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Self-Perception Theory

Bem, Daryl J.·1972·Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6

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A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
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Bem D.J. An experimental analysis of beliefs and attitudes 1964 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 588 No. 64–12
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“…(falsely) confabulate attributions of judgments and decisions to themselves in a wide range of circumstances, while being under the impression that they are introspecting (Bem 1967; 1972; Eagly & Chaiken 1993; Festinger 1957; Nisbett & Wilson 1977; Wegner 2002; Wicklund & Brehm 1976; Wilson 2002).”
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“, 1989; Laird & Bresler, 1992) have consistently interpreted findings such as these in keeping with Bem’s (1972) self-perception perspective. The persons assuming an emotionlike expression on their faces, in their body posture, or both presumably detected the muscular changes that had come about and then automatically…”
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Background
Self-relevant scenarios as mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: Does imagining make it so?
Gregory, W. L., Cialdini, R. B., & Carpenter, K. M. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.1.89 · Cited by 593
Implicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms
Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005 · Cited by 578
Spillover of environment-friendly consumer behaviour
Thøgersen, J. B., & Ölander, F. (2003) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(03)00018-5 · Cited by 578
Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework
Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316652279 · Cited by 559
“…(Datan, Rodeheaver, & Hughes, 1987; Hooker & McAdams, 2003a; King, 2001; McLean, Pasupathi, & Pals, 2007; Pals, 2006), self-reflection (Bem, 1972; Caspi & Roberts, 2001; Robins & John, 1997; Wilson & Dunn, 2004), accommodation, and assimilation (Brandtstädter, 1989), or specific…”
Background
Social influences on creativity: The effects of contracted-for reward.
Amabile, T. M., Hennessey, B. A., & Grossman, B. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.50.1.14 · Cited by 572
Effects of external evaluation on artistic creativity.
Amabile, T. M. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.2.221 · Cited by 577
Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.247 · Cited by 611
Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: Divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others
Pronin, E., Gilovich, T., & Ross, L. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.3.781 · Cited by 771
“” Bem’s (1972) suggestion that self-perception generally follows the same inferential rules as social perception was very similar in spirit and implications. It is interesting to note that Bem’s “self-perception” account added the caveat that this similarity leads to parallel inferences about self and other in the fac…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Simple and Painless? The Limitations of Spillover in Environmental Campaigning
Thøgersen, J. B., & Crompton, T. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-009-9101-1 · Cited by 556
“According to self-perception theory (Bem 1972), people use their own behaviour as cues to their internal dispositions, in much the same way as we infer another person’s attitudes from”
Background
Giving Commitment: Employee Support Programs and The Prosocial Sensemaking Process
Grant, A. M., Dutton, J. E., & Rosso, B. D. (2008) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2008.34789652 · Cited by 570
“…of an emergent conceptual model, which draws on the following tenets of theoretical perspectives on sensemaking (Weick, 1995) and self-perception (Bem, 1972): (1) Actions trigger efforts to interpret and explain the actions, (2) employees generalize these interpretations to form inferences about…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Effects of Stigma on the Psychological Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Persons with Mental Illness
Markowitz, F. E. (1998) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676342 · Cited by 556
Media effects: theory and research
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608 · Cited by 536
The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies.
Riketta, M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.472 · Cited by 547
“…people adjust their attitudes to their behavior, due to strivings for cognitive consistency or as a rationalization for their actions (e.g., as assumed by psychological theories of cognitive dissonance and of self-perception, Festinger, 1957, and Bem, 1972, respectively; see, e.g., Staw, 1975).”
Background
It is a moral issue: the relationship between environmental self-identity, obligation-based intrinsic motivation and pro-environmental behaviour.
van der Werff, E., Steg, L., & Keizer, K. (2013) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.018 · Cited by 541
“According to selfperception theory (Bem, 1972) ‘people come to know their own internal states by inferring them from observations of their own overt behaviour’.”
Background
Rape Proclivity Among Males
Malamuth, N. M. (1981) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01075.x · Cited by 536
Predicting more of the people more of the time: Assessing the personality of situations.
Bem, D. J., & Funder, D. C. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.6.485 · Cited by 542
Self-citation
Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence.
Darley, J. M., & Fazio, R. H. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.10.867 · Cited by 853

Authors: Bem, D. J.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Bem, Daryl J.
Venue: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 1972
Pages: 1-62
ISSN: 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6
OpenAlex: W1748197048
Cited by: 5,241
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 182 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 164
FWCI: 600.16
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: self-perception theory, self-attribution, cognitive dissonance, interpersonal perception, functional analysis

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