The process of aging changes the interplay of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems
Abstract
The immune, endocrine and nervous systems interact with each other by means of cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters. Interaction is dependent on specific receptors and respective signaling pathways in target cells. During aging, changes occur on many levels of these global systems which depend on oxidative damage, non-enzymatic glycosylation, mitochondrial mutations, defects in cell cycle control, mitotic dysregulation, genome instability, telomere shortening and other chromosomal pathologies. An alteration of the numerical value of a parameter of one system can lead to changes of the numerical value of a variable of another system. In a non-linear dynamic process these changes can contribute to the aging phenotype. Although it is extremely difficult to dissect linear interrelations of three global systems during aging, this review attempts to identify some simple linear pathways. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that chronic inflammatory diseases may accelerate the aging process. This review also reveals that new statistical and computational methods are necessary to unravel the complexity of the aging process.
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In aging and in chronic inflammatory diseases, both the SNS and the HPA axis are chronically activated.
“Indeed, in aging and in chronic inflammatory diseases, both the SNS and the HPA axis are chronically activated [41, 46–48].”
From Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
Aging and medically treated chronic inflammatory diseases are accompanied by mild inflammation (low-grade smoldering chronic inflammation).
“Both the aging process and medically treated chronic inflammatory diseases are accompanied by mild inflammation, a state that one might call low-grade smoldering chronic inflammation [40, 41].”
From Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Straub, R. H., Cutolo, M., Zietz, B., & Schölmerich, J.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Straub, Rainer H
- Venue
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1591-1611
- ISSN
- 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977047428
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (acceptedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- aging, immune system, endocrine system, nervous system, cytokines, hormones, neurotransmitters, oxidative damage, glycation, mitochondrial mutations, cell cycle regulation, genomic instability, telomere shortening, chronic inflammation, aging phenotypes, nonlinear dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Chronic Disease, Endocrine System, Biological Evolution, Humans, Immune System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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