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Self-Perception Theory

Bem, Daryl J.·1972·Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6

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A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
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Bem D.J. An experimental analysis of beliefs and attitudes 1964 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 588 No. 64–12
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Wolosin R.J. Self- and social perception and the attribution of internal states 1969 University Microfilms Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Mich. 276 No. 69–12

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“According to self-perception theory, individuals often infer perceptions about themselves based on their own behaviors (Bem, 1972).”
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“Theories of self-signaling argue that people learn information about themselves on the basis of the choices they make (Bem 1972; Bodner and Prelec 2003).”
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“This has led to alternative hypotheses, including that people sometimes infer their attitudes towards specific objects from their previous behaviour with regard to the attitude object (Bem, 1972).”
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“Self-perception theory (Bem, 1972) highlights the importance of self-identity in behaviour change.”
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“From this perspective, our findings offer support for the speculation of earlier theorists (e.g., Bern, 1972; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977) that strong and unambiguous internal cues may foster rather than undermine self-knowledge.”
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“, Carver & Scheier, 1998) and self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), regulation attempts provide critical information to both the self and the partner that the partner is not meeting expectations.”
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“These findings that expression of gratitude increased positive perception of a partner may be explained in part by self-perception theory (Bem, 1967, 1972).”
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“According to self-perception theory (Bem, 1965, 1967, 1972), participants may have dispassionately inferred their attitudes by observing their counterattitudinal behavior and not changed their attitudes because of dissonance.”
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“Current literature on pro-environmental spillover is based primarily on the self-perception theory (Bem,1972) or the notion that anenvironmental self-identity is strengthenedwhenperformingproenvironmental behaviour (van der Werff et al., 2013a, 2013b, 2014), which increases the likelihood of…”
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“Alternatively, individuals could generate selfinferences about their implicit representations via observation of their own behaviour (Bem, 1972), even in the absence of mental experiences stemming from the associative representations.”
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“The self-perception theory argues that people often use their own behavior as a reference for their attitude toward an object or an action [9], that is, “doing” leads to “liking.”
Background
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“Importantly, the self-perception theory (Bem 1972) suggests that the formation of beliefs is based on routine behaviour.”
Background
Evidence-Based and Intuition-Based Self-Knowledge: An fMRI Study.
Lieberman, M. D., Jarcho, J. M., & Satpute, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.421 · Cited by 272
“One way that people generate self-knowledge is by reflecting on their past behavior and then using memories as evidence in the self-inference process (Bem, 1972).”
Background
Representations of the self in the near and distant future.
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“Another interesting implication of the current findings is for self-perception phenomena (Bem, 1972).”
Background
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“This is grounded in the previous research informing us that people infer knowledge about their beliefs based on their judgments of their own past behaviour (Bem, 1972).”
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Depression and causal attributions for success and failure.
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The representation of self and person knowledge in the medial prefrontal cortex
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Successful female leaders empower women's behavior in leadership tasks
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“Consistent with self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), women observed a boost in behavior and consequently felt better about their performance.”
Background
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“These tendencies can be explained using the self-perception theory (Bem 1972), which posits that individuals continually adjust their perceptions (enjoyment in our case) as they acquire new information about the focal behaviour (such as by observing others’ blogs).”
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“Persons who have negative experiences are likely to assign external causation (i.e. environmental factors), and persons with positive experiences are likely to assign an internal causation (i.e. personal attributes) (Bem, 1972; Jones & Davis, 1965; Kelley, 1967).”
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“Rejecting such values personally but then conforming to these values on a daily basis is not functional and over the long run people are likely to bring their behavior and attitudes, including value systems, into congruence (Bem, 1972).”
Background
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Social explanation: The role of timing, set, and recall on subjective likelihood estimates.
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Pretrial publicity, judicial remedies, and jury bias.
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“Is it a question of self-consistency (Bem, 1972), in which persons observe themselves behaving in a nonnormative fashion (e.g., smoking marijuana) and then conclude that they are not responsible or self-controlled?”
Background
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“Third, the emphasis on performing the concept mapping task may have elicited an overjustification effect (Bem,1972), such that focusing attention on rewarding or punishing performance on an activity external to the gamemade playing the game intrinsically less rewarding.”
Background
Effectiveness of a parent "buddy" program for mothers of very preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit.
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Behavior, Belonging, and Belief: A Theory of Ritual Practice
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“Self-perception theory~Bem 1972! assumes that actors have little actual insight about the causes of their own behavior, and that our self-images are largely constructed in the same ways our images of others are: by observing our behavior and using our implicit personality theories to interpret them…”
Background
Understanding the effects of substantive responses on trust following a transgression
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“This is consistent with self-perception theory (Bem, 1972) whereby individuals draw inferences about their identity from perceptions of their own behavior.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Children's Artistic Creativity
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Mobilization and Meaning: Toward an Integration of Social Psychological and Resource Perspectives on Social Movements*
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Adolescent Competence, Psychological Well-Being, and Self-Assessed Physical Health
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“As a result, when people are asked about the personal importance of an attitude, they may be forced to engage in self‐perception processes along the lines of those described by Bem (1972). Roese and Olson”
Background
Cognitive change processes in psychotherapy.
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The Self-Perception Connection: Why Consumers Devalue Unattractive Produce
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“In addition, self-perception theory (e.g., Bem, 1972) suggests that people make inferences about their thoughts and feelings based on their behavior; therefore, the act of disclosing to another can lead to the inference that one likes and trusts the other (e.g., Chaikin & Derlega, 1974).”
Task effort and the regulation of mood: The absorption hypothesis
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Endogenous economic voting: evidence from the 1997 British election
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“In fact, the idea that behavior impacts on attitudes is the major theme of Bem’s (1972) self-perception theory, ‘‘which argues that people often infer their attitudes from the evaluation implied by their recent or salient behaviors’’ (Eagly and Chaiken, 1998: pp. 278–279; Bem, 1972).”
Background
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Attitude inferences from salient and relevant cognitive content about behavior.
Salancik, G. R., & Conway, M. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.829 · Cited by 196
On the nature of attitude–behavior relations: the strong guide, the weak follow
Holland, R. W., Verplanken, B., & van Knippenberg, A. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.135 · Cited by 193
“In formulating his self-perception theory, Bem (1972) speculated that people would only infer their attitudes from their overt behavior when ‘internal cues are weak, ambiguous, or uninterpretable’ (p. 2).”
Background
Preference elicitation under oath
Jacquemet, N., Joule, R., Luchini, S., & Shogren, J. F. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2012.05.004 · Cited by 203
Sex roles: A journal of research
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Hall, L., Johansson, P., & Strandberg, T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045457 · Cited by 192
Attitude-behavior consistency: An individual difference perspective.
Zanna, M. P., Olson, J. M., & Fázio, R. H. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.3.432 · Cited by 200
Cooperative Interaction in Multiethnic Contexts
Cook, S. W. (1984) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-497780-8.50014-0 · Cited by 192
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“Self-perception theory argues that people often infer their own attitudes and beliefs from observing themselves—for example their facial expressions or styles of dress—as if from a third party (Bem, 1972).”
Background
When Healthy Food Makes You Hungry
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Authors: Bem, D. J.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Bem, Daryl J.
Venue: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 1972
Pages: 1-62
ISSN: 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6
OpenAlex: W1748197048
Cited by: 5,241
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 182 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 164
FWCI: 600.16
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: self-perception theory, self-attribution, cognitive dissonance, interpersonal perception, functional analysis

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