The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-Perception Theory
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In the citing paper
“These theories constitute that individuals have only weak inherent attitudes and rather form their attitudes by self-observations.”
From AI-based chatbots in customer service and their effects on user compliance (2021) · cites this paper as Bem 1972
In the citing paper
“This awareness might increase with age based on experiences with own behavior and feedback of others (Bem, 1972; Brummelman & Thomaes, 2017).”
From Emotion understanding and the moral self-concept as motivators of prosocial behavior in middle childhood (2020) · cites this paper as Bem, 1972
In the citing paper
“Cognitive-dissonance and self-perception theories suggest that by encouraging them to help solve the problem, employers help managers to think of themselves as proponents of change (Bem, 1972;Festinger, 1957;Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959;Ito et al., 2006;Mori and Mori, 2013).”
From Are Diversity Programs Merely Ceremonial? Evidence-Free Institutionalization (2017) · cites this paper as Bem, 1972
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Symonds, P. M. (1954) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0051901 · Cited by 4,902
Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.
Deci, E. L. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030644 · Cited by 4,170
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Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,760
Attitudes and cognitive organization
Heider, F. (1946) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1946.9917275 · Cited by 3,672
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
Bem, D. J. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024835 · Cited by 2,959
Self-citationCognitive consequences of forced compliance.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041593 · Cited by 2,945
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bem D.J. An experimental analysis of beliefs and attitudes 1964 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 588 No. 64–12
- Brown, 1965, A behavioral analysis of masochism, Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 65
- Storms, M. D. Video tape and the attribution process: Changing actors' and observers' points of view. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1971.
- Wolosin R.J. Self- and social perception and the attribution of internal states 1969 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 276 No. 69–12
Cited by
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Items 1,001–1,034 of 1,034
van Oosten, J. M. F., & Vandenbosch, L. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.006 · Cited by 79
“According to the principles of self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), there is reason to expect that young people's sharing of sexually suggestive pictures of themselves on SNSs and their willingness to engage in sexting are related to each other.”
BackgroundTell me more! assessing interactions with social robots from speech
Laban, G., George, J.-N., Morrison, V., & Cross, E. S. (2020) · Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics · doi:10.1515/pjbr-2021-0011 · Cited by 81
Christner, N., Pletti, C., & Paulus, M. (2020) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100893 · Cited by 71
Mental Contamination and the Debiasing Problem
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., & Brekke, N. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.012 · Cited by 160
Enacting rituals to improve self-control.
Tian, A. D., Schroeder, J., Häubl, G., Risen, J. L., Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000113 · Cited by 72
“People often infer their own attitudes, emotions, and other internal states from the observation of their own behavior (Ariely & Norton, 2008; Bem, 1972).”
BackgroundRetractedDo individual differences in intolerance of uncertainty affect health monitoring?
Rosen, N. O., Knäuper, B., & Sammut, J. (2007) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/14768320600941038 · Cited by 71
“The linguistic manipulation of IU is based on Bem’s self-perception theory that states that individuals will infer their attitudes based on information derived from their behaviour (Bem, 1972).”
MethodHulse, L. M., & Memon, A. (2006) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1348/135532505x58062 · Cited by 66
Guo, Q., Sun, P., Cai, M., Zhang, X., & Song, K. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.02.006 · Cited by 60
Osypiuk, K., Thompson, E., & Wayne, P. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00174 · Cited by 61
“Proposed circuits of action of the body’s role in emotion have included a reliance on a cognitive interpretation of the physical expression (Bem, 1972; Laird, 1974) or direct physiological feedback (Ekman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialAre Diversity Programs Merely Ceremonial? Evidence-Free Institutionalization
Dobbin, F., & Kalev, A. (2017) · The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism · doi:10.4135/9781446280669.n32 · Cited by 56
Seppälä, T., Lipponen, J., Pirttila-Backman, A.-M., & Lipsanen, J. (2011) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2010.507353 · Cited by 52
“Ferrin, Bligh, and Kohles (2007) have proposed that monitoring even reduces trust because people may infer their level of trust from their own behaviour (level of monitoring), as self-perception theory (Bem, 1972) posits, or because the possibility of monitoring reduces the motivation to develop trust.”
BackgroundRobotic foot-in-the-door: Using sequential-request persuasive strategies in human-robot interaction
Lee, S. A., & Liang, Y. (. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.026 · Cited by 52
Recovered-memory therapy and robust repression: influence and pseudomemories
Ofshe, R. J., & Singer, M. T. (1994) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207149408409367 · Cited by 52
Wang, Z., Li, Y., An, J., Dong, W., Li, H., Ma, H., Wang, J., Wu, J., Jiang, T., & Wang, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137878 · Cited by 51
Moral coherence processes: constructing culpability and consequences
Clark, C. J., Chen, E. E., & Ditto, P. H. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.016 · Cited by 50
Rheu, M. (., Jang, Y., & Peng, W. (2020) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2018.0134 · Cited by 49
“23 The Proteus effect argues that users behave in accordance with their avatar’s perceived traits.”
Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity
Dong, P., Dai, X., & Wyer, R. S. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000001 · Cited by 46
Anstey Watkins, J., Goudge, J., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Huxley, C., Dodd, K., & Griffiths, F. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000543 · Cited by 45
Philippot, P., Bouvard, M., Baeyens, C., & Dethier, V. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2340 · Cited by 40
“Our identity, the roles we invest in, depend upon how others perceive us (Bem, 1972).”
BackgroundPsychosocial approaches to alcohol use disorders since 1940: a review
McCrady, B. S., Owens, M. D., Borders, A. Z., & Brovko, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Supplement · doi:10.15288/jsads.2014.s17.68 · Cited by 37
Interaction effects of performance and money on self-perception of intrinsic motivation
Salancik, G. R. (1975) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(75)90055-0 · Cited by 34
Slater, M. D., Oliver, M. B., Appel, M., Tchernev, J. M., & Silver, N. A. (2018) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqx004 · Cited by 31
Mental distress through the prism of predictive processing theory
Van de Cruys, S., & Van Dessel, P. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.006 · Cited by 28
Truelove, H. B., Largo-Wight, E., Siuda, A. N. S., Gowans, S., Minichiello, H., & Hill, J. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100098 · Cited by 28
Zhang, D., Zhang, F., Liu, S., & Du, H. S. (2019) · Information Technology & People · doi:10.1108/itp-06-2017-0188 · Cited by 26
Partisan Bias in Political Judgment
Ditto, P. H., Celniker, J. B., Siddiqi, S. S., Güngör, M., & Relihan, D. P. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-030424-122723 · Cited by 25
Orr, E. M. J., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.044914 · Cited by 21
Freiburg, M., & Grichnik, D. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560.2013.791295 · Cited by 16
Examining Agency, Expertise, and Roles of AI Systems in AI-Mediated Communication
Mieczkowski, H., & Hancock, J. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/asnv4 · Cited by 16
Masson, T., & Fritsche, I. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2501 · Cited by 15
Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects
Gawronski, B., & Corneille, O. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-051324-031037 · Cited by 13
(2007) · Cited by 350
Effects of external and internal interruptions on boredom at work: two studies
Fisher, C. D. (1998) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199809)19:5
(2013) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 132
Metadata
- Authors
- Bem, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bem, Daryl J.
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1972
- Pages
- 1-62
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1748197048
- Cited by
- 5,241
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 182 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 164
- FWCI
- 600.16
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- self-perception theory, self-attribution, cognitive dissonance, interpersonal perception, functional analysis
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