Neuronal-glial glucose oxidation and glutamatergic-GABAergic function.

Hyder, Fahmeed; Patel, Anant B; Gjedde, Albert; Rothman, Douglas L; Behar, Kevin L; Shulman, Robert G

doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263

Cited by 408Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchAdvanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAmino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism

Neuronal-glial glucose oxidation and glutamatergic-GABAergic function.

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Hyder, Fahmeed, Patel, Anant B, Gjedde, Albert, Rothman, Douglas L, Behar, Kevin L, Shulman, Robert G·2006·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

DOI 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263

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Abstract

Prior 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) experiments, which simultaneously measured in vivo rates of total glutamate-glutamine cycling (V(cyc(tot))) and neuronal glucose oxidation (CMR(glc(ox), N)), revealed a linear relationship between these fluxes above isoelectricity, with a slope of approximately 1. In vitro glial culture studies examining glutamate uptake indicated that glutamate, which is cotransported with Na+, stimulated glial uptake of glucose and release of lactate. These in vivo and in vitro results were consolidated into a model: recycling of one molecule of neurotransmitter between glia and neurons was associated with oxidation of one glucose molecule in neurons; however, the glucose was taken up only by glia and all the lactate (pyruvate) generated by glial glycolysis was transferred to neurons for oxidation. The model was consistent with the 1:1 relationship between DeltaCMR(glc(ox), N) and DeltaV(cyc(tot)) measured by 13C MRS. However, the model could not specify the energetics of glia and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurons because quantitative values for these pathways were not available. Here, we review recent 13C and 14C tracer studies that enable us to include these fluxes in a more comprehensive model. The revised model shows that glia produce at least 8% of total oxidative ATP and GABAergic neurons generate approximately 18% of total oxidative ATP in neurons. Neurons produce at least 88% of total oxidative ATP, and take up approximately 26% of the total glucose oxidized. Glial lactate (pyruvate) still makes the major contribution to neuronal oxidation, but approximately 30% less than predicted by the prior model. The relationship observed between DeltaCMR(glc(ox), N) and DeltaV(cyc(tot)) is determined by glial glycolytic ATP as before. Quantitative aspects of the model, which can be tested by experimentation, are discussed.

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The majority of glucose used by the brain is taken up by astrocytes and used in anaerobic glycolysis that generates lactate, while the remainder is used by neurons in oxidative glycolysis.
“the majority of the glucose used by the brain is taken up by astrocytes and used in anaerobic glycolysis that generates lactate, while the remainder is used by neurons in oxidative glycolysis [31].”
From Scaling of Brain Metabolism with a Fixed Energy Budget per Neuron: Implications for Neuronal Activity, Plasticity and Evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [31]
A deliberate review of the evidence with an optimized model concluded that neurons provide about a third of their own lactate/pyruvate during brain activation, with the other two thirds from astrocytes.
“A deliberate review of the evidence with an optimized model concluded that neurons provide about a third of their own lactate/pyruvate during brain activation, with the other two thirds from astrocytes (Hyder et al., 2006).”
From Fueling thought: Management of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neuronal metabolism (2018) · cites this paper as Hyder et al., 2006

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Authors: Hyder, F., Patel, A. B., Gjedde, A., Rothman, D. L., Behar, K. L., & Shulman, R. G.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Aarhus University (DK)
Corresponding author: Hyder, Fahmeed
ORCID: Hyder, Fahmeed
Patel, Anant B
Gjedde, Albert
Rothman, Douglas L
Behar, Kevin L
Venue: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-07
Volume: 26
Issue: 7
Pages: 865-877
ISSN: 0271-678X (ISSN-L)
1559-7016
DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263
OpenAlex: W2094784513
Cited by: 408
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 3.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Yale University
National Institutes of Health
Raymond and Beverly Sackler Institute for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Yale University
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-067528, R01MH067528)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC-003710, R01DC003710)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH R01, R01DK027121)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH R01, NS-037537, R01 NS-037537, R01NS037527, NS-034813, R01NS034813)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Keywords: glutamate uptake, GABAergic neurons, glutamatergic neurons, 13C NMR, brain energy metabolism
MeSH terms: Animals, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Glucose, Humans, Models, Biological, Neuroglia, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Oxidation-Reduction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Glutamic Acid

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Neuronal-glial glucose oxidation and glutamatergic-GABAergic function.

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