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Self-Perception Theory
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“These theories constitute that individuals have only weak inherent attitudes and rather form their attitudes by self-observations.”
From AI-based chatbots in customer service and their effects on user compliance (2021) · cites this paper as Bem 1972
In the citing paper
“This awareness might increase with age based on experiences with own behavior and feedback of others (Bem, 1972; Brummelman & Thomaes, 2017).”
From Emotion understanding and the moral self-concept as motivators of prosocial behavior in middle childhood (2020) · cites this paper as Bem, 1972
In the citing paper
“Cognitive-dissonance and self-perception theories suggest that by encouraging them to help solve the problem, employers help managers to think of themselves as proponents of change (Bem, 1972;Festinger, 1957;Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959;Ito et al., 2006;Mori and Mori, 2013).”
From Are Diversity Programs Merely Ceremonial? Evidence-Free Institutionalization (2017) · cites this paper as Bem, 1972
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A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Symonds, P. M. (1954) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0051901 · Cited by 4,902
Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.
Deci, E. L. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030644 · Cited by 4,170
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Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,760
Attitudes and cognitive organization
Heider, F. (1946) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1946.9917275 · Cited by 3,672
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
Bem, D. J. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024835 · Cited by 2,959
Self-citationCognitive consequences of forced compliance.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041593 · Cited by 2,945
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bem D.J. An experimental analysis of beliefs and attitudes 1964 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 588 No. 64–12
- Brown, 1965, A behavioral analysis of masochism, Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 65
- Storms, M. D. Video tape and the attribution process: Changing actors' and observers' points of view. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1971.
- Wolosin R.J. Self- and social perception and the attribution of internal states 1969 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 276 No. 69–12
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Items 701–800 of 1,034
Stability and change in political attitudes: Observed, recalled, and ?explained?
Markus, G. B. (1986) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987591 · Cited by 158
“In one such experiment (involving counterattitudinal essay writing), Bem and McConnell (1970) examined not only whether attitude change occurred but also whether subjects were aware that their attitudes had changed.”
BackgroundThe Social Psychology of Creativity
Hennessey, B. A. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830308601 · Cited by 167
Mood as a determinant of attentional focus
Sedikides, C. (1992) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411063 · Cited by 158
The interplay of customer experience and commitment
Keiningham, T., Ball, J., Benoit (née Moeller), S., Bruce, H. L., Buoye, A., Dzenkovska, J., Nasr, L., Ou, Y.-C., & Zaki, M. (2017) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-09-2016-0337 · Cited by 156
“Self-perception theory (Bem, 1967, 1972), and biased scanning (Janis and King, 1954), also offer plausible explanations.”
BackgroundInfluentialWhitson, J. A., Galinsky, A. D., & Kay, A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.002 · Cited by 156
Jonas, K., Broemer, P., & Diehl, M. (2000) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779943000125 · Cited by 234
Attribution Theory and the Psychology of Religion
Proudfoot, W., & Shaver, P. R. (1975) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384404 · Cited by 157
Accuracy of behavioral predictions at zero acquaintance: A social relations analysis.
Levesque, M. J., & Kenny, D. A. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1178 · Cited by 156
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Kay, A. C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262852 · Cited by 155
“Language may exert its effects through a self-perception mechanism (Bem, 1972); because participants saw themselves describe their relationship as a we, they altered their perceptions of the relationship to match this statement.”
BackgroundFacial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions: Affect or Cognition?
Heß, U., Philippot, P., & Blairy, S. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379547 · Cited by 155
“Laird et al. (1994), who also propose a process whereby mimicry leads to emotional contagion, suggest a causal process congruent with self-perception theory (Bem, 1972) or with James’ (1890) peripheral theory.”
BackgroundIntentional Self-Deception in a Single Coherent Self
Talbott, W. J. (1995) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.2307/2108309 · Cited by 155
Population Risk, Actual Risk, Perceived Risk, and Cancer Control: a Discussion
Leventhal, H., Kelly, K. M., & Leventhal, E. A. (1999) · JNCI Monographs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024214 · Cited by 154
Avatar-mediated creativity: When embodying inventors makes engineers more creative
Guegan, J., Stéphanie Buisine, A., Mantelet, F., Maranzana, N., & Segonds, F. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.024 · Cited by 154
“This effect can be explained by the self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), which predicts that the presence of extrinsic motivators such as rewards triggers an overjusti fi cation mechanism resulting in a decrease in intrinsic motivation and a decrease in creativity.”
InfluentialIdentifying victims of groupthink from public statements of decision makers.
Tetlock, P. E. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1314 · Cited by 154
Bastian, B. B., Jetten, J., Chen, H., Radke, H. R. M., Harding, J. F., & Fasoli, F. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212471205 · Cited by 169
“That is, consistent with work on self-perception processes (e.g., Self-Perception Theory; Bem, 1972), we argue that people infer a lack of humanity from observations of their own inhumane and immoral behavior.”
Effects of Alternative Types of Influence Strategies under Different Channel Dependence Structures
Keith, J. E., Jackson, D. W., & Crosby, L. A. (1990) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299005400303 · Cited by 153
Caughlin, J. P., & Golish, T. D. (2002) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750216546 · Cited by 152
Grewal, L., Stephen, A. T., & Coleman, N. V. (2019) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/0022243718821960 · Cited by 151
“Furthermore, the consumer makes self-inferences based on product ownership (e.g., “I own a Prius, so I care about being environmentally friendly”; Bem 1972; Bodner and Prelec 2003; Malär et al. 2011; Swann 1983).”
BackgroundHabit, identity, and repetitive action: A prospective study of binge‐drinking in UK students
Gardner, B., de Bruijn, G., & Lally, P. J. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02056.x · Cited by 159
The experience of boredom: The role of the self-perception of attention.
Damrad-Frye, R., & Laird, J. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.315 · Cited by 151
Visualizing ideal self vs. actual self through avatars: Impact on preventive health outcomes
Kim, Y., & Sundar, S. S. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.021 · Cited by 151
On becoming homeless: A study of chronically mentally ill persons
Belcher, J. R. (1989) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198904)17:2 · Cited by 59
Attitudes cause behaviors: A cross-lagged panel analysis.
Kahle, L. R., & Berman, J. J. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.315 · Cited by 149
Gastil, J., & Xenos, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01484.x · Cited by 165
“Given the dominance of the attitude-to-behavior model, we will focus our discussion here on the value of Bem’s (1972) self-perception theory.”
MethodAchieving Work-Family Balance: An Action Regulation Model
Hirschi, A., Shockley, K. M., & Zacher, H. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2016.0409 · Cited by 183
“They also alluded to the possibility that effectiveness might temporarily precede satisfaction based on selfperception theory (Bem, 1972), which argues that people infer attitudes from behaviors.”
BackgroundThinking about the Past: Early Knowledge about Links between Prior Experience, Thinking, and Emotion
Lagattuta, K. H., & Wellman, H. M. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00267 · Cited by 149
“Because we believe that actions or emotions have a source, we try to figure out why they happened (Bem, 1972; Kelley, 1967, 1971).”
BackgroundGilbert, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.011 · Cited by 153
The proximity effect: The role of inter-item distance on reverse-item bias
Weijters, B., Geuens, M., & Schillewaert, N. (2009) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2008.09.003 · Cited by 152
Emotion and Strategy in the Korean War
Mercer, J. (2013) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818313000015 · Cited by 149
““Feeling is believing” is a second property of emotion+22 People use how they feel as independent evidence for a belief+23 Bem’s “self-perception” theory struck a similar note+ Bem argued that one often uses one’s own behavior to infer one’s own motivation+24 Newer research in social cognitive neuroscience finds that…”
BackgroundNorman, E., Pfuhl, G., Sæle, R. G., Svartdal, F., Låg, T., & Dahl, T. I. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268019883821 · Cited by 174
“Self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), emphasizing the role of inference from observation of own behavior in establishing and changing attitudes and selfbeliefs, might also be regarded as a metacognitive theory in the sense that attitudes and self-beliefs are summary inferences about past behaviors.”
BackgroundNudge plus: incorporating reflection into behavioral public policy
Banerjee, S., & John, P. C. (2021) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2021.6 · Cited by 147
“What does perspective transformation entail? Scholars recognize different stages in reflection that lead to the generation of new perspectives; Schon (1991), for instance, identifies three different stages in reflection: think, criticize, and act accordingly.”
InfluentialVelleman, J. D. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610325.005 · Cited by 150
Feelings as Information: Moods Influence Judgments and Processing Strategies
Schwarz, N. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.031 · Cited by 149
The calibration of expert judgment: heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory
Koehler, D. J., Brenner, L., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.041 · Cited by 146
Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories.
Sternberg, R. J. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331 · Cited by 214
Lokhorst, A. M., Staats, H., van Dijk, J., van Dijk, E., & de Snoo, G. (2011) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00438.x · Cited by 143
“How can this difference be explained? A possible answer is offered by self-perception theory (Bem, 1972).”
BackgroundImplicit Learning Through Embodiment in Immersive Virtual Reality
Slater, M. (2017) · Smart computing and intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5490-7_2 · Cited by 149
“The Proteus Effect is explained by Self Perception Theory (Bem, 1972) where it is argued that people will infer the attitudes of others from inferring their behavior in a situation, and also apply the same to themselves — i.e., infer their own attitudes by inferring this from their own behavior.”
BackgroundAttitude bolstering when behavior is inconsistent with central attitudes
Sherman, S. J., & Gorkin, L. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(80)90030-x · Cited by 160
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147
The Role of Need Satisfaction in Self-Concealment and Well-Being
Uysal, A., Lin, H. L., & Knee, C. R. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209354518 · Cited by 146
“Other researchers have suggested a model based on selfperception theory (Bem, 1972) to explain the association between self-concealment and negative psychological outcomes (Derlega, Metts, Petronio, & Margulis, 1993).”
BackgroundAn examination of self-perception mediation of the foot-in-the-door effect.
DeJong, W. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.12.2221 · Cited by 146
Sporer, S. L. (1992) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420220205 · Cited by 145
The bogus taste test: Validity as a measure of laboratory food intake
Robinson, E., Haynes, A., Hardman, C. A., Kemps, E., Higgs, S., & Jones, A. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.002 · Cited by 154
“According to self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), people base their beliefs in part on their prior behaviour (e.g., ‘I ate a lot of cookies, so I must really like the taste of cookies’), so it is plausible that a participant who ate a lot of food in the taste test would assigned a higher liking…”
Beliefs in a Just World, Discontent, and Assertive Actions by Working Women
Hafer, C. L., & Olson, J. M. (1993) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167293191004 · Cited by 145
On the pursuit and misuse of useless information.
Bastardi, A., & Shafir, E. B. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.1.19 · Cited by 145
Locus of peer influence: Social crowd and best friend
Urberg, K. A. (1992) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537896 · Cited by 145
Unconscious mental processes in consumer choice: Toward a new model of consumer behavior
Martin, N., & Morich, K. (2011) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/bm.2011.10 · Cited by 150
Libby, L. K., Shaeffer, E. M., & Eibach, R. P. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0016795 · Cited by 147
“disorders (Clark & Wells, 1995), attitude change (Bem, 1972),”
Steinhorst, J., & Klöckner, C. A. (2017) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916517725371 · Cited by 156
“The overjustification hypothesis, derived from the self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), states that an individual will not attribute behavior internally, when an external justification (e.”
InfluentialThe effect of attitude on the recall of personal histories.
Ross, M., McFarland, C., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.4.627 · Cited by 143
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality Assessment
Cervone, D., Shadel, W. G., & Jencius, S. T. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0501_3 · Cited by 151
“As Bem (1972) indicated many years ago, these and other possibilities could only be explored if “response classes [are] given independent conceptual statuses from one another and analyzed separately” (p. 54).”
BackgroundBayesian inferences about the self (and others): a review.
Moutoussis, M., Fearon, P., El-Deredy, W., Dolan, R. J., & Friston, K. J. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.01.009 · Cited by 141
“During self- and other-perception, empirical evidence suggests that people form beliefs about both the states and traits, of both self and others (Bem, 1972; Bentall, 2003; Fowler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundVader, A. M., Walters, S. T., Prabhu, G. C., Houck, J. M., & Field, C. A. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0018749 · Cited by 142
“…counseling and Roger’s “critical conditions” for change (Rogers, 1957); support for the second and third propositions come from self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), which holds that as clients hear their own arguments for or against change they become more convinced of their own convictions.”
BackgroundIdentity Salience and Motherhood: A Test of Stryker's Theory
Nuttbrock, L. A., & Freudiger, P. T. (1991) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786932 · Cited by 142
Predicting Summer Energy Consumption from Homeowners' Attitudes1
Seligman, C., Kriss, M., Darley, J. M., Fázio, R. H., Becker, L. J., & Pryor, J. B. (1979) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00795.x · Cited by 142
Ross, W. T., Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. A. (1997) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.43.5.680 · Cited by 142
Effect of anticipated performance on the attributions of causality to self and others.
Wortman, C. B., Costanzo, P. R., & Witt, T. R. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034949 · Cited by 143
The dynamics of consumer behavior: A goal systemic perspective
Köpetz, C., Kruglanski, A. W., Arens, Z. G., Etkin, J., & Johnson, H. M. (2011) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.03.001 · Cited by 161
“In social psychology, motivational factors were often invoked only as alternative explanations juxtaposed to the cognitive accounts of different phenomena such as attitude change and biased causal attributions (Bem, 1972; Kelley, 1987; Miller & Ross, 1975).”
BackgroundShnabel, N., Bar‐Anan, Y., Kende, A., Bareket, O., & Lazar, Y. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000037 · Cited by 153
Palaiologou, I. (2016) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2016.1174816 · Cited by 141
Parallals between attitudes and traits as predictors of behavior
Sherman, S. J., & Fázio, R. H. (1983) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00336.x · Cited by 141
The feature-positive effect in the self-perception process: Does not doing matter as much as doing?
Fázio, R. H., Sherman, S. J., & Herr, P. M. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.3.404 · Cited by 141
Effects of Visual Perspective and Narcissism on Self-Perception: Is Seeing Believing?
Robins, R. W., & John, O. P. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00541.x · Cited by 141
Mechanisms of Action of Brief Alcohol Interventions Remain Largely Unknown – A Narrative Review
Gaume, J., McCambridge, J., Bertholet, N., & Daeppen, J.-B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00108 · Cited by 137
Ethical Manoeuvring: Why People Avoid Both Major and Minor Lies
Shalvi, S., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2010) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00709.x · Cited by 140
“However, a possible answer to these questions derives from the well-established notion that people are motivated to adopt, maintain and protect a view of themselves that is generally positive, conveys to them an image of an honest, fair, competent and likeable person (Baumeister 1998; Bem, 1972).”
Wyer, R. S., & Xu, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.01.003 · Cited by 144
“One explanation of this effect is provided by self-perception theory (Bem, 1972).”
BackgroundDress, body and self: research in the social psychology of dress
Johnson, K. P., Lennon, S. J., & Rudd, N. A. (2014) · Fashion and Textiles · doi:10.1186/s40691-014-0020-7 · Cited by 165
Co-creating Relationship Repair
Petriglieri, J. L. (2015) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839215579234 · Cited by 140
“Identity is both a lens that colors how people make sense of events and, in part, a product of enactment— through enactment we come to understand who we are by observing what we do (Bem, 1972; Weick, 1995; Ibarra, 1999; Pratt, Rockmann, and Kaufmann, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialRatliff, K. A., Redford, L., Conway, J. G., & Smith, C. T. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217741203 · Cited by 138
“The associations observed in Studies 2 and 3—where participants reported attitudes after voting—might be partly explained by the fact that supporting Trump results in stronger sexist beliefs, either through the process of voting for him, thus reinforcing one’s extant attitudes (e.g., self-perception processes; Bem, 19…”
BackgroundResultConflict of interest and the intrusion of bias
Moore, D. A., Tanlu, L., & Bazerman, M. H. (2010) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500002023 · Cited by 137
Petty, R. E., Kasmer, J. A., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1987) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637758709390229 · Cited by 140
Rules or Consequences? The Role of Ethical Mind-Sets in Moral Dynamics
Cornelissen, G., Bashshur, M. R., Rode, J., & Menestrel, M. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612457376 · Cited by 151
The Welsh Single-Use Carrier Bag Charge and behavioural spillover
Thomas, G. O., Poortinga, W., & Sautkina, E. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.008 · Cited by 138
“Yet self-perception theory also highlights that a person will consider their actions and strengthen their identity only “if that behaviour appears to be free from the control of explicit reinforcement contingencies” (Bem, 1972, p. 6).”
BackgroundInfluentialToward a Model of Adolescent Empowerment: Theoretical and Empirical Evidence
Chinman, M., & Linney, J. A. (1998) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1023/a:1022691808354 · Cited by 138
“Furthermore, persistent engagement in negative acts may become a part of a youth's evolving identity contributing to the development of negative self-schemata (Markus, 1977), negative traits (Rosenburg, 1979), and negative labels (Bem, 1978).”
BackgroundGender Differences in the Effects of Anticipated Evaluation on Creativity
Baer, J. (1997) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1001_3 · Cited by 138
Bator, R. J., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000) · Cited by 138
Balundė, A., Perlaviciute, G., & Steg, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02319 · Cited by 138
“People are motivated to act in line with how they see themselves in order to be or appear to be consistent (Bem, 1972).”
BackgroundDiscursive psychology: An alternative conceptual foundation to means-end chain theory
Bagozzi, R. P., & Dabholkar, P. A. (2000) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(200007)17:7 · Cited by 138
Schlenker, B. R. (1982) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60298-1 · Cited by 144
Transforming environmental psychology
Uzzell, D. L., & Räthzel, N. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.11.005 · Cited by 137
Manis, M. (1977) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727700300402 · Cited by 137
“…overt behavior, a number of investigators have succeeded in producing behavioral change, despite the fact that these changes were not accompanied by the mediating cognitive states that they had presumed operative (Bem, 1972, and Nisbett & L~ilson, 1977, provide good reviews of this literature).”
BackgroundReligiousness and Infidelity: Attendance, but not Faith and Prayer, Predict Marital Fidelity
Atkins, D. C., & Kessel, D. E. (2008) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00490.x · Cited by 142
Is it a game? Evidence for social influence in the virtual world
Eastwick, P. W., & Gardner, W. L. (2008) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510802254087 · Cited by 141
“The effectiveness of FITD has typically been explained by invoking self-perception theory (Bem, 1972).”
Social Information Processing and Survey Methodology
(1987) · Recent research in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4798-2 · Cited by 140
The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers
Staub, E. (1993) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9 · Cited by 136
The Persistence of Experimentally Induced Attitude Change
Cook, T. D., & Flay, B. R. (1978) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60004-0 · Cited by 136
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. (2015) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1032298 · Cited by 135
“However, Bem (1972) proposes a spillover effect to explain how site-specific ERB influences general ERB.”
BackgroundDinas, E. (2013) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912913475874 · Cited by 135
Directional Preferences, Information Processing, and Investors' Forecasts of Earnings
Hales, J. (2007) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-679x.2007.00247.x · Cited by 135
“According to self-perception theory (Bem 1972), reaching a conclusion or behaving in a particular way will increase the degree to which people believe they would have behaved similarly in other settings.”
Family Economic Hardship, Parental Support, and Adolescent Self-Esteem
Whitbeck, L. B., Simons, R. L., Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Huck, S. M., & Elder, G. H. (1991) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786847 · Cited by 134
“Self-attributions (Kelly 1967; Bem 1972), the evaluations of one's own behaviors, reflect he individual's appraisal of his or her achievements and competencies.”
BackgroundWhy Acting Environmentally-Friendly Feels Good: Exploring the Role of Self-Image
Venhoeven, L. A., Bolderdijk, J. W., & Steg, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01846 · Cited by 151
“As Bem (1972) proposes “Individuals come to “know” their own attitudes, emotions, and other internal states partially by inferring them from observations of their own overt behavior and/or the circumstances in which this behavior occurs” (p. 2).”
BackgroundYoung peoples' perceptions of the nursing profession: An integrative review
Glerean, N., Hupli, M., Talman, K., & Haavisto, E. (2017) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.07.008 · Cited by 134
Individual values, learning routines and academic procrastination
Dietz, F., Hofer, M., & Fries, S. (2006) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709906x169076 · Cited by 150
Huskinson, T. L. H., & Haddock, G. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00060-x · Cited by 134
Bingham, C. B. (2009) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.77 · Cited by 134
Losch, M. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90040-s · Cited by 134
Similarity and Agreement in Self-and Other Perception: A Meta-Analysis
Kenny, D. A., & West, T. V. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309353414 · Cited by 134
“Thus, at first glance, Bem’s (1972) original suggestion that the process of self-perception is consistent with the process of other perception of others has some validity. Moreover, Funder’s (1995) use of self-other agreement and consensus as interchangeable in RAM, under some conditions, is not problematic.”
BackgroundInfluentialLeippe, M. R. (1980) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01040618 · Cited by 134
Socialization and Situational Influences on Sustained Altruism
Clary, E. G., & Miller, J. C. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130415 · Cited by 133
“), an experience of suffering or being a former "victim" (Andrews, 1953; Sorokin, 1950), the occurrence of self-perception processes whereby persons who provide help come to see themselves as altruistic persons (Bem, 1972; DeJong, 1979), and even exposure to prosocial television (Rushton, 1981b).”
BackgroundThe Gloried Self: The Aggrandizement and the Constriction of Self
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1989) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786993 · Cited by 133
Metadata
- Authors
- Bem, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bem, Daryl J.
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1972
- Pages
- 1-62
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1748197048
- Cited by
- 5,241
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 182 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 164
- FWCI
- 600.16
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- self-perception theory, self-attribution, cognitive dissonance, interpersonal perception, functional analysis
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