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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,401–1,500 of 4,870
Eren, A. (2016) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-016-9348-8 · Cited by 26
“…which posits that ‘‘emotion may be modulated at five points in the emotion generative process: selection of the situation, modification of the situation, deployment of attention, change of cognitions, and modulation of experiential, behavioral or physiological responses’’ (Gross 2002, p. 282).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJiang, J., Vauras, M., Volet, S., & Salo, A. (2019) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci9020068 · Cited by 32
“Therefore, emotion expression is a dimension of emotion regulation [40,41], and may be part of the process or outcome of emotion regulation.”
BackgroundVolunteer engagement: conceptual extensions and value-in-context outcomes
Conduit, J., Karpen, I. O., & Tierney, K. D. (2019) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-06-2018-0138 · Cited by 27
Impact of surface acting and deep acting techniques on teachers’ organizational commitment
Ogunsola, O. K., Fontaine, R. A. H., & Jan, M. T. (2020) · PSU Research Review · doi:10.1108/prr-10-2019-0031 · Cited by 26
The Impact of Sexual Arousal and Emotion Regulation on Men’s Sexual Aggression Proclivity
Craig, A. N., Peterson, Z. D., Janssen, E., Goodrich, D., & Heiman, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520915544 · Cited by 25
Sertbaş, K., Çutuk, S., Soyer, F., Çutuk, Z. A., & AYDOĞAN, R. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi190730013s · Cited by 29
“Emotion regulation is the process of monitoring, evaluating, and changing the emotional responses of the person while achieving the goals set (Gross, 2002; Koole, 2009; Thompson, 1994).”
BackgroundFerschmann, L., Vijayakumar, N., Grydeland, H., Øverbye, K., Mills, K. L., Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., Pfeifer, J. H., & Tamnes, C. K. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.022 · Cited by 34
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON IMPULSE BUYING FOR ONLINE SHOPPING DURING COVID-19
Chauhan, S., Banerjee, R., & Mittal, M. (2020) · Journal of Content Community and Communication · doi:10.31620/jccc.12.20/18 · Cited by 27
“The desire for hedonic value can be viewed as a technique which restraint that sensitive to a greater need for the user to enhance entertainment or to overcome a certain need (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotional schemas mediate the relationship between emotion regulation and symptomatology
Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01560-7 · Cited by 22
“Cognitive reappraisal may be viewed as an antecedent strategy and suppression may be viewed as a consequent strategy (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialRichards, A. S., Bessarabova, E., Banas, J. A., & Larsen, M. (2021) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2021.1920443 · Cited by 25
“Emotional-regulation theorizing (e.g., Gross, 2002) notes that intervening early to help prevent the experience and expression of negative emotion requires considerably fewer cognitive resources than managing emotional responses as they continue to arise.”
BackgroundMethodLee, M., & Park, H. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-01081-z · Cited by 30
“Conclusion By integrating the under-examined research of Langer’s [12] socio-cognitive mindfulness and Gross’s [39, 40] emotion regulation strategies in nursing, this study expands the literature on nurses’ mindfulness and emotion management.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNauman, S., Malik, S. Z., Saleem, F., & Elahi, S. A. (2023) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2023.2167522 · Cited by 41
“Surface acting is achieved through suppression of emotions, while contrarily, deep acting is carried out through reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBratec, S. M., Xie, X., Schmid, G., Doll, A., Schilbach, L., Zimmer, C., Wohlschläger, A. M., Riedl, V., & Sorg, C. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.038 · Cited by 30
“Cognitive emotion regulation is a powerful way of modulating emotional responses (Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2012).”
Cristea, I. A., Tâtar, A. S., Nagy, D., & David, D. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9277-6 · Cited by 28
Approach-motivated positive affect and emotion regulation alter global–local focus and food choice
Juergensen, J., & Demaree, H. A. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9472-3 · Cited by 28
“The Process Model of emotion regulation (Gross 2002) highlights a series of steps one could use to interrupt the emotional process in order to prevent or alter an emotional experience.”
BackgroundRégulation des émotions, dépression et conduites à risques : l’alexithymie, un facteur modérateur
Bréjard, V., Bonnet, A., & Pédinielli, J.-L. (2006) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2006.06.017 · Cited by 26
Robbins, B. D., & Vandree, K. (2009) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1080/08873260802394533 · Cited by 26
“Gross' ( 1998 b, 2002 ) process model of emotion regulation identifies two broad categories of emotion regulation: antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation.”
BackgroundTeleoperated Android Robot as Emotion Regulation Media
Nishio, S., Taura, K., Sumioka, H., & Ishiguro, H. (2013) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-013-0201-3 · Cited by 26
“When our emotions are not suitable to the situation, we try to regulate our emotional responses [8].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialType D personality in patients with coronary artery disease.
Vuković, O., Toševski, D. L., Jašović‐Gašić, M., Damjanović, A., Zebić, M., Britvić, D., Stepanović, J., Djordjevic‐Dikic, A., Beleslin, B., & Ostojić, M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 26
Almeida, V., Taveira, S., Teixeira, M., Almeida, I. F., Rocha, J., & Teixeira, A. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9617-0 · Cited by 27
STAIR Narrative Therapy: A Skills Focused Approach to Trauma-Related Distress
Hassija, C. M., & Cloître, M. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400511666150629105544 · Cited by 29
Redden, S. M., & Scarduzio, J. A. (2017) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1394580 · Cited by 26
“Employees in both contexts would benefit from discussing uncomfortable interactions – those that make them feel powerless, for instance – and generating emotional responses healthier than suppression, which is linked to negative health outcomes (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCortical associates of emotional reactivity and regulation in childhood stuttering
Zengin‐Bolatkale, H., Conture, E. G., Key, A. P. F., Walden, T. A., & Jones, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.04.001 · Cited by 26
“Furthermore, different emotion regulation strategies may influence the strength of emotional reactivity (Campos, Frankel, Camras, 2004; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWhen we want them to fear us: The motivation to influence outgroup emotions in collective action
Hasan‐Aslih, S., Netzer, L., van Zomeren, M., Saguy, T., Tamir, M., & Halperin, E. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218769744 · Cited by 26
“Our perspective integrates an emotion regulation perspective (Gross, 2002; Tamir, 2016) with the social-psychological literature on collective action and social change (van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears, 2008; van Zomeren, Spears, Fischer, & Leach, 2004).”
BackgroundDemir, V., & Gündoğan, N. A. (2018) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/egeefd.332844 · Cited by 30
“Emotion regulation includes: how we experience our emotions, how we express them, also how we effect them (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCerf, M., Greenleaf, E. A., Meyvis, T., & Morwitz, V. G. (2015) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0606 · Cited by 28
Emotion Regulation and the Cognitive-Experimental Approach to Emotional Dysfunction
MacLeod, C., & Bucks, R. S. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380970 · Cited by 31
“For this review, we will adhere to the conception put forward by Gross (2002), who defines emotion regulation as the processes through which we influence our own emotions, in ways that affect when they occur, how they are felt and the manner in which they are expressed.”
Method(2008) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 26
Mousoulidou, M., Taxitari, L., & Christodoulou, A. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060109 · Cited by 33
Wingenfeld, K., Terfehr, K., Meyer, B., Löwe, B., & Spitzer, C. (2012) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000338609 · Cited by 25
Movements Indicate Threat Response Phases in Children at Risk for Anxiety
McGinnis, E. W., McGinnis, R. S., Muzik, M., Hruschak, J. L., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Perkins, N. C., Fitzgerald, K. D., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2016.2603159 · Cited by 24
“Specifically, response to potential threat (anxiety), initial response to a known threat (startle response) [5], and “response modulation” (tempering the initial response) [6] have been identified as underlying markers of risk for anxiety disorders [7]–[9].”
Distinct neural engagement during implicit and explicit regulation of negative stimuli
Fitzgerald, J. M., Kinney, K. L., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.002 · Cited by 27
Girme, Y. U., Peters, B. J., Baker, L. R., Overall, N. C., Fletcher, G. J. O., Reis, H. T., Jamieson, J. P., & Sigal, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000338 · Cited by 25
Could Acting Training Improve Social Cognition and Emotional Control?
McDonald, B., Goldstein, T. R., & Kanske, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00348 · Cited by 34
“The process of emotion regulation involves altering ongoing emotional states by employing regulatory cognitive processes; including producing changes in attention and applying cognitive control strategies (Gross, 1998, 2002; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Kanske et al., 2011).”
BackgroundKennedy, H., & Montreuil, T. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608522 · Cited by 26
“ER strategies can be antecedent or response focused such that we have the ability to utilize strategies before the emotion response has been fully activated (antecedent focused) and after the emotion is already underway (response focused) (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundPositive emotion dispositions and emotion regulation in the Italian population
Chirico, A., Shiota, M. N., & Gaggioli, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245545 · Cited by 29
“In line with the literature on positive affect [13, 15, 18, 73, 76], we also found that suppression predicted Happiness, Pride, Love, and Compassion negatively and significantly.”
ResultPauligk, S., Seidel, M., Fürtjes, S., King, J. A., Geisler, D., Hellerhoff, I., Roessner, V., Schmidt, U. H., Goschke, T., Walter, H., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01405-8 · Cited by 28
Where is emotional feeling felt in the body? An integrative review
Davey, S., Halberstadt, J. B., & Bell, E. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261685 · Cited by 29
“Higher levels of interoceptive sensitivity have been associated with greater emotion regulation [30] and linked [31] to two components of the “process model” of emotion regulation [32].”
BackgroundWang, D., Hu, T., Luo, R., Shen, Q.-Q., Wang, Y., Li, X., Jiang, Q., Zhu, L., Cui, L., & Yin, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.860817 · Cited by 33
“Although there are a considerable number of ways to regulate emotions, one prominent and adaptive approach to control emotions is through cognitive reappraisal (Gross and John, 2003; Gross, 2010; Uphill et al., 2012).”
BackgroundImpact of the global pandemic upon young people's use of technology for emotion regulation
Tag, B., van Berkel, N., Vargo, A. W., Sarsenbayeva, Z., Colasante, T., Wadley, G., Webber, S. E., Smith, W., Koval, P., Hollenstein, T., et al. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100192 · Cited by 26
“Suppression is defined as an ER strategy influencing the behavioral component of the emotional experience that aims at decreasing the expression of emotional behavior (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSternheim, L. C., van Passel, B., Dingemans, A. E., Cath, D. C., & Danner, U. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868921 · Cited by 24
Emotional Regulation and Its Influence on the Experience of Stuttering Across the Life Span
Tichenor, S. E., Walsh, B. M., Gerwin, K. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00467 · Cited by 30
Hartanto, A., Wong, J., Lua, V. Y. Q., Tng, G. Y. Q., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., & Majeed, N. M. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221135476 · Cited by 33
“There are many emotion regulation strategies, and each can be either adaptive or maladaptive in altering the experience or expression of emotions in order to achieve a goal (Aldao et al., 2010; Gross, 2002; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLogoz, F., Eggenberger, L., Komlenac, N., Schneeberger, M., Ehlert, U., & Walther, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1100114 · Cited by 39
“While reappraisal is considered a functional strategy by allowing individuals to successfully reduce negative affect, expressive suppression is more often associated with negative consequences, such as is increased physiological arousal, and often elicits a rebound effect that makes the suppressed emotion even more pr…”
BackgroundByun, S., & Jeon, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152557 · Cited by 25
“Reappraisal emotion regulation changes one’s cognitive evaluation or understanding of the cause of emotions, whereas suppression emotion regulation is direct restraint of one’s reaction to emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex on voluntary emotion regulation of social pain
Yu, W., Li, Y., Cao, X., Mo, L., Chen, Y., & Zhang, D. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26411 · Cited by 26
Loftness, B. C., Halvorson-Phelan, J., O’Leary, A., Bradshaw, C., Prytherch, S., Berman, I., Torous, J. B., Copeland, W., Cheney, N., McGinnis, R. S., et al. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3337649 · Cited by 24
Petri‐Romão, P., Engen, H. G., Rupanova, A., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Zerban, M., Neumann, R. J., Malyshau, A., Ahrens, K. F., Schick, A., Kollmann, B., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295562 · Cited by 31
“In conclusion, appraisal is considered the key generative factor in stress responses and, consequently, in mental health and resilience [8,63,80].”
BackgroundBreathwork: An Additional Treatment Option for Depression and Anxiety?
Lalande, L., Bambling, M., King, R., & Lowe, R. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-011-9180-6 · Cited by 28
“…and Psychopathology The suppression of inner experience, which is assumed in breathwork to be detrimental to mental health whether achieved through inhibited breathing or not, has been shown to play a role in the aetiology and persistence of anxiety and depression (Gross 2002; Purdon 1999).”
BackgroundHoffmann, F., Singer, T., & Steinbeis, N. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12338 · Cited by 28
Dennison, L., Moss-Morris, R., Yardley, L., Kirby, S., & Chalder, T. (2013) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2013.767904 · Cited by 30
“A beneficial role for becoming more able and willing to experience and share negative emotional responses fits with the wider literature on emotional regulation in chronic illness (de Ridder, Geenen, Kuijer, & van Middendorp, 2008; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation in incarcerated young offenders with psychopathic traits
Heinzen, H., Koehler, D., Smeets, T. J. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2011.623171 · Cited by 25
“Emotion regulation strategies have also been classified according to their effectiveness in modifying a current aversive emotional state (Gross, 2002; Weber, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWatford, T. S., & Stafford, J. (2015) · Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000039 · Cited by 25
“Gross (2002) demonstrated that attempts to suppress emotion minimize the external expression of emotion, but have little to no effect on the private, internal experience of emotion, and may become problematic.”
BackgroundOldehinkel, A. J., Hartman, C. A., Nederhof, E., Riese, H., & Ormel, J. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000095 · Cited by 25
“It has been postulated that behavioral regulation increases sympathetic nervous system activation but does not dampen unpleasant experiences (Gross, 2002; Jackson, Malmstadt, Larson, & Davidson, 2000; Ochsner and Gross, 2005), which is consistent with our findings.”
BackgroundResultEffects of prefrontal rTMS on autonomic reactions to affective pictures
Berger, C., Domes, G., Balschat, J., Thome, J., & Höppner, J. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1491-4 · Cited by 26
“There are a number of emotion regulation strategies, including emotion suppression, reappraisal (Gross 2002), distraction (Tracey et al. 2002), and detachment (Beauregard et al. 2001).”
BackgroundYıldız, M. A. (2016) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2016.6193 · Cited by 25
The role of cognitive reappraisal in placebo analgesia: an fMRI study
van der Meulen, M., Kamping, S., & Anton, F. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx033 · Cited by 27
“Interestingly, cognitive reappraisal has been termed an ‘antecedent-focused’ regulatory strategy, which can be employed before the onset of an aversive event (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundConflict-driven adaptive control is enhanced by integral negative emotion on a short time scale
Yang, Q., & Pourtois, G. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1434132 · Cited by 29
“…the amount of negative emotion but also the actual strategies used by participants to deal with it (e.g. coping style and/or emotion regulation; see Gross, 2002; Gross & Jazaieri, 2014) could be measured more systematically in future studies and related to possible changes in CAE by means of…”
MethodButler, O., Willmund, G., Gleich, T., Zimmermann, P. L., Lindenberger, U., Gallinat, J., & Kühn, S. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9905-x · Cited by 26
“At the broadest level, strategies can be divided into early (antecedent-focused) and late (response-focused) (Gross 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundLi, G., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030250 · Cited by 29
“Research has shown that individuals using different emotion regulation strategies produce extremely different emotion perceptions and emotional responses [29].”
BackgroundGe, D. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02631-1 · Cited by 28
“The scale was developed by Gross and revised by Wang et al. [40, 57], the scale consists of 10 items in two factors: cognitive reappraisal (e.g., ‘I control my emotions by changing the way I think about the situation I’m in’) and expressive suppression(e.g., ‘I control my emotions by not expressing…”
Jiang, Y., & Hong, J. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.05.004 · Cited by 24
Moore, S. A., & Zoellner, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.024411 · Cited by 26
Emotional Aspects of Risk Perceptions
Tompkins, M. K., Bjälkebring, P., & Peters, E. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92478-6_5 · Cited by 24
Berke, D. S., Leone, R. M., Parrott, D. J., & Gallagher, K. E. (2019) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000199 · Cited by 24
“Thought suppression has also been shown to increase physiological activation (Gross, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1993) and negative urgency (Gay, Schmidt, & Linden, 2011), activate negative affect (Amstadter & Vernon, 2008; Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; McDermott, Tull, Soenke, Jakupcak, & Gratz, 2010; W…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFairclough, S. H., & Dobbins, C. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102499 · Cited by 28
“The act of emotional regulation in situ can be cognitively demanding (Gross, 2002) hence feedback may be more constructive when delivered retrospectively at a time of the user’s choosing when they have sufficient cognitive capacity to reflect upon their data.”
BackgroundEmotion regulation questionnaire-adapted and individual differences in emotion regulation
Seixas, R., Pignault, A., & Houssemand, C. (2021) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.2755 · Cited by 29
“Five families of emotion regulation strategies can be differentiated: situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation (Gross, 1998, 2008; Gross & John, 2003; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialGlosemeyer, R. W., Diekelmann, S., Cassel, W., Kesper, K., Koehler, U., Westermann, S., Steffen, A., Borgwardt, S., Wilhelm, I., Müller‐Pinzler, L., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74169-8 · Cited by 27
Zhang, Y., & Bian, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569438 · Cited by 36
“Keywords: emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expression suppression, across gender, measurement invariance INTRODUCTION Emotion regulation implies the process that individuals use to regulate, experience, and express their emotions (Gross, 2002; John and Gross, 2007; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEgermann, H., & Reuben, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.510029 · Cited by 32
“Therefore, aesthetic judgment could be similar to general cognitive appraisal of goal congruency (Scherer, 2005) and emotional reappraisal, which has been suggested to influence emotion regulation in general (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSadness regulation strategies and measurement: A scoping review
Zaid, S. M., Hutagalung, F. D., Hamid, H. S. A., & Taresh, S. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256088 · Cited by 27
“Gross [38] addressed the need to expand the focus to other forms of emotion regulation than the two most studied; reappraisal (cognitive change) and expressive suppression (response modulation).”
BackgroundPredictors of Severity and Change in Emotion Dysregulation among Children and Adolescents with ASD
Northrup, J. B., Patterson, M. T., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1955369 · Cited by 27
“ity to upregulate positive emotion (Giuliani et al., 2008; Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004), yet the vast majority of research on individuals with ASD has focused solely on difficulty with down-regulation of negative emotion.”
BackgroundPark, H. R. P., Quidé, Y., Schofield, P. R., Williams, L. M., & Gatt, J. M. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01849-6 · Cited by 24
“On the other hand, a response-focused strategy, such as expressive suppression, works to modify the emotional response after it has already been triggered [22].”
BackgroundDedahanov, A. T., Fayzullaev, A. K. U., & Abdurazzakov, O. S. (2022) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-11-2021-0526 · Cited by 26
Kim, K., Lee, J.-E., & Yoon, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042782 · Cited by 24
The Influence of Emotion and Emotion Regulation on Complex Problem-Solving Performance
Güss, C. D., & Starker, U. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11060276 · Cited by 30
“Research on emotional intelligence [59] and emotion regulation [60,61] has advocated for this position and shown empirical evidence”
BackgroundLiu, H., Li, H., & Fang, F. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12501 · Cited by 27
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Type D Personality Scale (DS14).
Bagherian, R., & Ehsan, H. B. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 24
Emotions and appraisals: Can you have one without the other?
Siemer, M., & Reisenzein, R. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.26 · Cited by 25
“” Siemer, Mauss, and Gross (2006) recently conducted a study with an anger-induction paradigm that largely matched Stemmler’s (see also, Mauss, Evers, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2006).”
BackgroundAnger Suppression Predicts Pain, Emotional, and Cardiovascular Responses to the Cold Pressor
Quartana, P., Bounds, S., Yoon, K. L., Goodin, B., & Burns, J. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9182-8 · Cited by 35
“Borrowing from the broader literature on thought [22] and emotion [ 23 ] suppression, we recently advanced an ironic process model of anger suppression and pain [10].”
Bjälkebring, P., Västfjäll, D., & Johansson, B. E. A. (2013) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000102 · Cited by 25
“tion strategy more often than young adults (Gross, 2003).”
BackgroundPsychological flexibility and self-concealment as predictors of disordered eating symptoms
Masuda, A., & Latzman, R. D. (2012) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.002 · Cited by 24
“One such factor that has been of great interest in recent years is emotion/behavior regulation (Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010; Gross, 2002; Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006).”
BackgroundA Theoretic Review of Emotion Regulation
Chen, H. (2016) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2016.42020 · Cited by 25
Second Language Use Facilitates Implicit Emotion Regulation via Content Labeling
Morawetz, C., Oganian, Y., Schlickeiser, U., Jacobs, A. M., & Heekeren, H. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00366 · Cited by 25
“It includes the cognitive re-evaluation of the meaning, cause, consequence, or personal significance of an emotionally arousing event in order to alter its emotional impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe temporal and spatial brain dynamics of automatic emotion regulation in children
Urbain, C. M., Sato, J., Pang, E. W., & Taylor, M. J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.05.004 · Cited by 24
Owens, A. P., Low, D. A., Critchley, H., & Mathias, C. J. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.01.004 · Cited by 28
“Emotion regulation (ER) encapsulates a set of adaptive psychophysiological processes that support the online monitoring, evaluation and modification of emotional reactions (56) (57).”
Burlaka, V., Wu, Q., Wu, S., & Churakova, I. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01377-w · Cited by 22
“While coping by positive reappraisal does not attempt to change the stressful situation, changing the way one thinks about the situation is essential for decreasing the impact of the pressure that arises from the frustrating life circumstances (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundDörfel, D., Gärtner, A., & Scheffel, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00128 · Cited by 23
“…response has not fully unfolded and the negativity of an event itself is altered, whereas responsefocused strategies such as expressive suppression often fail in fully modifying the emotional response since they are initiated later in the emotion-generative process (for a review see Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundTesting the Effectiveness of Knowledge and Behavior Therapy in Patients of Hemiplegic Stroke
Chang, K., Zhang, H., Xia, Y., & Chen, C. (2011) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/tsr1805-525 · Cited by 24
Macdonald, S. A., Freeman, E., Pollick, F. E., & Brewster, S. A. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3648615 · Cited by 28
Peng, B., Chen, W., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1521510 · Cited by 23
The power of emotion regulation: how managing sadness influences depression and anxiety?
Zaid, S. M., Hutagalung, F. D., Hamid, H. S. A., & Taresh, S. M. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02354-3 · Cited by 23
“Cognitive reappraisal significantly predicted reduced depression, aligning with studies highlighting its role in reframing sad situations and fostering psychological resilience [58–60].”
Solmaz, S., İnan, M., & Şahin, M. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1544044 · Cited by 23
“According to emotion regulation theory, individuals use various strategies to cope with negative emotional states and attempt to reduce emotional intensity (64).”
Yuan, Y., Xu, H., Gao, L., & Cheng, H. (2025) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06392 · Cited by 28
Bahremand, M., Alikhani, M., Zakiei, A., Janjani, P., & Aghaei, A. (2015) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n1p173 · Cited by 23
Lemaire, M., El-Hage, W., & Frangou, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00571 · Cited by 23
“…in western cultures (Zhou and Bishop, 2012), minimal (Webb et al., 2012; Dan-Glauser and Gross, 2013), or decreased impact on emotion experience (Gross and Levenson, 1993, 1997; Gross, 2002; Butler et al., 2013) and adverse cognitive effects (Hayes et al., 2010; Moore and Zoellner, 2012).”
BackgroundIdentity status and emotion regulation in adolescence and early adulthood
Jankowski, P. (2013) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/ppb-2013-0032 · Cited by 23
Monin, J. K., Schulz, R., Lemay, E. P., & Cook, T. B. (2012) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0027418 · Cited by 23
“…(e.g., Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998) and cognitive change has the potential to dampen physiological arousal in potentiallydistressing contexts (Gross, 2002), no research has examined how the use of these particular emotion regulation strategies—or individual differences in the use of these…”
BackgroundDoes suppressing negative emotion impair subsequent emotions? Two experience sampling studies
Ruan, Y., Reis, H. T., Zaręba, W., & Lane, R. D. (2019) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09774-w · Cited by 24
Tarle, S. J., Alderson, R. M., Arrington, E. F., & Roberts, D. K. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719864636 · Cited by 29
“Across the life span, children use inhibition to downregulate their emotions, based on social norms (e.g., Gross, 2002; Thompson, 1994), and use working memory to interpret co-occurring or complex emotions by recognizing emotional expressions, considering the context of a situation, and deciding…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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