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Self-Perception Theory

Bem, Daryl J.·1972·Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6

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A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
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Heider, F. (1946) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1946.9917275 · Cited by 3,672
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
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Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041593 · Cited by 2,945

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

Bem D.J. An experimental analysis of beliefs and attitudes 1964 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 588 No. 64–12
Brown, 1965, A behavioral analysis of masochism, Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 65
Storms, M. D. Video tape and the attribution process: Changing actors' and observers' points of view. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1971.
Wolosin R.J. Self- and social perception and the attribution of internal states 1969 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 276 No. 69–12

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“Finally, building on self-perception and cognitive dissonance (Bem, 1972; Festinger, 1957), past research finds that when a person freely chooses to advocate for a message this can lead a person to internalize it (Aronson, 1999; Aronson et al., 2002).”
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“First, participants may have inferred their level of restraint from the amount of candies eaten during the product testing phase (Bem, 1972).”
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“Although emotional states affected product evaluations, 1962; Bem, 1972), the causal role of emotional reactionsthese effects were not directly related to the music manipulations.”
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“Hence in this case, since there was no social context, Self-Perception Theory and stereotyping could not apply.”
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“Rather, his or her bigoted behavior is the result of his or her perception of a targeted group as threatening, inferior, or both (Geis, 1978), But on reflection one can indeed begin to come to opinions about one's own traits (Bem, 1972: Thorne.”
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“There is a particularly rich literature on how people judge their own traits (for review, see Babey et al., 1998; Bem, 1972; Hampson, 1982; Kihlstrom et al., 1988; Kihlstrom & Klein, 1994; Klein & Loftus, 1993b; Schneider, Hastorf, & Ellsworth, 1979; Wyer & Gordon, 1984).”
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“Given the effect of interpersonal similarity and the social identity explanation of friendship ties (Bem, 1972; Burt, 1987; Diederik & Hart, 2004; Wheeler & Suls, 2005), and the similarity-attraction theory of friendship development (Heider, 1958; Wicklund & Frey, 1981; Zajonc, 1960), such…”
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“In the absence of internal cues, people perceive their actions to be due to corresponding attitudes and goals (Bem, 1972), perhaps because of a tendency to favor purposive explanations for their behavior (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977).”
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“…hypotheses, including social identity theory (Tajfel, 1974), self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), social learning theory (Bandura & Walters, 1977), self‐perception theory (Bem, 1972), and the socially embeddedmodel of thriving (Spreitzer, Sutcliffe, Dutton, Sonenshein, & Grant, 2005).”
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“As Hobden and Olson suggested, both self-perception theory (Bem, 1972) and cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) can account for these findings.”
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“a profound effect on one’s self-concept and subsequent identifications (Bem 1972; Ibarra 2003; Pratt and Rafaeli 1997, 2001).”
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Snyder, M. (1984) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60146-x · Cited by 394
The role of climate change risk perception, response efficacy, and psychological adaptation in pro-environmental behavior: A two nation study
Bradley, G. L., Babutsidze, Z., Chai, A., & Reser, J. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101410 · Cited by 431
“This model is theoretically plausible from the perspective of self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), which proposes that behaviors occur first, with attitudes and related cognitions (in the current case, regarding response efficacy and readiness to adapt to climate change) inferred subsequently on the…”
Method
Consistency Versus Licensing Effects of Past Moral Behavior
Mullen, E., & Monin, B. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115120 · Cited by 426
Imagining Can Heighten or Lower the Perceived Likelihood of Contracting a Disease
Sherman, S. J., Cialdini, R. B., Schwartzman, D. F., & Reynolds, K. D. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111011 · Cited by 400
Attitude Strength
Howe, L. C., & Krosnick, J. A. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033600 · Cited by 383
“This perspective presumes that people sometimes have relatively weak senses of the importance they attach to attitudes and objects (e.g., Bassili 1996) and therefore engage in self-perception-like processes (Bem 1972) to resolve these ambiguities.”
Background
The endogenous-exogenous partition in attribution theory.
Kruglanski, A. W. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.387 · Cited by 388
Sex role stereotyping and reactions to depictions of stranger versus acquaintance rape.
Check, J. V. P., & Malamuth, N. M. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.344 · Cited by 380
Is Coming Out Always a “Good Thing”? Exploring the Relations of Autonomy Support, Outness, and Wellness for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., & Weinstein, N. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611411929 · Cited by 444
“It is, for example, plausible to propose an alternative model in line with self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), that people who disclose more in a certain context may perceive this environment as more autonomy supportive or report greater wellness, simply because it might be consistent with their…”
Highly Credible Sources: Persuasive Facilitators or Persuasive Liabilities?
Dholakia, R. R., & Sternthal, B. (1977) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208671 · Cited by 378
Involvement, satisfaction, and brand loyalty in a small business services setting
Russell‐Bennett, R., McColl‐Kennedy, J. R., & Coote, L. V. (2007) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.05.001 · Cited by 397
Predictive Validity of the Implicit Association Test in Studies of Brands, Consumer Attitudes, and Behavior
Maison, D. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Bruin, R. H. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1404_9 · Cited by 392
Critical Review of Behavioral Interventions to Preserve the Environment
Dwyer, W. O., Leeming, F. C., Cobern, M. K., Porter, B. E., & Jackson, J. M. (1993) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916593255001 · Cited by 373
The Emperor’s Dilemma: A Computational Model of Self‐Enforcing Norms
Centola, D. M., Willer, R., & Macy, M. W. (2005) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/427321 · Cited by 372
“Signiﬁcant research on cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories points to this assimilative effect of behavior on beliefs (Festinger 1957; Bem 1972).”
Background

Authors: Bem, D. J.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Bem, Daryl J.
Venue: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 1972
Pages: 1-62
ISSN: 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6
OpenAlex: W1748197048
Cited by: 5,241
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 182 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 164
FWCI: 600.16
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: self-perception theory, self-attribution, cognitive dissonance, interpersonal perception, functional analysis

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