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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,501–1,600 of 4,870
A general theoretical framework for the design of artificial emotion systems in Autonomous Agents
Rosales, J.-H., Rodríguez, L.-F., & Ramos, F. (2019) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2019.08.003 · Cited by 23
Slep, A. M. S., Heyman, R. E., Lorber, M. F., Tiberio, S. S., & Casillas, K. L. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12634 · Cited by 25
Martínez‐Rodrigo, A., García-Martínez, B., Herráiz, Á. H., & Alcaraz, R. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21093050 · Cited by 23
“Consequently, the accurate detection and regulation of distress could be essential to maintaining a healthy functioning [8].”
BackgroundValues and COVID-19 worries: The importance of emotional stability traits
Fischer, R. D., Bortolini, T., Pilati, R., Porto, J. B., & Moll, J. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111079 · Cited by 23
“…processing, which specify that situationally salient stimuli will be processed depending on the emotional processing capacities of the organism, which in turn affects motivation and behavior, including values (e.g., Corr & Krupić, 2017; DeYoung, 2015; Fischer, 2017; Gross, 2002; Lewis, 2015).”
BackgroundKang, J. M., & Guo, H. (2021) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525098.2021.1956760 · Cited by 29
“The decrease in positive emotionexpressive behaviour by suppression (Gross 2001) impaired social support, less favoured, and even increased blood pressure in the social partner (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundLeonidou, L. C., Aykol, B., Larimo, J. A., Kyrgidou, L. P., & Christodoulides, P. (2021) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-021-00447-w · Cited by 23
“If there is incongruity between the emotions felt and the current situation, the individual down-regulates or 372 L. C. Leonidou et al. 1 3 up-regulates emotional responses to ensure that emotions enable them to attain their goals (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundReframing anxiety and uncertainty in the mathematics classroom
Buckley, S., & Sullivan, P. (2021) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/s13394-021-00393-8 · Cited by 28
“Emotion regulation occurs when an individual modifies the impact of an emotion on their mental state by changing the type of emotion they are experiencing, its intensity or how it is expressed (Gross, 2002).”
Background“We Go Together”: Understanding social cause-related purchase intentions of young adults
Arslanagić-Kalajdžić, M., Kadić‐Maglajlić, S., Dlačić, J., & Žabkar, V. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.072 · Cited by 31
Shen, K. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04132-5 · Cited by 29
“…of outward emotional expression to control emotional responses, was regarded as a maladaptive behavioral strategy resulting in adverse emotional, social and cognitive consequences (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; John & Gross, 2004) including increased depressive symptoms (Sai et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation as Predictor of Academic Performance in University Students
Nadeem, A., Umer, F., & Anwar, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology · doi:10.52053/jpap.v4i1.157 · Cited by 40
Palmieri, S., Sassaroli, S., Ruggiero, G. M., Caselli, G., Spada, M. M., & Mansueto, G. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10398-1 · Cited by 25
“Emotion regulation refers to the processes by which individuals modulate their affective experiences using cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, and intrapersonal strategies (Gross, 2002; Gross & Thompson, 2007).”
BackgroundChildren's prosocial and aggressive behaviors: The role of emotion regulation and sympathy
Vecchio, G. M., Zava, F., Cattelino, E., Zuffianò, A., & Pallini, S. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101598 · Cited by 28
Engaging through storytelling: the interplay of engagement with a story, cause, and charity
Kaczorowska, K., Conduit, J., & Goodman, S. (2023) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/s41262-023-00343-8 · Cited by 24
“…role in the prosocial effects of engagement (Conduit et al. 2019) is justified; negative emotions often have a stronger impact on social implications than positive affective responses (Gross 2002), and moral guilt can initiate such social behaviour as volunteering or donations (McKay et al. 2013).”
Homework Emotion Management at the Secondary School Level: Antecedents and Homework Completion
Xu, J. (2011) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811111300303 · Cited by 23
“Antecedent-focused regulation refers to “things we do before the emotion response tendencies have become fully activated” (Gross, 2002, p. 282), including strategies such as situation selection and situation modification.”
BackgroundInfluentialRoisin, P., & Tormey, R. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/35654 · Cited by 24
“The ability to regulate emotions also should influence how teachers express emotions, manage stress, and interact with others (Gil-Olarte Marquez, Palomera, & Brackett, 2006; Gross, 2002; Lopes, Salovey, Côté, & Beers, 2005).”
Three Views of Emotion Regulation and Health
Butler, E. A. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00372.x · Cited by 29
Expressive suppression and enhancement during music-elicited emotions in younger and older adults
Vieillard, S., Harm, J., & Bigand, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00011 · Cited by 24
“More generally, taking into account that expressive regulation is more costly than the other emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 2002), the preserved expressive regulation skills in older adults compared to younger adults suggests that different strategies were used across age groups to control outward signs of emot…”
BackgroundInfluentialFacial emotion perception abnormality in patients with early schizophrenia
Tsui, C. F., Huang, J., Lui, S. S. Y., Au, A. C. W., Leung, M. M. W., Cheung, E. F. C., & Chan, R. C. K. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.019 · Cited by 23
“This speculation is consistentwith the processmodel of emotion regulation, which describes the diversion of attention away from negative emotion-provoking stimulus in the early stage of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002).”
Reduced facial reactivity as a contributor to preserved emotion regulation in older adults.
Pedder, D. J., Terrett, G., Bailey, P. E., Henry, J. D., Ruffman, T., & Rendell, P. G. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0039985 · Cited by 23
Designing emotional support messages tailored to stressors
Kindness, P., Masthoff, J., & Mellish, C. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.07.010 · Cited by 24
“Emotional support Emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 2002)”
BackgroundJohnson, J., O'Connor, D. B., Jones, C. A., Jackson, C., Hughes, G. J., & Ferguson, E. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2080 · Cited by 25
“In their theory of emotion regulation strategies, Gross and colleagues (Gross, 1998a, 2002) have studied emotion reappraisal alongside expressive suppression, where individuals seek to mask the emotions they are experiencing.”
BackgroundAu, A. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2016.1264036 · Cited by 23
“support, less relationship closeness, and less social likeability (Butler et al 2003; Gross 2002; Gross & John 2003; John & Gross 2004).”
BackgroundYou, X., Ju, C., Wang, M., Zhang, B., & Liu, P. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx137 · Cited by 23
Parenting Style and Emotion Regulation in Mothers of Preschool Children
Bahrami, B., Dolatshahi, B., Pourshahbaz, A., & Mohammadkhani, P. (2018) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.6.1.3 · Cited by 23
Invarianza factorial y temporal del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ)
Pineda, D., Valiente, R. M., Chorot, P., Piqueras, J. A., & Sandín, B. (2018) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.23.num.2.2018.21823 · Cited by 23
“La manera en que las personas regulan las emociones afecta a sus relaciones, su bienestar y percepción y experiencia del estrés (Gross, 2002; Lopes, Salovey, Côté, y Beers, 2005;)”
BackgroundCapturing naturally occurring emotional suppression as it unfolds in couple interactions.
Dworkin, J. D., Zimmerman, V., Waldinger, R. J., & Schulz, M. S. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000524 · Cited by 21
Pruessner, L., Holt, D. V., Gölz, R., Sevcenko, N., Hofmann, S. G., & Backenstraß, M. (2019) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000239 · Cited by 24
“Vor dem Hintergrund seines Modells (Gross, 2002; für eine Erweiterung siehe Gross, 2015) wurden in den letzten Jah-Diagnostica ren vor allem intrapersonelle Aspekte der Emotionsregu-lation untersucht (im Überblick Hofmann, 2016).”
BackgroundStrategies secondary school principals use to manage their emotions
Hauseman, C. (2020) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2020.1734211 · Cited by 23
“Strategies associated with cognitive change allow an individual to select the meaning they want to attach to a given emotional situation by changing how they think about it, which can decrease the intensity of an emotion or even transform it (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEMOTION MATTERS: EXPLORING THE EMOTIONAL LABOR OF TEACHING
Brown, E. L. (2011) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 22
Self-Conscious Emotion: How two Teachers Explore the Emotional Work of Teaching
Gallant, A. (2013) · Advances in research on teaching · doi:10.1108/s1479-3687(2013)0000018013 · Cited by 23
“However, she recognized the need to control the experience of emotions and how these are expressed (Gross, 2002; Sutton et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSocial Cognitive Processing in Violent Male Offenders
Lim, L., Day, A., & Casey, S. (2010) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218711003739490 · Cited by 23
“…largely outside conscious awareness, however, there is evidence that some individuals ‘‘reappraise’’ incoming stimuli as a means of re-construing an anger-inducing situation in less hostile terms (i.e., the angry emotion is not consciously experienced) (Davey, Day, & Howells, 2005; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: Dysfunction in the prefrontal-amygdala circuit?
Lobo, I., Oliveira, L., David, I. A., Pereira, M. G., Volchan, E., Rocha-Rego, V., Figueira, I. L. D. V., & Mocaiber, I. (2011) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.3922/j.psns.2011.2.004 · Cited by 25
“…or unconscious strategies to maintain, increase, or decrease one or more components of the emotional response, including feelings, behaviors, and physiological responses involved in the construction of emotions (Gross, 1998, 2002; Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Mauss, Evers, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2006).”
BackgroundLuterek, J. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Marx, B. P. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20027 · Cited by 23
The process of self‐regulation in adolescents: A narrative approach
Conover, K., & Daiute, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.03.006 · Cited by 24
“Adolescents living in high-risk settings are often presented with situations that call for regulation of emotions, cognitions and behaviors, yet these contexts are not ideal for building these skills (Gilligan, 2000; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Role of Emotional Competence in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Compare, A., Brugnera, A., Spada, M. M., Zarbo, C., Tasca, G. A., Sassaroli, S., Caselli, G., Ruggiero, G. M., & Wittstein, I. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000564 · Cited by 22
A Digital Coach to Promote Emotion Regulation Skills
Hopman, K., Richards, D., & Norberg, M. M. (2023) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti7060057 · Cited by 26
“It is well recognised that effective emotion regulation is critical for health and wellbeing [27].”
BackgroundLópez-Guerrero, J., Navas, J. F., Perales, J. C., Rivero, F. J., & Muela, I. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00512-4 · Cited by 31
“…for a range of difficulties to modulate the valence, intensity, and time course of emotional or affective states, so that emotions transpire in ways that hinder progress towards one’s goals, and increase the susceptibility to some mental health conditions, including addictive disorders [21–24].”
BackgroundWang, Z., Liu, C.-Y., Wang, Y.-M., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.046 · Cited by 28
Mograbi, D. C., Hall, S., Arantes, B., & Huntley, J. D. (2023) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1670 · Cited by 37
Context matters: task relevance shapes neural responses to emotional facial expressions
Mirabella, G., Tullo, M. G., Sberna, G., & Galati, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68803-y · Cited by 22
Emotion regulation: From neural circuits to a transdiagnostic perspective
Morawetz, C., Hemetsberger, F. J., Laird, A. R., & Kohn, N. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105960 · Cited by 27
“…meta-analyses (CBMA) using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach (Eickhoff et al., 2012; Laird, 2009; Turkeltaub et al., 2012, 2002) have proven successful over the past decade (Eickhoff et al., 2016), enabling researchers to pinpoint brain regions with consistent activation…”
Wang, J., & Wang, S. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050665 · Cited by 26
“Emotion regulation refers to the process in which an individual attempts to change the intensity, duration, frequency, and category of their current or expected emotional state (Gross, 2002).”
Fiess, J., Rockstroh, B. S., Schmidt, R., & Steffen, A. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.10.009 · Cited by 26
Harrison, N., & Chassy, P. (2019) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000202 · Cited by 19
“The ability to appropriately control and regulate one’s emotional reactions is therefore of great importance for healthy psychological and social functioning (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundI Am So Tired… How Fatigue May Exacerbate Stress Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach
Achnak, S., Griep, Y., & Vantilborgh, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00231 · Cited by 21
“, PC breach) that triggers negative emotions will have to engage in emotionregulation efforts that require the availability of (energetic) resources to effectively deal with this negative work event (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCheung, R. Y. M., Chung, H. S., & Ng, M. C. Y. (2019) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696818824719 · Cited by 22
“Emotion regulation refers to individuals’ ability to control their experience, expression, and behavior associated with their immediate emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation, homework completion, and math achievement: Testing models of reciprocal effects
Xu, J., Du, J., Liu, F., & Huang, B. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101810 · Cited by 22
Filipino Teachers' Compartmentalization Ability, Emotional Intelligence, and Teaching Performance
Go, M. B., Golbin, R. A., Velos, S. P., et al. (2020) · Asian Journal of University Education · doi:10.24191/ajue.v16i3.7912 · Cited by 22
“It only pertains that teachers can display emotions in the workplace appropriately, especially when the suffering of a personal issue is considered a skill which can be linked to a teacher's overall emotion regulation competence (Gross, 2002; Hagenauer, Hascher, & Volet, 2015).”
BackgroundJeong, S., An, J., & Cho, S. (2020) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.2021.34.1.94 · Cited by 22
“Gross [38] argued that when recognizing a certain emotion, the preceding event or situation affects emotion recognition.”
BackgroundWatson‐Singleton, N. N., Pennefather, J. T., & Trusty, T. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01534-9 · Cited by 31
“Common types of emotion regulation difficulties include emotional avoidance/suppression and emotional over-engagement (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSimão, A. M. V., Ferreira, P. C., Pereira, N., Oliveira, S., Paulino, P., Rosa, H., Ribeiro, R., Coheur, L., Carvalho, J. P., & Trancoso, I. M. (2021) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-021-09852-7 · Cited by 26
Li, M., He, Q., Zhao, J. M., Xu, Z., & Yang, H. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103588 · Cited by 24
Zhao, T., Ye, L., Hu, Z., & Fu, Z. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104549 · Cited by 23
Hung, T.-K., Wang, C., Tian, M., Lin, M., & Liu, W. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221105483 · Cited by 26
“Emotional responses can arise automatically or after pervasive cognitive processes (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMethlagl, M., & Vogl, P. (2022) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2022.2096003 · Cited by 23
“‘Emotion regulation refers to the processes by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them’ (Gross 2002, 282).”
BackgroundThe rise and fall of job insecurity during a pandemic: The role of habitual coping
Khawli, E. E., Keller, A. C., Agostini, M., Gützkow, B., Kreienkamp, J., Leander, N. P., & Scheibe, S. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103792 · Cited by 24
“They therefore have important implications for the way people deal with stress and regulate emotional responses (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007; Gross, 2002; Skinner et al., 2003).”
BackgroundLincă, F. I., Budișteanu, M., Popovici, D. V., & Cucu, N. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111637 · Cited by 26
“They might change their facial expressions and vocal tone, suppress their thoughts, increase or decrease their physiological arousal, and even change their subjective feelings [51].”
BackgroundZhu, L. Y., Bauman, C. W., & Young, M. J. (2022) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104209 · Cited by 28
Brænden, A., Coldevin, M., Zeiner, P., Stubberud, J., & Melinder, A. (2023) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02143-6 · Cited by 23
“This suggests that deficits in the capacity to regulate subjective experience and expression of emotions, and the reduction of emotional arousal [43], is a unique, separate, and additional problem to ADHD that should be given specific attention in interventions.”
BackgroundMaalouf, E., Hallit, S. R., Salameh, P., & Hosseini, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1097873 · Cited by 24
Walker, S., Pinkus, R. T., Olderbak, S. G., & MacCann, C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04432-4 · Cited by 23
“Research distinguishes between Emotion regulation refers to the processes people use to influence the intensity, duration, and expression of emotions (Gross, 2002).”
Generation Z's attitudes toward virtual tourism: the impact of implicit and explicit attitudes
Rodrigues, P. C. L., Sousa, A., & Borges, A. P. (2023) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/emjb-05-2023-0135 · Cited by 24
Exploring online consumer review-management response dynamics: A heuristic-systematic perspective
Hung, H.-Y., Hu, Y., Lee, N. J., & Tsai, H.-T. (2023) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2023.114087 · Cited by 24
Coping flexibility, forward focus and trauma focus in older widows and widowers
Knowles, L. M., & O'Connor, M.-F. (2015) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2015.1028200 · Cited by 22
“There is considerable evidence that coping and emotion regulation strategies play a significant role in overall adjustment, in both the short- and long-term (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Gross, 1998; Gross, 1999; Gross, 2002; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).”
BackgroundSitting and silent meditation as a strategy to study emotion regulation.
Menezes, C. B., Pereira, M. G., & Bizarro, L. (2012) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.3922/j.psns.2012.1.05 · Cited by 24
“More recently, these theories have been integrated in a broader, well-established model of emotion regulation where reappraisal and attention allocation are some of the strategies that can be used along a continuum, occurring before or after the emotion onset (Gross, 1998; 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-structure and emotional experience
Ditzfeld, C. P., & Showers, C. J. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.845083 · Cited by 24
“Although psychology research has a rich history of studying outcomes such as coping (e.g., Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), emotion regulation (e.g., Gross, 2002) and self-esteem stability (e.g., Kernis, 2003) by focusing on the cognitive response to both good and bad circumstances, research actually is…”
BackgroundAre Most People Happy? Exploring the Meaning of Subjective Well-Being Ratings
Ponocny, I., Weismayer, C., Stross, B., & Dressler, S. G. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9710-0 · Cited by 22
“…be given, one where the selfrating seems to characterize coping with unfavorable conditions rather than the actual hedonic status, and one which seems to involve cognitive reappraisal or suppression of emotional expression which are well-known strategies of emotion regulation (e.g. Gross 2002).”
BackgroundHow Novice EFL Teachers Regulate Their Negative Emotions
Tejeda, S. A., de González, B. S. G., & Martínez, C. L. D. J. L. (2016) · HOW · doi:10.19183/how.23.1.299 · Cited by 22
“In this respect, Gross (2002) describes emotional regulation as the ability to control the experience and the expressions of emotions.”
BackgroundMotives for Emotion Regulation in Service Work
von Gilsa, L., & Zapf, D. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2013)0000011009 · Cited by 22
López‐Pérez, B., Gummerum, M., Wilson, E. L., & Dellaria, G. (2016) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2016.1230085 · Cited by 22
Singh, R. P., Singh, R. K., & Banerji, D. (2018) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-10-2016-0236 · Cited by 22
Targeting the link between loneliness and paranoia via an interventionist-causal model framework
Gollwitzer, A., Wilczynska, M., & Jaya, E. S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.050 · Cited by 23
“If negative affect indeed mediates the effect of loneliness on paranoia, how could one target this mediating process? One well-known intervention technique that can change negative affect is an emotional regulation technique refereed to as cognitive reappraisal – cognitive reappraisal has been found to reduce negative…”
The Role of Inhibitory Control Mechanisms in the Regulation of Sexual Behavior
Rodríguez‐Nieto, G., Emmerling, F., Dewitte, M. D., Sack, A. T., & Schuhmann, T. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1283-7 · Cited by 25
“To address the possibility of different sexual inhibitory processes, we refer to the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002).”
MethodResultPerceived contract violation and job satisfaction
Clercq, D. D., Haq, I. U., & Azeem, M. U. (2019) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-07-2019-1837 · Cited by 25
Alfano, C. A., Bower, J. L., Harvey, A. G., Beidel, D. C., Sharp, C., & Palmer, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13287 · Cited by 24
“Since suppression reflects a downstream regulatory strategy employed after an emotional response has been generated (Gross, 2002) and children reported marginally reduced arousal during positive movies after SR, suppressing these responses likely posed less of a challenge.”
BackgroundThe temporal dynamics of emotion dysregulation in prescription opioid misuse
Hudak, J., Prince, K. C., Marchand, W. R., Nakamura, Y., Hanley, A. W., Bryan, C. J., Froeliger, B., & Garland, E. L. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110024 · Cited by 22
“…cognitive strategies like reappraisal (i.e., reframing one’s interpretation of an emotional stimulus to decrease its negative emotional impact; see Gross, 2002) or increase their positive emotional response through strategies like savoring (i.e., focusing on the pleasant features of an emotional…”
BackgroundKim, M., Hwang, W. J., Park, J., Kim, T., Oh, S., & Kwon, J. S. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa080 · Cited by 21
Olatunji, B. O., Forsyth, J. P., & Feldner, M. T. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.257 · Cited by 22
Emotion Regulation After Traumatic Brain Injury
Aboulafia-Brakha, T., Allain, P., & Ptak, R. (2015) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000171 · Cited by 24
Winterheld, H. A. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000291 · Cited by 25
“…dyadic communication and common coping (e.g., Bodenmann, 2005), then protective buffering, even when well intentioned, will most likely remain what Gross (2002) referred to as a “blunt instrument” when referring to the inhibition of emotion expression, “. . . masking important social signals that…”
BackgroundMINDFULNESS IN DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) FOR BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Welch, S. S., Rizvi, S. L., & Dimidjian, S. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088519-0/50007-1 · Cited by 22
Heimberg, R. G., & Ritter, M. R. (2008) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00140.x · Cited by 21
“In discussing this criticism, both Arch and Craske (2008) and Hofmann and Asmundson (2008) refer to the work of Gross (2002) on emotion regulation.”
BackgroundEngaged teachers and well-being: the mediating role of burnout dimensions
Angelini, G., Mamprin, C., Borrelli, I., Santoro, P. E., Gualano, M. R., Moscato, U., & Fiorilli, C. (2024) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2024.2404507 · Cited by 36
“In fact, according to the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002), emotion suppression is one of the two key strategies for regulating emotions.”
Bai, B., & Li, J. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.104965 · Cited by 24
Wang, W., Wang, J., Liu, Y., & Deng, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05173-z · Cited by 28
Lemaire, M., El‐Hage, W., & Frangou, S. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.07.008 · Cited by 21
“In ecological settings, patients may selectively focus their attention on more distressing situations or cues [22,29].”
BackgroundNeuroanatomy of expressive suppression: The role of the insula.
Muhtadie, L., Haase, C. M., Verstaen, A., Sturm, V. E., Miller, B. L., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000710 · Cited by 22
“…of expressive suppression is concealing rather than diminishing the underlying emotion (i.e., suppression does not appear to have an impact on the intensity of subjective emotional experience; Gross, 2002a; Gross & Levenson, 1993; Levenson, 1994), it is best viewed as a social regulation strategy.”
BackgroundLoneliness and emotion regulation: Implications of having social anxiety disorder
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., Lanham, S., Jillard, C., & Bates, G. W. (2020) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12296 · Cited by 22
Mao, C., Lin, M., Shen, S., Li, Y., Xie, Z., & Li, P. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3075 · Cited by 23
Negative Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Dropping: Evidence From Twitter Posts
Vargas, A. N., Maier, A., Vallim, M. B. R., Banda, J. M., & Preciado, V. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737882 · Cited by 22
“Suppression means a condition in which people suppress expressing to others their inner feelings (Gross, 2002; Nezlek and Kuppens, 2008; Brockman et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMedical students' views on the value of trigger warnings in education: A qualitative study
Nolan, H. A., & Roberts, L. M. (2022) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14803 · Cited by 21
“change the type of stress response, encourages individuals to reconceptualize stress as a coping tool.(57) This technique has been explored in both therapeutic contexts,(58) resulting in decreased PTSD symptom severity,(59) and academic contexts,(41) showing effectiveness in improving student outcomes.”
MethodRaposo, B., & Francisco, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.703762 · Cited by 39
“Emotional regulation refers to various conscious and unconscious processes that can be implemented at different stages of the emotion generating process, affecting emotions’ occurrence, intensity, duration, and expression (Gross, 2002; Thompson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAre changes in the perception of major life events associated with changes in subjective well-being?
Haehner, P., Pfeifer, L. S., Faßbender, I., & Luhmann, M. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104321 · Cited by 21
Developing local crisis leadership – A research and training agenda
Eid, J., Hansen, A. L., Andreassen, N., Espevik, R., Brattebø, G., & Johnsen, B. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1041387 · Cited by 27
“Since humans cognitively appraise and react emotionally to environmental cues in situations (Gross, 2002), it is therefore of particular importance to train and develop local crisis leadership skills.”
BackgroundKobylińska, D., Lewczuk, K., Wizła, M., Marcowski, P., Blaison, C., Kastendieck, T., & Heß, U. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33032-2 · Cited by 21
More I-talk in student teachers’ written reflections indicates higher stress during VR teaching
Westphal, A., Richter, E., Lazarides, R., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.104987 · Cited by 21
Pizzo, A., Lausi, G., Burrai, J., Quaglieri, A., Mari, E., D’Alessio, I., Barchielli, B., Cordellieri, P., Giannini, A. M., & Cricenti, C. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16083384 · Cited by 21
Differentiating electrophysiological response to decrease and increase negative emotion regulation
Wu, H., Tang, P., Huang, X., Hu, X., & Luo, Y. (2013) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-013-5746-x · Cited by 21
Reaction time in gait initiation depends on the time available for affective processing
Gélat, T., & Ferrel, C. (2015) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.003 · Cited by 20
Emotional Perception in Patients with Eating Disorders in Comparison with Depressed Patients
Joos, A. A. B., Gille, M., Hartmann, A., Unterbrink, T., Wetzler‐Burmeister, E., Scheidt, C. E., Waller, E., Bauer, J., Wirsching, M., & Zeeck, A. (2011) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1132 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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