Do active cerebral neurons really use lactate rather than glucose?
Abstract
Glucose has long been considered the substrate for neuronal energy metabolism in the brain. Recently, an alternative explanation of energy metabolism in the active brain, the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis, has received attention. It suggests that during neural activity energy needs in glia are met by anaerobic glycolysis, whereas neuronal metabolism is fueled by lactate released from glia. In this article, we critically examine the evidence supporting this hypothesis and explain, from the perspective of enzyme kinetics and substrate availability, why neurons probably use ambient glucose, and not glial-derived lactate, as the major substrate during activity.
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The astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) hypothesis has been quite controversial for a long time.
“The ANLS hypothesis has been quite controversial for a long time (Chih et al., 2001; Gjedde and Marrett, 2001; Hertz, 2004; Mangia et al., 2011; Dienel, 2012, 2017; Bak and Walls, 2018; Barros and Weber, 2018; see also Dienel [2017] for strong arguments against ANLS at the tissue level).”
From Fueling thought: Management of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neuronal metabolism (2018) · cites this paper as Chih et al., 2001
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Ross, A. J., & Sachdev, P. S. (2004) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.11.001 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Astrocyte–neuron interactions in neurological disorders
Ricci, G., Volpi, L., Pasquali, L., Petrozzi, L., & Siciliano, G. (2009) · Journal of biological physics (Print) · doi:10.1007/s10867-009-9157-9 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Studying spontaneous EEG activity with fMRI
Salek‐Haddadi, A., Friston, K. J., Lemieux, L., & Fish, D. R. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00193-0 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Glial Nax Channels Control Lactate Signaling to Neurons for Brain [Na+] Sensing
Shimizu, H., Watanabe, E., Hiyama, T. Y., Nagakura, A., Fujikawa, A., Okado, H., Yanagawa, Y., Obata, K., & Noda, M. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.014 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“…view that glucose oxidation fuels most activity-associated energy metabolism in neurons has recently been challenged by the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis (Pellerin et al., 1998; Sibson et al., 1998; Magistretti, 2000), in which glial-produced lactate fuels neurons (Chih et al., 2001).”
Energy transfer from astrocytes to axons: the role of CNS glycogen
Brown, A. M., Tekkök, S. B., & Ransom, B. R. (2004) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2003.11.005 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Song, Z., & Routh, V. H. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.1.15 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Friedman, S. D., Shaw, D., Artru, A. A., Richards, T. L., Gardner, J. C., Dawson, G., Posse, S., & Dager, S. R. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.60.1.100 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Fueling and Imaging Brain Activation
Dienel, G. A. (2012) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1042/an20120021 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Bak, L. K., Schousboe, A., Sonnewald, U., & Waagepetersen, H. S. (2006) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600281 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“However, much remains controversial and additional experiments seem pertinent to elucidate whether neurons in fact prefer lactate over glucose during synaptic activity (McKenna et al, 2001; Chih et al, 2001a).”
BackgroundResultDienel, G. A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24015 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“…of ANL shuttle– related data by proponents have led to critical commentaries by scientists who have not accepted the validity of the model (e.g., Chih et al., 2001; Gjedde and Marrett, 2001; Gjedde et al., 2002; Chih and Roberts, 2003; Dienel and Cruz, 2004; Hertz, 2004; Hertz and Dienel,…”
Kofuji, P., & Araque, A. (2021) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-101920-112225 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Energy metabolism in the brain
Hertz, L., & Dienel, G. A. (2002) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(02)51003-5 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Mangia, S., Giove, F., Tkáč, I., Logothetis, N. K., Henry, P.-G., Olman, C. A., Maraviglia, B., Di Salle, F., & Uğurbil, K. (2009) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.134 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Notably, linking glucose consumptions in an B1:1 way with the Glu–Gln cycle in the context of the ANLSH implicitly neglects the intervention of neuronal glutamate uptake, which occurs during neurotransmission (Bak et al, 2006; Danbolt, 2001; Drejer et al, 1982; Waagepetersen et al, 2005).”
InfluentialDienel, G. A., & Cruz, N. F. (2004) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2003.10.011 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Jost, C. R., der Zee, C. E. E. M. V., Zandt, R. I. ‘., Oerlemans, F. T. J. J., Verheij, M. M. M., Streijger, F., Fransen, J. A. M., Heerschap, A., Cools, A. R., & Wieringa, B. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02001.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“ATP production by glycolysis in glia (Tsacopoulos & Magistretti, 1996) and neurons has been recognized as an alternative source of energy (Wu et al., 1997; Chih et al., 2001).”
BackgroundImaging the metabolic footprint of Glut1 deficiency on the brain
Pascual, J. M., Heertum, R. L. V., Wang, D., Engelstad, K., & Vivo, D. C. D. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10311 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Astrocytic contributions to bioenergetics of cerebral ischemia
Dienel, G. A., & Hertz, L. (2005) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20157 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A metabolic switch in brain: glucose and lactate metabolism modulation by ascorbic acid
Castro, M. A., Beltrán, F. A., Brauchi, S. E., & Concha, I. I. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06151.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Glucose and lactate supply to the synapse
Barros, L. F., & Deitmer, J. W. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.10.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“…against the two models of neurometabolic coupling have been published in recent years (Gjedde et al., 2002; Hertz and Dienel, 2002; Gladden, 2004; Chih et al., 2001; Bonvento et al., 2005; Leybaert, 2005; Dienel and Cruz, 2004; Pellerin et al., 2007; Nehlig and Coles, 2007; Simpson et al., 2007;…”
MethodMathupala, S. P., Parajuli, P., & Sloan, A. E. (2004) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000143034.62913.59 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Conversely, brain neurons are known to be largely dependent on oxidative phosphorylation under normal conditions (12).”
BackgroundGLUT1 deficiency and other glucose transporter diseases
Pascual, J. M., Wang, D., Beatriz Lecumberri, S., Yang, H., Mao, X., Yang, R., & Vivo, D. C. D. (2004) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1500627 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Glutamate mediates acute glucose transport inhibition in hippocampal neurons
Porras, O. H., Loaiza, A., & Barros, L. F. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1882-04.2004 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“However, the hypothesis remains controversial, and its critics have pointed out that glucose metabolism, by competing for NAD , should obstruct lactate usage by neurons (Chih et al., 2001).”
Glucose metabolism and Alzheimer's disease
Schubert, D. A. (2005) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2005.02.003 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“This idea surely cannot be correct for reasons summarized by Chih et al. (2001).”
BackgroundRetinal energy metabolism in health and glaucoma
Casson, R. J., Chidlow, G., Crowston, J. G., Williams, P. A., & Wood, J. P. M. (2020) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100881 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Role of glial amino acid transporters in synaptic transmission and brain energetics
Marcaggi, P., & Attwell, D. (2004) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20027 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“This hypothesis has been assessed in detail by Chih et al. (2001), who point out several problems: (1) it is implausible that glia are entirely glycolytic; (2) it is implausible that all glial energy expenditure is on glutamate recycling: Attwell and Laughlin (2001) estimate that more glial energy…”
BackgroundPatil, S. P., Melrose, J., & Chan, C. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05797.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“considered to be primary users of glucose in the brain (Chih et al., 2001), more recent studies suggest a central role of astroglia in the cerebral glucose utilization, in which case astroglia take up glucose”
InfluentialDienel, G. A., Wang, R. Y., & Cruz, N. F. (2002) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000034363.37277.89 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“…of physiologic stimulation of normoxic subjects is unexpected and unexplained, and many issues related to glucose and lactate metabolism in working brain have been recently assessed in considerable detail (Attwell and Laughlin, 2001; Chih et al., 2001; Dienel and Hertz, 2001; Gjedde et al., 2002;”
BackgroundSteinman, M. Q., Gao, V., & Alberini, C. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2016.00010 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Many excellent reviews report the debated issues and different views (Pellerin et al., 1998; Chih et al., 2001; Dienel and Hertz, 2001; Chih and Roberts, 2003; Dienel and Cruz, 2004; Kimelberg, 2004; Bonvento et al., 2005; Fillenz, 2005; Hertz and Dienel, 2005; Pellerin et al., 2007; Barros and…”
Alano, C. C., Tran, A., Tao, R., Ying, W., Karliner, J. S., & Swanson, R. A. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21479 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“In direct contrast, astrocytes and neurons in the brain are completely dependent for energy production on glucose or possibly lactate (Chih et al., 2001), both of which require cytosolic NAD1 for metabolism.”
BackgroundErlichman, J. S., Hewitt, A. J., Damon, T., Hart, M. P., Kurascz, J., Li, A., & Leiter, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5430-07.2008 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Direct measurement of oxidative metabolism in the living brain by microdialysis: a review
Zielke, H. R., Zielke, C. L., & Baab, P. J. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05941.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nehlig, A., Wittendorp-Rechenmann, E., & Dao Lam, C. (2004) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000128533.84196.d8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“tally, and the kinetic properties of the glycolytic enzymes and extracellular lactate during activation are rather in favor of the direct use of glucose by neurons (Chih et al., 2001; Chih and Roberts, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialAffective disorders, antidepressant drugs and brain metabolism
Moretti, A., Gorini, A., & Villa, R. F. (2003) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001353 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“However, there is still no evidence that neurons utilize glial-produced lactate as their main energy substrate during activity”
BackgroundRegulation of glial metabolism studied by 13C‐NMR
Zwingmann, C., & Leibfritz, D. (2003) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.850 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Mechanisms for the maintenance and regulation of axonal energy supply
Chamberlain, K. A., & Sheng, Z. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24411 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“It is important to note the widespread controversy over the exist‐ ence of the ANLS, with substantial debate around whether neu‐ rons actually export lactate during heightened activity, leading to substantial lactate efflux from the brain (Chih, Lipton, & Roberts, 2001; Chih & Roberts, 2003; Dienel, 2017; Dienel & Cru…”
BackgroundInfluentialDiNuzzo, M., Mangia, S., Maraviglia, B., & Giove, F. (2010) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.151 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“…glutamatergic neurotransmission and glucose utilization has posed into question the relative amount of neuronal versus astrocytic glucose uptake (Chih et al, 2001), and is at the basis of the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis, which places astrocytederived lactate as a critical…”
Lactate, glucose and energy metabolism in the ischemic brain (Review)
Schurr, A. (2002) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.10.2.131 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The aerobic brain: lactate decrease at the onset of neural activity
Mangia, S., Garreffa, G., Bianciardi, M., Giove, F., Salle, F. D., & Maraviglia, B. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00792-3 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cerebral glucose and lactate consumption during cerebral activation by physical activity in humans
Rasmussen, P. V., Wyss, M. T., & Lundby, C. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.11-183822 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Also, glucose degradation is highly regulated at many enzymatic steps within glycolysis (49), and this biochemical regulation may partly explain the differences between glucose (Fig.”
BackgroundJolivet, R., Coggan, J. S., Allaman, I., & Magistretti, P. J. (2015) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004036 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“While the ANLS hypothesis, since its initial formulation [5], does not preclude the use of glucose by neurons as an energy substrate, it has been challenged by some studies defending the view that glucose, rather than lactate, is the sole energy substrate for oxidative metabolism in neurons [37, 38].”
BackgroundContributions of glycogen to astrocytic energetics during brain activation
Dienel, G. A., & Cruz, N. F. (2014) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9493-8 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“On the other hand, lactate produced by neurons may be relatively sequestered intracellularly due to near-saturation of their lowKmMCT2 transporters, leading to restricted lactate efflux from neurons (Chih and Roberts 2003; Chih et al. 2001).”
BackgroundThe role of tanycytes in hypothalamic glucosensing
Elizondo-Vega, R. J., Cortés‐Campos, C., Barahona, M. J., Oyarce, K., Pardo, C. C., & García, M. D. L. Á. (2015) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.12590 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Allen, N. J., Káradóttir, R. T., & Attwell, D. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4157-04.2005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“It has been suggested (but see Chih et al., 2001b) that neuronal activity-evoked glycolysis (Pellerin et al., 1998; Magistretti and Pellerin, 1999) or almost all glycolysis (Sibson et al., 1998) is in glia, which export lactate to neurons as a substrate for their mitochondria.”
BackgroundAgeing and inflammation – A central role for mitochondria in brain health and disease
Currais, A. J. M. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.02.001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Astroglial Pentose Phosphate Pathway Rates in Response to High-Glucose Environments
Takahashi, S., Izawa, Y., & Suzuki, N. (2012) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1042/an20120002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Brain function is exclusively dependent on the oxidative metabolism of glucose (Clarke and Sokoloff, 1999; Dienel, 2009).”
BackgroundGlucose metabolism in mammalian photoreceptor inner and outer segments
Narayan, D. S., Chidlow, G., Wood, J. P. M., & Casson, R. J. (2017) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.12952 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“However, there is controversy as to whether photoreceptors in vascularized retinas metabolize significant amounts of lactate under normal physiological conditions [47-49].”
BackgroundCellular pathways of energy metabolism in the brain: Is glucose used by neurons or astrocytes?
Nehlig, A., & Coles, J. A. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20376 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…has not yet been shown in vivo and the kinetic properties of the glycolytic enzymes and observed changes in extracellular lactate during activation (Chih et al., 2001; Chih and Roberts, 2003), as well as the recent report that synaptic activation induced by NMDA in cerebellar neuronal cell…”
BackgroundVéga, C., Martiel, J., Drouhault, D., Burckhart, M., & Coles, J. A. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.029751 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Arguments against uncritical acceptance of the hypothesis have been presented by Chih et al. (2001) and by Gjedde et al. (2002).”
BackgroundNeighborly interactions of metabolically-activated astrocytes in vivo
Dienel, G. A., & Cruz, N. F. (2003) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(03)00021-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Prion Protein Regulates Glutamate-Dependent Lactate Transport of Astrocytes
KLEENE, R. B., Loers, G., Langer, J., Frobert, Y., Buck, F., & Schachner, M. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1358-07.2007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
NADH augments blood flow in physiologically activated retina and visual cortex
Ido, Y., Chang, K. C., & Williamson, J. R. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0307458100 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The role of lactate in brain metabolism
Fillenz, M. (2005) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2005.05.011 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Quantitative fMRI and oxidative neuroenergetics
Hyder, F., & Rothman, D. L. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.027 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Çakır, T., Alsan, S., Saybaşılı, H., Akın, A., & Ülgen, K. Ö. (2007) · Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling · doi:10.1186/1742-4682-4-48 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Genç, S., Kurnaz, I. A., & Özilgen, M. (2011) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-162 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Neurons and astrocytes both express glucose transporters (GLUTs), lactate transporters (monocarboxylate transporters, MCTs), and lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs), however the different isoforms expressed by neurons or astrocytes seem to support the ANLSH model [14,15].”
BackgroundO’Brien, J., Kla, K. M., Hopkins, I. B., Malecki, E. A., & McKenna, M. C. (2006) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-006-9132-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Insulin therapy and hypoglycaemia: the size of the problem
Fanelli, C. G., Porcellati, F., Pampanelli, S., & Bolli, G. B. (2004) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.514 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cultured retinal neuronal cells and Müller cells both show net production of lactate
Winkler, B. S., Starnes, C. A., Sauer, M. W., Firouzgan, Z., & Chen, S.-C. (2004) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2003.08.017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in single neurons and glia
Cantuti‐Castelvetri, I., Lin, M. T. S., Zheng, K., Keller-McGandy, C. E., Betensky, R. A., Johns, D. R., Beal, M. F., Standaert, D. G., & Simon, D. K. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.11.008 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Cerebral glycolysis: a century of persistent misunderstanding and misconception
Schurr, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00360 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Many scientists in the field were surprised by these findings, while others discounted them (Chih et al., 2001; Dienel and Hertz, 2001; Chih and Roberts, 2003; Dienel and Cruz, 2004; Hertz, 2004; Fillenz, 2005).”
BackgroundResultCater, H. L., Chandratheva, A., Benham, C. D., Morrison, B., & Sundström, L. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02100.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mangia, S., Tkáč, I., Logothetis, N. K., Rolf Gruetter, A., de Moortele, P. V., & Uǧurbil, K. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21371 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Schurr, A. (2011) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2011.00096 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Those who disagree with the ANLSH quarrel mainly about the central role attributed to lactate in this hypothesis and the studies supporting it (Chih et al., 2001; Chih and Roberts, 2003; Hertz, 2004; Dienel and Hertz, 2005; Korf, 2006; Hertz et al., 2007; Gandhi et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultIncreased glucose metabolism and ATP level in brain tissue of Huntington’s disease transgenic mice
Oláh, J., Klivènyi, P., Gárdián, G., Vécsei, L., Orosz, F., Kovács, G. G., Westerhoff, H. V., & Ovádi, J. (2008) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06612.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Heilig, C., Brosius, F. C., Siu, B., Concepcion, L. A., Mortensen, R. M., Heilig, K. O., Zhu, M., Weldon, R., Wu, G., & Conner, D. A. (2003) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63546-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Both GLUT1 and GLUT3 have been proposed to feed glycolysis and to play nutritional roles for maintenance of basal cell metabolism in cells in which they are expressed, in part based on their low Km values and predominant localization in plasma membranes.(3,3,14,16,53,54) There is substantial evidence to suggest this i…”
BackgroundBaltan, S. (2014) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9595-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…1 (GLUT 1) from the blood circulation (Maher et al. 1994; Simpson et al. 1994; Vannucci et al. 1997), and 3) astrocytic end-feet store glucose as glycogen (Chih et al. 2001), astrocytes are the principal cells uniquely equipped to maintain energy homeostasis (Magistretti and Pellerin 1996).”
Why glucose transport in the brain matters for PET
Barros, L. F., Porras, O. H., & Bittner, C. X. (2005) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Depolarisation Phenomena in Traumatic and Ischaemic Brain Injury
Strong, A. J., & Dardis, R. M. (2005) · Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery · doi:10.1007/3-211-27208-9_1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“tretti and colleagues [55], to a review questioning some aspects of this ‘‘compartmented glial glycolysis’’ model [56], and to the review by Chen and Swanson of astrocytic function and changes in brain injury [57].”
BackgroundPugliese, M., Carrasco, J. L., Andrade, C., Mas, E., Mascort, J., & Mahy, N. (2005) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.01.017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Epilepsy, Regulation of Brain Energy Metabolism and Neurotransmission
Cloix, J., & Hévor, T. (2009) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986709787549316 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Indeed, two possibilities might exist to fuel neurons [82, 83].”
Background
- Authors
- Chih, C.-P., Lipton, P., & Roberts, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Miami VA Healthcare System (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, Eugene L
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 573-578
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966886729
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, neuronal energy metabolism, glucose utilization, lactate, anaerobic glycolysis, brain energy metabolism, substrate availability, enzyme kinetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Cerebral Cortex, Glucose, Humans, Neurons, Lactic Acid
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