Cited by 361Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

Epigenetic Priming of Memory Updating during Reconsolidation to Attenuate Remote Fear Memories

Open access
Gräff, Johannes, Joseph, Nadine F., Horn, Meryl E., Samiei, Alireza, Meng, Jia, Seo, Jinsoo, Rei, Damien, Bero, Adam W. +9 more·2014·Cell

Abstract

Traumatic events generate some of the most enduring forms of memories. Despite the elevated lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders, effective strategies to attenuate long-term traumatic memories are scarce. The most efficacious treatments to diminish recent (i.e., day-old) traumata capitalize on memory updating mechanisms during reconsolidation that are initiated upon memory recall. Here, we show that, in mice, successful reconsolidation-updating paradigms for recent memories fail to attenuate remote (i.e., month-old) ones. We find that, whereas recent memory recall induces a limited period of hippocampal neuroplasticity mediated, in part, by S-nitrosylation of HDAC2 and histone acetylation, such plasticity is absent for remote memories. However, by using an HDAC2-targeting inhibitor (HDACi) during reconsolidation, even remote memories can be persistently attenuated. This intervention epigenetically primes the expression of neuroplasticity-related genes, which is accompanied by higher metabolic, synaptic, and structural plasticity. Thus, applying HDACis during memory reconsolidation might constitute a treatment option for remote traumata.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.020

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74 of 74 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • CI-994 is an orally active class I HDAC inhibitor.

    “CI-994 is an orally active class I HDAC inhibitor that has undergone several phase II/III clinical trials on cancer treatment.”

    From CI-994 is a dual modulator of class I HDACs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Results section, “By Using HDAC2-Targeting HDAC Inhibitors,” identifies CI-994 as a selective class I HDAC inhibitor. Our copy does not establish that it is orally active; the Results and Experimental Procedures describe intraperitoneal administration instead. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • CI-994 is a cognitive enhancer / improves cognitive function.

    “CI-994 can cross the blood–brain barrier and is a cognitive enhancer.”

    From CI-994 is a dual modulator of class I HDACs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Results section ('By Using HDAC2-Targeting HDAC Inhibitors, Remote Fear Memories Can Be Attenuated'; page unavailable) reports sustained CI-994 levels in the brain after systemic administration, supporting brain penetration. It also reports improved extinction of remote fear memories when CI-994 was paired with memory recall and extinction training, but does not establish that CI-994 generally improves cognitive function or acts as a cognitive enhancer on its own. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • CI-994 is a molecular memory aid and promotes memory formation and cognitive function in vivo.

    “CI-994 is a molecular memory aid and promotes memory formation and cognitive function in vivo [9, 17, 21–24].”

    From CI-994 is a dual modulator of class I HDACs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Results section, “By Using HDAC2-Targeting HDAC Inhibitors, Remote Fear Memories Can Be Attenuated” (page unavailable), reports that CI-994 combined with recall and extinction training produced persistent extinction of remote fear memories in mice. This supports a role in memory updating in vivo, but not the broader claim that CI-994 promotes memory formation and cognitive function generally; the Results also state that the inhibitor alone had no behavioral effect. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • CI-994 is an orally bioavailable specific class I HDAC inhibitor which can cross the blood-brain barrier.

    “CI-994 is an orally bioavailable specific class I HDAC inhibitor which can across the blood–brain barrier [16, 17].”

    From CI-994 is a dual modulator of class I HDACs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Results section (“By Using HDAC2-Targeting HDAC Inhibitors, Remote Fear Memories Can Be Attenuated”; page unavailable) identifies CI-994 as a selective class I HDAC inhibitor and reports substantial brain levels after systemic administration, supporting its ability to reach the brain. It does not establish oral bioavailability: the reported administration was intraperitoneal. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • CI-994 acts as a memory enhancer in mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders.

    “CI-994 acts as a memory enhancer and alleviates cognitive deficits in mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders [9, 17, 21–24].”

    From CI-994 is a dual modulator of class I HDACs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Results section, “By Using HDAC2-Targeting HDAC Inhibitors, Remote Fear Memories Can Be Attenuated” (page unavailable), reports that CI-994 combined with extinction training persistently attenuated remote fear memories in fear-conditioned mice. This supports an effect on memory updating, but not the claim that CI-994 enhances memory in mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders; the passages found do not report such models. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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1 of the 75 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Bouton ME 2004 Context and behavioral processes in extinction Learn Mem 11 485 494 15466298
  2. Pavlov I 1927 Conditioned reflexes Oxford, UK Oxford University Press

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Authors
Gräff, J., Joseph, N. F., Horn, M. E., Samiei, A., Meng, J., Seo, J., Rei, D., Bero, A. W., Phan, T. X., Wagner, F., Holson, E., Xu, J., Sun, J., Neve, R. L., Mach, R. H., Haggarty, S. J., & Tsai, L.-H.
Affiliations
  • Broad Institute (US)
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author
Tsai, Li-Huei
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014-01
Volume
156
Issue
1-2
Pages
261-276
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2021415039
Cited by
357
References
75
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 36
FWCI
22.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Aging
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA028301)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS078839, R03NS090214, R01NS078839)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords
memory reconsolidation, HDAC2, S-nitrosylation, histone acetylation, hippocampal plasticity, histone deacetylase inhibitors, anxiety disorders, memory retrieval, synaptic plasticity
MeSH terms
Animals, Fear, Hippocampus, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neuronal Plasticity, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mice, Histone Deacetylase 2, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, Memory, Long-Term, Transcriptome

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