2016) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.04.006 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Xiang, Y., Jing, Y., & Zhang, R. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05604-1 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Paetsch, L., Mueller, C. W., Kögel‐Knabner, I., Lützow, M. V., Girardin, C., & Rumpel, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25039-x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Bamminger, C., Poll, C., & Marhan, S. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13871 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Microbial utilization of rice straw and its derived biochar in a paddy soil
Pan, F., Li, Y., Chapman, S. J., Khan, S. A., & Yao, H. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.122 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Soil microbial community structure affected by biochar and fertilizer sources
Dangi, S. R., Gao, S., Duan, Y., & Wang, D. (2019) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103452 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Feng, Z., & Zhu, L. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.115 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Chen, J., Sun, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Bian, R., Li, L., Zheng, J., Zheng, J., & Pan, G. (2017) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-017-1253-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
He, T., Liu, D., Yuan, J., Luo, J., Lindsey, S. B., Bolan, N. S., & Ding, W. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.048 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Schommer, V. A., Vanin, A. P., Nazari, M. T., Ferrari, V., Dettmer, A., Colla, L. M., & Piccin, J. S. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163385 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Liang, C., Gascó, G., Fu, S., Méndez, A., & Paz‐Ferreiro, J. (2015) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.10.002 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Zhu, M., Wang, J., Liu, X., Guo, W., Zheng, J., Bian, R., Wang, G., Zhang, X., Cheng, K., et al. (2019) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12644 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Emission of CO 2 from biochar‐amended soils and implications for soil organic carbon
Sagrilo, E., Jeffery, S., Hoffland, E., & Kuyper, T. W. (2014) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12234 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Guo, K., Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Wu, Q., Ruan, Y., Li, S., Shi, J. T., Zhao, L., Sun, X., et al. (2020) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114162 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Biochar-induced N2O emission reductions after field incorporation in a loam soil
Ameloot, N., Maenhout, P., De Neve, S., & Sleutel, S. (2016) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.12.016 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationMaucieri, C., Zhang, Y., McDaniel, M. D., Borin, M., & Adams, M. A. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.028 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Phosphorus availability to beans via interactions between mycorrhizas and biochar
Vanek, S. J., & Lehmann, J. C. (2014) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-014-2246-y · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Irfan, M., Hussain, Q., Khan, K. S., Akmal, M., Ijaz, S. S., Hayat, R., Khalid, A., Azeem, M., & Rashid, M. A. (2019) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-019-4239-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Sun, L., Li, L., Chen, Z., Wang, J., & Xiong, Z. (2014) · Soil Science & Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/00380768.2014.885386 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Ouyang, L., Tang, Q., Yu, L., & Zhang, R. (2014) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr14075 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mosa, A. A., Mansour, M. M., Soliman, E. M., El-Ghamry, A. M., Alfy, M. E., & Kenawy, A. E. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15021206 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Ali, I., Yuan, P., Ullah, S., Iqbal, A., Zhao, Q., He, L., Khan, A., Imran, Zhang, H., Wu, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.834751 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Lan, Z., Chen, C. R., Rashti, M. R., Yang, H. S., & Zhang, D. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.119 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dawar, K. M., Fahad, S., Jahangir, M. M. R., Munir, I., Alam, S. S., Khan, S. A., Mian, I. A., Datta, R., Saud, S., Banout, J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96771-0 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Yang, X., Liu, D., Fu, Q., Li, T., Hou, R., Li, Q., Li, M., & Meng, F. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112303 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Song, D., Chen, L., Zhang, S., Zheng, Q., Ullah, S., Zhou, W., & Wang, X. (2020) · European Journal of Soil Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2020.103212 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Long-term effects of biochar-based organic amendments on soil microbial parameters
Brtnicky, M., Dokulilova, T., Holatko, J., Pecina, V., Kintl, A., Latal, O., Vyhnanek, T., Prichystalova, J., & Datta, R. (2019) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy9110747 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Acidic sandy soil improvement with biochar — A microcosm study
Molnár, M., Vaszita, E., Farkas, É., Ujaczki, É., Fekete‐Kertész, I., Tolner, M., Klebercz, O., Kirchkeszner, C., Gruiz, K., Uzinger, N., et al. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.091 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ameloot, N., De Neve, S., Jegajeevagan, K., Yildiz, G., Buchan, D., Funkuin, Y. N., Prins, W., Bouckaert, L., & Sleutel, S.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Ameloot, Nele
- Venue
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 57
- Pages
- 401-410
- ISSN
- 0038-0717 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103119123
- Cited by
- 427
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 22.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- FWO (3G010008)
- BOF-UGent (01J16907)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- CO2 emissions, nitrous oxide emissions, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, sandy loam soil, soil carbon mineralization, digestate, willow wood, pyrolysis temperature, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity, phospholipid fatty acids, microbial community structure, net nitrogen mineralization, C/N ratio, volatile matter, soil incubation, pig manure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
