Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): questions, quandaries, and paradoxes
Open accessAbstract
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is a genetic disorder characterized by accumulation of remnant lipoproteins in the plasma and development of premature atherosclerosis. Although receptor binding-defective forms of apolipoprotein (apo) E are the common denominator in this disorder, a number of apparent paradoxes concerning its pathogenesis still exist. However, studies in transgenic animals are resolving the mechanisms underlying this disorder. PARADOX I: Defective apoE (commonly apoE2) is essential but not sufficient to cause overt type III HLP. In fact, most apoE2 homozygotes are hypolipidemic. Studies in apoE2 transgenic models have demonstrated the impact of other genes or hormones in converting the hypolipidemia to hyperlipidemia. PARADOX II: Among apoE2 homozygotes, men are more susceptible than women to type III HLP. Transgenic studies have shown that estrogen affects both LDL receptor expression and lipolytic processing, explaining the resistance of women to this disorder until after menopause. PARADOX III: ApoE deficiency is associated with hypercholesterolemia, whereas the type III HLP phenotype is characterized by both hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The hypercholesterolemia is caused by impaired receptor-mediated clearance, whereas the hypertriglyceridemia is caused primarily by impaired lipolytic processing of remnants and increased VLDL production associated with increased levels of apoE. PARADOX IV: ApoE2 is associated with recessive inheritance of this disorder, whereas other defective apoE variants are associated with dominant inheritance. Determinants of the mode of inheritance are the differential binding of apoE variants to the LDL receptor versus the HSPG/LRP complex and the preference of certain apoE variants for specific lipoproteins. Thus, the pathogenesis of this sometimes mysterious disorder has been clarified.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Compared with ApoE3, ApoE2 and ApoE3ch show 98% and 60% reductions in LDLR binding, respectively.
“Previous reports showed that compared to ApoE3, ApoE2 and ApoE3ch are associate with a 98% and 60% reductions in LDLR binding, respectively11,14.”
From Resistance to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease in an APOE3 Christchurch homozygote: a case report (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Carriers of APOEch and other rare mutations in APOE's LDLR-binding region commonly have hyperlipoproteinemia type III, similar to 5-10% of APOE2 homozygotes.
“Carriers of APOEch and other rare mutations in APOE’s low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) binding region commonly have hyperlipoproteinemia type III (HLP-III), similar to that observed in 5–10% of APOE2 homozygotes11.”
From Resistance to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease in an APOE3 Christchurch homozygote: a case report (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
The R136S mutation lies in an APOE region known to participate in binding to lipoprotein receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
“The R136S mutation is located in a region of APOE known to play a role in binding to lipoprotein receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)11.”
From Resistance to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease in an APOE3 Christchurch homozygote: a case report (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
The APOE3ch homozygote individual had unusually high PET measurements of Aβ plaque burden, relatively limited PET measurements of PHF tau burden, minimal cerebral glucose hypometabolism in AD-affected brain regions, and Type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
“Interestingly, this individual had unusually high PET measurements of Aβ plaque burden, relatively limited PET measurements of PHF tau (neurofibrillary tangle) burden, minimal cerebral glucose hypometabolism in AD-affected brain regions, and like some APOE2 homozygotes, Type III hyperlipoproteinemia5,6.”
From Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Dysbetalipoproteinemia is caused in part by a mutation in the APOE gene, resulting in impairment in the hepatic uptake of apoE-containing lipoproteins and reduction in the conversion of VLDL and IDL to LDL particles.
“Dysbetalipoproteinemia, also called type III hyperlipoproteinemia or remnant removal disease, is caused in part by a mutation in the APOE gene, resulting in impairment in the hepatic uptake of apoE-containing lipoproteins and reduction in the conversion of VLDL and IDL to LDL particles (121).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [121]
The cysteine change at position 158 in APOE2, near the LDLR binding region, hinders APOE2 binding to the LDLR.
“This is attributed to the fact that the cysteine change at position 158 in APOE2, near the LDLR binding region, hinders APOE2 binding to the LDLR [30, 40].”
APOE2hAβ rats are characterized as a model for type III HLP.
“This observation, coupled with evident mixed hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, supports the characterization of APOE2hAβ rats as a model for type III HLP”
HSPGs may function as co-receptors to facilitate engagement of ApoE with LDLR and/or LRP1.
“Blocking ApoE-HSPG interaction with heparin also attenuated pHrodo-HDL uptake with more pronounced effects at 6 h than at 1 d (Figure S3A–C), suggesting HSPGs may function as co-receptors to facilitate engagement with LDLR and/or LRP1, as shown for peripheral apolipoproteins32.”
From Decreased lipidated ApoE‐receptor interactions confer protection against pathogenicity of ApoE and its lipid cargoes in lysosomes (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
LDL biology is mostly relevant for peripheral diseases.
“While LDL biology is mostly relevant for peripheral diseases32,54,55”
From Decreased lipidated ApoE‐receptor interactions confer protection against pathogenicity of ApoE and its lipid cargoes in lysosomes (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
HSPGs are responsible for neuronal uptake of tau and the R136S mutation causes impaired binding affinity of APOE to HSPGs, leading to reduced tau pathology.
“HSPGs are responsible for neuronal uptake of tau and the R136S mutation causes impaired binding affinity of APOE to HSPGs, leading to reduced tau pathology [15, 41, 76, 84, 85].”
From APOE Christchurch enhances a disease-associated microglial response to plaque but suppresses response to tau pathology (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
ApoE2 (Arg158Cys) and major LPG mutants (apoE Kyoto [Arg25Cys] and Sendai [Arg145Pro]), which are located in the NT, induce dyslipidemia.
“ApoE2 (Arg158Cys) and major LPG mutants (apoE Kyoto [Arg25Cys] and Sendai [Arg145Pro]), which are located in the NT, induce dyslipidemia [7, 11].”
More than 90% of affected individuals with familial type III HLP are APOE2 homozygotes, with the remainder having rare APOE variants, including those causing apoE deficiency or compound heterozygotes of APOE variants and APOE2.
“In fact, more than 90% of affected individuals are APOE2 homozygotes, with the remainder having rare APOE variants, including those causing apoE deficiency or compound heterozygotes of APOE variants and APOE2 23, 25-28).”
From Impact of Apolipoprotein E Variants: A Review of Naturally Occurring Variants and Clinical Features (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
Common polymorphisms of human apoE (apoE2, -E3, and -E4) influence lipid metabolism due to differences in receptor binding activity and lipoprotein association preference.
“Common polymorphisms of human apoE (apoE2, -E3, and -E4) infl uence lipid metabolism due to differences in receptor binding activity and lipoprotein association preference (5)(6)(7)(8)(9).”
From Macrophage-derived apoESendai suppresses atherosclerosis while causing lipoprotein glomerulopathy in hyperlipidemic mice (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
apoE made by macrophages is secreted into the circulation, where it associates with lipoproteins and mediates their hepatic uptake by the liver.
“apoE made by macrophages is secreted into the circulation, where it associates with lipoproteins and mediates their hepatic uptake by the liver ( 3,6 ).”
From Macrophage-derived apoESendai suppresses atherosclerosis while causing lipoprotein glomerulopathy in hyperlipidemic mice (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
Macrophage apoE effects manifest as secretion into the circulation and association with lipoproteins to mediate their hepatic uptake.
“Atherogenesis is infl uenced by macrophage expression of apoE ( 11 ), the effects of which manifest as: 1 ) secretion into the circulation and association with lipoproteins to mediate their hepatic uptake ( 3, 6 ); and 2 ) modulation of the macrophage infl ammatory response in the atheroma ( 16,17 ).”
From Macrophage-derived apoESendai suppresses atherosclerosis while causing lipoprotein glomerulopathy in hyperlipidemic mice (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
Familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia is due to accumulation of cholesterol-rich VLDL, which results in a higher ratio of core CE to triglyceride (>0.3) than in normal VLDL (0.2).
“Familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia is due to the accumulation of cholesterol-rich VLDL, 146,147 which results in a higher ratio of core CE to triglyceride (Ͼ0.3) than in normal VLDL (0.2).”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [147]
Cites
The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease
Scriver, R. C. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,101 · see citing works
A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis
Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3513311 · Cited by 5,703 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol Transport Protein with Expanding Role in Cell Biology
Mahley, R. W. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3283935 · Cited by 4,028 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams Textbook of Endocrinology
Melmed, S., & Polonsky, K. С. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-15980-6 · Cited by 3,716 · see citing works
Plump, A. S., Smith, J. D., Hayek, T., Aalto-Setälä, K., Walsh, A., Verstuyft, J. G., Rubin, E. M., & Breslow, J. L. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90362-g · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Spontaneous Hypercholesterolemia and Arterial Lesions in Mice Lacking Apolipoprotein E
Zhang, S. H., Reddick, R. L., Piedrahita, J. A., & Maeda, N. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1411543 · Cited by 2,237 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.
Davignon, J., Gregg, R. E., & Sing, C. F. (1988) · Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the American Heart Association, Inc. · doi:10.1161/01.atv.8.1.1 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Fat Transport in Lipoproteins — An Integrated Approach to Mechanisms and Disorders
Fredrickson, D. S., Levy, R. I., & Lees, R. S. (1967) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196701052760107 · Cited by 1,911 · see citing works
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology
Stoffer, S. S. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.9.851 · Cited by 1,260 · see citing works
Herz, J., Hamann, U., Rogne, S., Myklebost, O., Gausepohlꝉ, H., & Stanley, K. K. (1988) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03306.x · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Structure-Function Relationships
Weisgraber, K. H. (1994) · Advances in Protein Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60642-7 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., & Ji, Z.-S. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33334-4 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Self-citationThree-Dimensional Structure of the LDL Receptor-Binding Domain of Human Apolipoprotein E
Wilson, C., Wardell, M. R., Weisgraber, K. H., Mahley, R. W., & Agard, D. A. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2063194 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Self-citationPolymorphism of apolipoprotein E and occurrence of dysbetalipoproteinaemia in man
UTERMANN, G., HEES, M., & STEINMETZ, A. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/269604a0 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Lipoprotein receptors in the liver. Control signals for plasma cholesterol traffic.
Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111044 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants
Cooper, A. D. (1997) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34932-4 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Kowal, R. C., Herz, J., Weisgraber, K. H., Mahley, R. W., Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)87014-4 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationProposed nomenclature of apoE isoproteins, apoE genotypes, and phenotypes
Zannis, V. I., Breslow, J. L., Utermann, G., Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., Havel, R. J., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S., Schonfeld, G., Hazzard, W. R., et al. (1982) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38094-9 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationRaabe, M., Véniant, M. M., Sullivan, M. A., Zlot, C. H., Björkegren, J., Nielsen, L. B., Wong, J. S., Hamilton, R. L., & Young, S. G. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6576 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., & Huang, Y. (1999) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199906000-00003 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationDixon, J., & Ginsberg, H. N. (1993) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40744-8 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Subcellular localization of B apoprotein of plasma lipoproteins in rat liver.
Alexander, C. A., Hamilton, R. L., & Havel, R. J. (1976) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.69.2.241 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.15.4696 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citation(1981) · PubMed · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Human apolipoprotein E: the Alzheimer's disease connection
Weisgraber, K. H., & Mahley, R. W. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.13.8940294 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Self-citationFamilial apolipoprotein E deficiency.
Schaefer, E. J., Gregg, R. E., Ghiselli, G., Forte, T. M., Ordovas, J. M., Zech, L. A., & Brewer, H. B. (1986) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112704 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Weisgraber, K. H. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42621-5 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Genotyping and sequence analysis of apolipoprotein E isoforms*1
EMI, M. (1988) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90130-9 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and other causes of the chylomicronemia syndrome.
Brunzell, J. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., Innerarity, T. L., Brown, M. S., Ho, Y. K., & Goldstein, J. L. (1980) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34757-x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationType III Hyperlipoproteinemia Associated with Apolipoprotein E Deficiency
Ghiselli, G., Schaefer, E. J., Gascon, P., & Breser, H. B. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6795720 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CLINDAMYCIN
Steer, H. W. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90673-4 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Genetics of the apolipoprotein E system in man.
Utermann, G., Langenbeck, U., Beisiegel†, U., & Weber, W. T. (1980) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The biochemical, clinical, and genetic features of type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
MORGANROTH, J., LEVY, R. I., & FREDRICKSON, D. S. (1975) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-82-2-158 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Raabe, M., Flynn, L. M., Zlot, C. H., Wong, J. S., Véniant, M. M., Hamilton, R. L., & Young, S. G. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8686 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Diet-induced hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E3-Leiden transgenic mice.
van Vlijmen, B. J. M., van den Maagdenberg, A. M. J. M., Gijbels, M. J., van der Boom, H., HogenEsch, H., Frants, R. R., Hofker, M. H., & Havekes, L. M. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117117 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Ji, Z. S., Brecht, W. J., Miranda, R. D., Hussain, M. M., Innerarity, T. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82186-x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationFuki, I. V., Kuhn, K. M., Lomazov, I. R., Rothman, V. L., Tuszynski, G. P., Iozzo, R. V., Swenson, T. L., Fisher, E. A. A., & Williams, K. J. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119685 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Transgenic mice carrying the apolipoprotein E3-Leiden gene exhibit hyperlipoproteinemia
van den Maagdenberg, A. M. J. M., Hofker, M. H., Krimpenfort, P., de Bruijn, I., van Vlijmen, B. J. M., van der Boom, H., Havekes, L. M., & Frants, R. R. (1993) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82232-3 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Lipoprotein Lipase and Hepatic Lipase
Olivecrona, T., & Olivecrona, G. (1994) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78426-2_6 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Weintraub, M. S., Grosskopf, I., Rassin, T., Miller, H. I., Charach, G., Rotmensch, H. H., Liron, M., Rubinstein, A., & Iaina, A. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7036.935 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Borén, J., Rustaeus, S., & Olofsson, S. ‐. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47328-0 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Ji, Z. S., Fazio, S., Lee, Y. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42009-6 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationLalazar, A., Weisgraber, K. H., Rall, S. C., Giladi, H., Innerarity, T. L., Levanon, A. Z., Boyles, J. K., Amit, B., Gorecki, M., & Mahley, R. W. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68957-4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationOverexpression and Accumulation of Apolipoprotein E as a Cause of Hypertriglyceridemia
Huang, Y., Liu, X. Q., Rall, S. C., Taylor, J. M., von Eckardstein, A., Assmann, G., & Mahley, R. W. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.41.26388 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationGordon, D. A., Jamil, H., Sharp, D., Mullaney, D., Yao, Z., Gregg, R. E., & Wetterau, J. R. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.16.7628 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Ma, P. T. S., Yamamoto, T. T., Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.3.792 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Marinetti, G. V. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9564-9 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Innerarity, T. L., Weisgraber, K. H., Arnold, K. S., Rall, S. C., & Mahley, R. W. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39866-6 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationThe low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein: double agent or decoy?
Brown, M. S., Herz, J., Kowal, R. C., & Goldstein, J. L. (1991) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199104000-00002 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Kuipers, F., Jong, M. C., Lin, Y., Eck, M. V., Havinga, R., Bloks, V. W., Verkade, H. J., Hofker, M. H., Moshage, H. J., van Berkel, T. J. C., et al. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119841 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Synthesis and secretion of hepatic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins
Yao, Z., & McLeod, R. S. (1994) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(94)90249-6 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Wardell, M. R., Brennan, S. O., Janus, E. D., Fraser, R., & Carrell, R. W. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113096 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Ji, Z.-S., Dichek, H. L., Miranda, R. D., & Mahley, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.50.31285 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationFainaru, M., Mahley, R. W., Hamilton, R. L., & Innerarity, T. L. (1982) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38102-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationRensen, P. C. N., & van Berkel, T. J. C. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.25.14791 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., Bersot, T. P., Mahley, R. W., & Blum, C. B. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111085 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationJi, Z. S., Fazio, S., & Mahley, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36849-7 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationEhnholm, C., Mahley, R. W., Chappell, D. A., Weisgraber, K. H., Ludwig, E. H., & Witztum, J. L. (1984) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.81.17.5566 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationCell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans: dynamic molecules mediating ligand catabolism
Williams, K. J., & Fuki, I. V. (1997) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199710000-00003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ji, Z.-S., Pitas, R. E., & Mahley, R. W. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.22.13452 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel mechanism for defective receptor binding of apolipoprotein E2 in type III hyperlipoproteinemia
Dong, L., Parkin, S., Trakhanov, S. D., Rupp, B., Simmons, T., Arnold, K. S., Newhouse, Y. M., Innerarity, T. L., & Weisgraber, K. H. (1996) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsb0896-718 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Differential distribution of apolipoprotein E isoforms in human plasma lipoproteins.
Steinmetz, A., Jakobs, C., Motzny, S., & Kaffarnik, H. (1989) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.9.3.405 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase
Olivecrona, T., & Bengtsson-Olivecrona, G. (1993) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199306000-00003 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Ji, Z. S., Sanan, D. A., & Mahley, R. W. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39892-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationRall, S. C., Newhouse, Y. M., Clarke, H. R., Weisgraber, K. H., McCarthy, B. J., Mahley, R. W., & Bersot, T. P. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113988 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationde Knijff, P., van den Maagdenberg, A. M., Stalenhoef, A. F., Leuven, J. A., Demacker, P. N., Kuyt, L. P., Frants, R. R., & Havekes, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115349 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Koo, C., Wernette-Hammond, M. E., Garcia, Z. C., Malloy, M. J., Uauy, R. D., East, C. A., Bilheimer, D. W., Mahley, R. W., & Innerarity, T. L. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113460 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationCohn, J. S., Tremblay, M., Amiot, M., Bouthillier, D., Roy, M., Genest, J. J., & Davignon, J. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.1.149 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sparks, J. D., Phung, T. L., Bolognino, M., & Sparks, C. E. (1996) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3130567 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Horie, Y., Fazio, S., Westerlund, J. R., Weisgraber, K. H., & Rall, S. C. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)46040-1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., McLeod, R. S., & Yao, Z. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.19.12272 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Lipoprotein and receptor interactions in vivo
Herz, J., & Willnow, T. E. (1995) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199504000-00007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Atypical familial dysbetalipoproteinemia associated with apolipoprotein phenotype E3/3.
Havel, R. J., Kotite, L., Kane, J. P., Tun, P., & Bersot, T. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110978 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
TYPE-III HYPERLIPOPROTEINÆMIA ("REMNANT REMOVAL DISEASE")
Chait, A., Albers, J. J., Brunzell, J. D., & Hazzard, W. R. (1977) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92717-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W. (1985) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.72.5.943 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLeod, R. S., Zhao, Y., Selby, S. L., et al. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42021-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Liu, X., Rall, S. C., & Mahley, R. W. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.28.17483 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, Y., Ji, Z.-S., Brecht, W. J., Rall, S. C., Taylor, J. M., & Mahley, R. W. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.12.2952 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationWardell, M. R., Weisgraber, K. H., Havekes, L. M., & Rall, S. C. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)30067-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationHazzard, W. R., Warnick, G. R., Utermann, G., & Albers, J. J. (1981) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90223-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Fujioka, Y., Cooper, A. D., & Fong, L. G. (1998) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33313-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
MAHLEY, R. W., INNERARITY, T. L., RALL, S. C., & WEISGRABER, K. H. (1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11860.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationMann, W. A., Gregg, R. E., Sprecher, D. L., & Brewer, H. B. (1989) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(89)90043-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Smit, M., de Knijff, P., van der Kooij-Meijs, E., Groenendijk, C., van den Maagdenberg, A., Gevers Leuven, J., Stalenhoef, A., Stuyt, P., Frants, R., & Havekes, L. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42759-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Thuren, T. Y., Weisgraber, K. H., Sisson, P., & Waite, M. B. (1992) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00123a018 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hepatic lipase hydrolysis of lipid monolayers. Regulation by apolipoproteins.
Thuren, T. Y., Wilcox, R. W., Sisson, P., & Waite, M. B. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67727-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Type III hyperlipoproteinemic phenotype in transgenic mice expressing dysfunctional apolipoprotein E
Fazio, S., Lee, Y. L., Ji, Z. S., & Rall, S. C. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116728 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationA young type III hyperlipoproteinemic patient associated with apolipoprotein E deficiency
Mabuchi, H., Itoh, H., Takeda, M., Kajinami, K., Wakasugi, T., Koizumi, J., Takeda, R., & Asagami, C. (1989) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(89)90249-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase: molecular and genetic aspects
Lalouel, J.-M., Wilson, D. E., & Iverius, P. (1992) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199204000-00005 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Salah, D., Bohnet, K., Gueguen, R., Siest, G., & Visvikis‐Siest, S. (1997) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37215-1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Genetic variants affecting human lipoprotein and hepatic lipases
Hayden, M. R., Ma, Y., Brunzell, J. D., et al. (1991) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199104000-00008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hopkins, P. N., Wu, L., Schumacher, M. C., Emi, M., Hegele, R. A., Hunt, S. C., Lalouel, J.-M., & Williams, R. R. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.5.1137 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chait, A., Hazzard, W. R., Albers, J. J., Kushwaha, R. P., & Brunzell, J. D. (1978) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(78)90151-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wang, C., McLeod, R. S., Yao, Z., & Brindley, D. N. (1995) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.15.9.1481 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Type III Hyperlipoproteinaemia
Borrie, P. (1969) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5658.665 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
JONG, C. M., DAHLMANS, E. H. V., HOFKER, H. M., & HAVEKES, M. L. (1997) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3280745 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Woollett, L. A., Osono, Y., Herz, J., & Dietschy, J. M. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12500 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lohse, P., Mann, W. A., Stein, E. A., & Brewer, H. B. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99249-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E2 Transgenic Rabbits
Huang, Y., Schwendner, S. W., Rall, S. C., Sanan, D. A., & Mahley, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.36.22685 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Vlijmen, B. J. M., van Dijk, K. W., Hof, H. B. V., van Gorp, P. J., van der Zee, A., van der Boom, H., Breuer, M. L., Hofker, M. H., & Havekes, L. M. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.48.30595 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Broad-β Disease (Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia) in a Large Kindred
Hazzard, W. R., O'DONNELL, T. F., & LEE, Y. L. (1975) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-82-2-141 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
WMahley, R. (1985) · Circulation · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fazio, S., Sanan, D. A., Lee, Y. L., Ji, Z. S., Mahley, R. W., & Rall, S. C. (1994) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.14.11.1873 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMann, W. A., Meyer, N., Weber, W. T., Meyer, S., Greten, H., & Beisiegel†, U. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39885-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chylomicron Metabolism in Normal, Cholesterol-fed, and Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Hussain, M. M., Innerarity, T. L., Brecht, W. J., & Mahley, R. W. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.15.8578 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationPocovi, M., Cenarro, A., Civeir, F., Myers, R. H., Casao, E., Esteban, M., & Ordovas, J. M. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(95)06745-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
de Villiers, W. J. S., van der Westhuyzen, D. R., Coetzee, G. A., Henderson, H. E., & Marais, A. D. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.5.865 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Chung, B. H., & Segrest, J. P. (1983) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37898-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E1 Lys-146----Glu with type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
Moriyama, K., Sasaki, J., Matsunaga, A., Arakawa, F., Takada, Y., Araki, K., Kaneko, S., & Arakawa, K. (1992) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(92)90257-v · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E deficiency with a depressed mRNA of normal size
KUROSAKA, D., TERAMOTO, T., MATSUSHIMA, T., YOKOYAMA, T., YAMADA, A., AIKAWA, T., MIYAMOTO, Y., & KUROKAWA, K. (1991) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90252-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hypolipidemic and Hyperlipidemic Phenotypes in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Apolipoprotein E2
Huang, Y., Schwendner, S. W., Rall, S. C., & Mahley, R. W. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.46.29146 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctions of the LDL Receptor Gene Family
Herz, J., & Willnow, T. E. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44298.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hoffer, M. J. V., Niththyananthan, S., Naoumova, R. P., Kibirige, M. S., Frants, R. R., Havekes, L. M., & Thompson, G. R. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(96)05819-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Rall, S. C., & Mahley, R. W. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.11.2817 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Dijk, K. W., van Vlijmen, B. J. M., Hof, H. B. V., van der Zee, A., Santamarina-Fojo, S., van Berkel, T. J. C., Havekes, L. M., & Hofker, M. H. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33374-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lohse, P., Rader, D. J., & Brewer, H. B. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42261-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
FEUSSNER, G., ALBANESE, M., MANN, W. A., VALENCIA, A., & SCHUSTER, H. (1996) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1996.83232.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mann, W. A., Lohse, P., Gregg, R. E., Ronan, R., Hoeg, J. M., Zech, L. A., & Brewer, H. B. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118096 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Walden, C. C., Huff, M. W., Leiter, L. A., Connelly, P. W., & Hegele, R. A. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.78.3.7907341 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gómez‐Coronado, D., Sáez, G. T., Lasunción, M. A., et al. (1993) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(93)90219-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fatty liver induced in Zucker "fatty" (ff) rats by a semisynthetic diet rich in sucrose.
Novikoff, P. M. (1977) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.74.8.3550 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fazio, S., Horie, Y., Weisgraber, K., Havekes, L., & Rall, S. (1993) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40736-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of a new apolipoprotein E variant (E2 Arg142 → Leu) in type III hyperlipidemia
Richard, P. (1995) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)05393-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
SFazio, ASanan, D., LLee, Y., SJi, Z., WMahley, R., & CRall, S. (1994) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · Cited by 21 · see citing works
de Knijff, P., van den Maagdenberg, A. M. J. M., Boomsma, D. I., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., Smelt, A. H. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Marais, A. D., Frants, R. R., & Havekes, L. M. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117443 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mulder, M. T., van der Boom, H., de Knijff, P., Braam, C., van den Maagdenberg, A. M. J. M., Leuven, J. A. G., & Havekes, L. M. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)90113-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Disturbances in dietary fat metabolism and their role in the development of atherosclerosis
Weintraub, M. S., Charach, G., & Grosskopf, I. (1997) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(97)88046-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein-B-containing plasma lipoproteins in health and in disease
Hamilton, R. L. (1994) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/1050-1738(94)90065-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Feussner, G., Albanese, M., Valencia, A., & Schuster, H. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)94042-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Miller, M., Stone, N. J., Ballantyne, C., Bittner, V., Criqui, M. H., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, A. C., Howard, W. J., Jacobson, M. S., Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Far More Than a Lipid Transport Protein
Mahley, R. W., & Rall, S. C. (2000) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.1.1.507 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Self-citationDyslipidemia in obesity: Mechanisms and potential targets
Klop, B., Elte, J., & Cabezas, M. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5041218 · Cited by 1,665 · see citing works
Borén, J., Chapman, M. J., Krauss, R. M., Packard, C. J., Bentzon, J. F., Binder, C. J., Daemen, M. J., Demer, L. L., Hegele, R. A., Nicholls, S. J., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962 · Cited by 1,601 · see citing works
Review Article: Genetics of Alzheimer Disease
Bekris, L. M., Yu, C.-E., Bird, T. D., & Tsuang, D. W. (2010) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988710383571 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., & Huang, Y. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600549103 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Berglund, L., Brunzell, J. D., Goldberg, A. C., Goldberg, I. J., Sacks, F., Murad, M. H., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3213 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Structure and function in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and Alzheimer’s diseases
Huang, Y., & Mahley, R. W. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.025 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Self-citationApolipoprotein E: from cardiovascular disease to neurodegenerative disorders
Mahley, R. W. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1427-y · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Self-citationKinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Arboleda-Velasquez, J. F., Lopera, F., O’Hare, M., Delgado-Tirado, S., Marino, C., Chmielewska, N., Saez-Torres, K. L., Amarnani, D., Schultz, A. P., Sperling, R. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0611-3 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: structure determines function, from atherosclerosis to Alzheimer's disease to AIDS
Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., & Huang, Y. (2009) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r800069-jlr200 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Self-citationReiman, E. M., Arboleda-Velasquez, J. F., Quiroz, Y. T., Huentelman, M. J., Beach, T. G., Caselli, R. J., Chen, Y., Su, Y., Myers, A. J., Hardy, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14279-8 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein e sets the stage: response to injury triggers neuropathology
Mahley, R. W., & Huang, Y. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.020 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Self-citationApolipoprotein E isoforms and lipoprotein metabolism
Phillips, M. C. (2014) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1314 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
New Perspectives on Atherogenesis: Role of Abnormal Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism
Ginsberg, H. N. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000035280.64322.31 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer's disease
Cruchaga, C., Kauwe, J. S. K., Nowotny, P., Bales, K., Pickering, E. H., Mayo, K., Bertelsen, S., Hinrichs, A., Fagan, A. M., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds296 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Twickler, T. B., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., Cohn, J. S., & Chapman, M. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000125278.58527.f3 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
APOE2 enhances neuroprotection against Alzheimer’s disease through multiple molecular mechanisms
Conejero-Goldberg, C., Gomar, J. J., Bobes-Bascaran, T., Hyde, T. M., Kleinman, J. E., Herman, M. M., Chen, S., Davies, P., & Goldberg, T. E. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.194 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Pechlaner, R., Tsimikas, S., Yin, X., Willeit, P., Baig, F., Santer, P., Oberhollenzer, F., Egger, G., Witztum, J. L., Alexander, V. J., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.065 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., & Huang, Y. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci30889 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationMarduel, M., Ouguerram, K., Serre, V., Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., Marques-Pinheiro, A., Erik Berge, K., Devillers, M., Luc, G., Lecerf, J.-M., Tosolini, L., et al. (2013) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.22215 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Stalenhoef, A. F., & de Graaf, J. (2008) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328304b63c · Cited by 121 · see citing works
APOE3ch alters microglial response and suppresses Aβ-induced tau seeding and spread
Chen, Y., Song, S., Parhizkar, S., Lord, J., Zhu, Y., Strickland, M. R., Wang, C., Park, J., Tabor, G. T., Jiang, H., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.029 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
New Insights into the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan-binding Activity of Apolipoprotein E
Libeu, C. P., Lund-Katz, S., Phillips, M. C., Wehrli, S., Hernáiz, M. J., Capila, I., Linhardt, R. J., Raffaı̈, R. L., Newhouse, Y. M., Zhou, F., et al. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m104746200 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The cell biology of APOE in the brain
Windham, I. A., & Cohen, S. (2024) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Two-step Mechanism of Binding of Apolipoprotein E to Heparin
Futamura, M., Dhanasekaran, P., Handa, T., Phillips, M. C., Lund-Katz, S., & Saito, H. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m411719200 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Guo, J. L., Braun, D., Fitzgerald, G. A., Hsieh, Y.-T., Rougé, L., Litvinchuk, A., Steffek, M., Propson, N. E., Heffner, C. M., Discenza, C., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.027 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
APOE2 is associated with longevity independent of Alzheimer’s disease
Shinohara, M., Kanekiyo, T., Tachibana, M., Kurti, A., Shinohara, M., Fu, Y., Zhao, J., Han, X., Sullivan, P. M., Rebeck, G. W., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.62199 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E–related glomerular disorders
Saito, T., Matsunaga, A., Fukunaga, M., Nagahama, K., Hara, S., & Muso, E. (2020) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2019.10.031 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
APOE2 orchestrated differences in transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles of postmortem AD brain
Lefterov, I., Wolfe, C. M., Fitz, N. F., Nam, K. N., Letronne, F., Biedrzycki, R. J., Kofler, J., Han, X., Wang, J., Schug, J., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0558-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
ApoC-III ASO promotes tissue LPL activity in the absence of apoE-mediated TRL clearance
Ramms, B., Patel, S., Nora, C., Pessentheiner, A. R., Chang, M. W., Green, C. R., Golden, G. J., Secrest, P., Krauss, R. M., Metallo, C. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m093740 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sakamoto, T., Tanaka, M., Vedhachalam, C., Nickel, M., Nguyen, D., Dhanasekaran, P., Phillips, M. C., Lund-Katz, S., & Saito, H. (2008) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi701923h · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hara, M., Matsushima, T., Satoh, H., Iso-o, N., Noto, H., Togo, M., Kimura, S., Hashimoto, Y., & Tsukamoto, K. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000054199.78458.4b · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Remarkable Protein Sheds Light on Cardiovascular and Neurological Diseases
Mahley, R. W. (2017) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2016.255695 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLe Guen, Y., Raulin, A.-C., Logue, M. W., Sherva, R., Belloy, M. E., Eger, S. J., Chen, A., Kennedy, G., Kuchenbecker, L., O’Leary, J. P., et al. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.0268 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kinetics of plasma apolipoprotein E isoforms by LC-MS/MS: a pilot study
Blanchard, V., Ramin-Mangata, S., Billon-Crossouard, S., Aguesse, A., Durand, M., Chemello, K., Nativel, B., Flet, L., Chétiveaux, M., Jacobi, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.p083576 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effects of polymorphism on the microenvironment of the LDL receptor-binding region of human apoE
Lund-Katz, S., Wehrli, S., Zaiou, M., Newhouse, Y., Weisgraber, K. H., & Phillips, M. C. (2001) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31612-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Contribution of <i>APOE</i> Genetic Variants to Dyslipidemia
Bea, A. M., Larrea-Sebal, A., Marco-Benedi, V., Uribe, K. B., Galicia-Garcia, U., Lamiquiz-Moneo, I., Laclaustra, M., Moreno-Franco, B., Fernandez-Corredoira, P., Olmos, S., et al. (2023) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.123.318977 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tsimihodimos, V., & Elisaf, M. (2011) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328345ebb0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tran, K. M., Kwang, N. E., Butler, C. A., Gomez-Arboledas, A., Kawauchi, S., Mar, C., Chao, D., Barahona, R. A., Da Cunha, C., Tsourmas, K. I., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-024-00793-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Georgiadou, D., Chroni, A., Vezeridis, A., Zannis, V. I., & Stratikos, E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027037 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Impact of Apolipoprotein E Variants: A Review of Naturally Occurring Variants and Clinical Features
Matsunaga, A., & Saito, T. (2025) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.65393 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yesiltepe, M., Yin, T., Tambini, M., Bao, H., Pan, M., d’Abramo, C., Giliberto, L., Han, X., & D’Adamio, L. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01832-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tavori, H., Fan, D., Giunzioni, I., Zhu, L., Linton, M. F., Fogo, A. B., & Fazio, S. (2014) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m049874 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. J., van Doormaal, J. J., Kema, I. P., Brugman, A. M., Kingma, A. W., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2005) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/0004563054255498 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Retnakaran, R., Connelly, P. W., & Goguen, J. (2005) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.11.6.394 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Blokhina, A. V., Ershova, A. I., Kiseleva, A. V., Sotnikova, E. A., Zharikova, A. A., Zaicenoka, M., Vyatkin, Y. V., Ramensky, V. E., Kutsenko, V. A., Garbuzova, E. V., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312651 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Koshino, A., Takaeda, C., Matsuno, T., Kitajima, S., Iwata, Y., Sakai, N., Nagahama, K., Niida, Y., Saito, T., Yokoyama, H., et al. (2022) · Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis · doi:10.1159/000525086 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mahley, R. W., Huang, Y., & Rall, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mahley, Robert W.
- Venue
- Journal of Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1933-1949
- ISSN
- 0022-2275 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2129883875
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 9.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p01hl047660-10)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-47660)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- type III hyperlipoproteinemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, apolipoprotein E, APOE2, remnant lipoproteins, LDL receptor, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, estrogen, sex differences, transgenic animal models, mode of inheritance, premature atherosclerosis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Arteriosclerosis, Female, Homozygote, Humans, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III, Lipoproteins, Male, Apolipoprotein E2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
