Clinical calibration of DSM‐IV diagnoses in the World Mental Health (WMH) version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH‐CIDI)
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An overview is presented of the rationale, design, and analysis plan for the WMH‐CIDI clinical calibration studies. As no clinical gold standard assessment is available for the DSM‐IV disorders assessed in the WMH‐CIDI, we adopted the goal of calibration rather than validation; that is, we asked whether WMH‐CIDI diagnoses are ‘consistent’ with diagnoses based on a state‐of‐the‐art clinical research diagnostic interview (SCID; Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV) rather than whether they are ‘correct’. Consistency is evaluated both at the aggregate level (consistency of WMH‐CIDI and SCID prevalence estimates) and at the individual level (consistency of WMH‐CIDI and SCID diagnostic classifications). Although conventional statistics (sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's κ) are used to describe diagnostic consistency, an argument is made for considering the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) to be a more useful general‐purpose measure of consistency. In addition, more detailed analyses are used to evaluate consistency on a substantive level. These analyses begin by estimating prediction equations in a clinical calibration subsample, with WMH‐CIDI symptom‐level data used to predict SCID diagnoses, and using the coefficients from these equations to assign predicted probabilities of SCID diagnoses to each respondent in the remainder of the sample. Substantive analyses then investigate whether estimates of prevalence and associations when based on WMH‐CIDI diagnoses are consistent with those based on predicted SCID diagnoses. Multiple imputation is used to adjust estimated standard errors for the imprecision introduced by SCID diagnoses being imputed under a model rather than measured directly. A brief illustration of this approach is presented in comparing the precision of SCID and predicted SCID estimates of prevalence and correlates under varying sample designs. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
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Eligibility was assessed in a two-step diagnostic process: online self-report screening questionnaires and telephone- or voice-over-IP-administered clinical interviews conducted by trained interviewers.
“Eligibility was assessed in a two-step diagnostic process: first, through online self-report screening questionnaires which included demographic variables, and second, through outcome measures and telephone-or voice-over-IP-administered clinical interviews (Kessler et al., 2004) conducted by trained interviewers.”
From An internet‐based cognitive behavioural intervention for adults with depression in Arabic‐speaking countries: A randomized controlled trial. (2024) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2004
The ‘Clinical instrumentation, training and supervision’ section describes trained clinical interviewers and telephone-administered SCID interviews in the US studies. It does not support voice-over-IP administration or the claimed online self-report screening step in the two-step eligibility process. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe presence of major depressive disorder and an anxiety disorder was determined using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
“The presence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and an anxiety disorder (which included generalised anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia or panic disorder) were determined using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 14 .”
From The influence of personality disorder on the future mental health and social adjustment of young adults: a population-based, longitudinal cohort study (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Alcohol abuse and dependence using DSM-IV criteria was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
“Alcohol abuse and dependence using DSM-IV criteria was assessed using the CIDI.”
From The influence of personality disorder on the future mental health and social adjustment of young adults: a population-based, longitudinal cohort study (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Depressive disorder was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
“To be included in the study, participants had to speak Arabic, have a minimum age of 18 years, and suffer from a depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994), which was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; Kessler et al., 2004).”
From An internet‐based cognitive behavioural intervention for adults with depression in Arabic‐speaking countries: A randomized controlled trial. (2024) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Abelson, J., Demler, O., Escobar, J. I., Gibbon, M., Guyer, M. E., Howes, M. J., Jin, R., Vega, W. A., Walters, E. E., Wang, P., Zaslavsky, A., & Zheng, H.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 122-139
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC6878301
- OpenAlex
- W2023603356
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 22.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708)
- Harvard University
- Michigan State University
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01-MH-60220, MH60220, U01MH060220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- DSM-IV diagnosis, diagnostic consistency, severe combined immunodeficiency, structured clinical interview, prevalence estimates, receiver operating characteristic, prediction equations, multiple imputation, psychiatric diagnosis, World Mental Health Surveys
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Sampling Studies, Global Health, World Health Organization, Reproducibility of Results, Epidemiologic Research Design, Comorbidity, Bias, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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