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Self-Perception Theory

Bem, Daryl J.·1972·Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6

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A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
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Bem D.J. An experimental analysis of beliefs and attitudes 1964 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 588 No. 64–12
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Wolosin R.J. Self- and social perception and the attribution of internal states 1969 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 276 No. 69–12

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“The model is based on self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), stating that people sometimes infer their own attitudes from the observation of their behaviour. Goldstein and Cialdini (2007) proposed that self-perception processes might also apply when considering someone else’s experiences vicariously and, specifically, wh…”
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“In social psychology, motivational and cognitive perspectives have often been viewed as rival interpretations of the same findings (cf. Bem, 1967; Bem, 1972; Kunda, 1990; Miller & Ross, 1975).”
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“Because of this self-perception process (Bem 1972), the unique influence of evaluations on usage intention is expected to decrease as past use increases.”
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“Part of this reasoning stems from the theoretical foundation of the Proteus Effect being situated in self-perception theory, which proposes that individuals assume their attitudes by observing their behaviors (Bem, 1972).”
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“Moreover, values themselves can be shaped by behaviors (Bem, 1972) or may reflect less accessible cognitive structures such as relationship schemas (Baldwin, 1992).”
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“However, it also might be the case that the high interdependent players merely perceived the task to be more challenging because of the influence of a teammate’s emotive behavior on their judgments (Bem, 1972).”
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“These findings are in line with self-perception theory, which proposes that people derive their self-image from observing their previous actions (Bem 1972).”
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“Reflecting his training in radical behaviorism, Bem (1972) developed self-perception theory to explain the inferences that people make about their actions when internal cues are weak, ambiguous, or uninterpretable.”
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“According to self-perception theory (Bem, 1967, 1972), people infer their attitudes and dispositions by observing their own behaviour.”
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“Challenge for dissonance theory has come from two theories: self-perception theory (Bem 1972) and predecision moderation (e.g., Rosenfeld, Giacalone, and Tedeschi 1983).”
Method
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“There is also extensive evidence of internal self-enhancing thought processes, such as the tendency of people to attribute successes to their own virtues, and failures to external circumstances or luck (Bem 1972; Langer and Roth 1975).”
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“According to self-perception theory [13], such changes in behavior may lead to changes in opinion.”
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“Commitments work, in part, due to a process that Daryl Bem refers to as self-perception (Bem, 1972).”
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“Consistent with self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), Miller and Rollnick (1991, 2002) hypothesized that it is the actual speaking of an opinion, either for or against change, that engenders belief in it.”
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“Dialectical beliefs about behavior are particularly relevant to consistency of the self-concept across contexts because observations of one’s own behavior are a major source of self-knowledge (Bem, 1972).”
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“Nonetheless, reverse causality is not entirely implausible since people do sometimes use their past behaviours to infer how they feel about an issue (Bem, 1972).”
Background
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“Self-perception theory suggests that people make inferences about themselves based on their choices and behavior (Bem, 1982).”
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“Attitude theorists have also speculated that behavior can contribute to attitude formation (Bem, 1972).”
Background
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“…of self-awareness and agency: Decety & Grezes, 2006; self-concept: Baldwin & Holmes, 1987; self-control: Prencipe & Zelazo, 2005; clinical disorders: Clark & Wells, 1995; attitude change: Bem, 1972; social understanding: Barresi & Moore, 1996; empathy: Batson, Early, & Salvarani, 1997).”
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Follow the signal: When past pro-environmental actions signal who you are
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“However, following self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), we propose that people also make inferences about their own behaviour.”
Background
Salience of reward and intrinsic motivation.
Ross, M. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.245 · Cited by 235
Feedback as a means of decreasing residential energy consumption.
Seligman, C., & Darley, J. M. (1977) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.62.4.363 · Cited by 234
Subjective Status Shapes Political Preferences
Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Lundberg, K. B., Kay, A. C., & Payne, B. K. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614553947 · Cited by 234
“…may engage in conscious reasoning to legitimize their choices, evidence from classic studies of cognitive dissonance (e.g., Goethals & Reckman, 1973) and self-perception (e.g., Bem, 1972) suggests that when people change attitudes, they often believe that they had held the new attitudes originally.”
Background
The performance feedback process: A preliminary model
Larson, J. R. (1984) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(84)90011-4 · Cited by 239
Consumer Attitudes Toward Fashion Counterfeits: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Kim, H., & Karpova, E. E. (2009) · Clothing and Textiles Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0887302x09332513 · Cited by 233
“Past behavior is also a source of information for identifying one’s attitude (Bem, 1972).”
Background
Unresolved questions in nudging research: Putting the psychology back in nudging
Marchiori, D. R., Adriaanse, M. A., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12297 · Cited by 237
“Research has shown that individuals’ evaluation of (nudged) choices can lead to attitude reinforcements through self‐perception processes and simple action‐to‐attitude inferences (Bem, 1967, 1972).”
Background
Understanding Household Waste Separation Behaviour: Testing the Roles of Moral, Past Experience, and Perceived Policy Effectiveness within the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Xu, L., Ling, M., Lu, Y., & Shen, M. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9040625 · Cited by 246
The importance of heritability in psychological research: The case of attitudes.
Tesser, A. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.1.129 · Cited by 240
Compatibility Effects in Judgment and Choice
Slovic, P., Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.014 · Cited by 235
Access to attitude-relevant information in memory as a determinant of persuasion: The role of message attributes
Wood, W., Kallgren, C. A., & Preisler, R. M. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(85)90007-1 · Cited by 241
Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational commitment: The mediating role of work–family conflict and enrichment and partner attitudes.
Wayne, J. H., Casper, W. J., Matthews, R. A., & Allen, T. D. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032491 · Cited by 262
“Selfperception theory posits that people infer their attitudes from self-observations of their behavior (Bem, 1972), suggesting that people who observe themselves experiencing work-to-family conflict because they work long hours may come to believe they work these long hours because they are highly…”
Background
Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory.
Holbrook, A. L., Berent, M. K., Krosnick, J. A., Visser, P. S., & Boninger, D. S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.749 · Cited by 229
In Search of Homo Economicus: Cognitive Noise and the Role of Emotion in Preference Consistency
Lee, L., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/597160 · Cited by 235

Authors: Bem, D. J.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Bem, Daryl J.
Venue: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 1972
Pages: 1-62
ISSN: 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6
OpenAlex: W1748197048
Cited by: 5,241
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 182 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 164
FWCI: 600.16
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: self-perception theory, self-attribution, cognitive dissonance, interpersonal perception, functional analysis

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