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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,301–1,400 of 4,870
Deceived, Disgusted, and Defensive: Motivated Processing of Anti-Tobacco Advertisements
Leshner, G., Clayton, R. B., Bolls, P. D., & Bhandari, M. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1350908 · Cited by 32
“Emotional reduction has been identified as a specific strategy humans use to regulate affective responding (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundThe roles of impulsivity, self-regulation, and emotion regulation in the experience of self-disgust
Lazuras, L., Ypsilanti, A., Powell, P. A., & Overton, P. G. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9722-2 · Cited by 46
“Future studies may further extend our findings by assessing whether self-disgust is associated with other aspects of response modulation strategies, such as physiological responding, avoidance, and memory impairment (see Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBalzarotti, S. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00426-3 · Cited by 30
“According to this model, the wide range of ER strategies people use to control their emotions can be differentiated based on when they intervene in the emotion generation process (Gross 2002; Gross and Thompson 2007): Antecedent-focused forms of ER are thought to act before the complete activation of emotional respons…”
BackgroundKuehn, K. S., King, K. M., Linehan, M. M., & Harned, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000496 · Cited by 28
“Difficulty with emotion regulation, or the ability to modify emotional responses to engage in goal-directed behavior (Gross, 2002), is a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology as well as suicidal behavior (Neacsiu, Fang, Rodriguez, & Rosenthal, 2018).”
BackgroundReappraisal and empathic perspective-taking – More alike than meets the eyes
Morawetz, C., Berboth, S., Kohn, N., Jackson, P. L., & Jauniaux, J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119194 · Cited by 30
“Reappraisal is one of the most studied egulation strategies and describes cognitive processes by which one ould alter his/her initial appraisals of the situation in a self- and otherocused manner ( Gross, 2002 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialLin, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810591 · Cited by 38
“Expression suppression requires the consumption of cognitive resources and negatively impacts other cognitive activities, emotional experiences, and behaviors (Julian and Richard, 2000; Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2002; Garnefski et al., 2004).”
BackgroundWang, G., Liu, X., Zhu, S., & Lei, J. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2023.2218987 · Cited by 29
“Emotion regulation is seen as a complex and dynamic process from a process-oriented perspective [19].”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation and Defense Mechanisms
Sala, M. N., Testa, S., Pons, F., & Molina, P. (2015) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000151 · Cited by 35
“Such processes influence the type of the emotion experienced, the time at which it occurs and how it is perceived and expressed by the subject; and they are implicated in personality, emotional, cognitive, and social development (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMindful Design as a Driver for Social Behaviour Change
Niedderer, K. (2013) · Cited by 29
Laloyaux, J., Dessart, G., der Linden, M. V., Lemaire, M., & Larøi, F. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1137213 · Cited by 29
“However, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies are not effective in reducing negative emotions (Gross, 2002) and one possible consequence is that the occurrence of intrusive thoughts may increase, which are already difficult to inhibit in individuals prone to APPS in the first place (Paulik,…”
BackgroundRea, D. J., Geiskkovitch, D. Y., & Young, J. E. (2017) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3029798.3034782 · Cited by 32
Chen, S., Chen, C., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00073-3 · Cited by 33
Efinger, L., Thuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1597859 · Cited by 29
“…shown to be efficient in decreasing the negative experience of emotion (Butler, Gross, & Barnard, 2014; Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Gross, 1998a, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Gruber, Hay, & Gross, 2014; Ray, McRae, Ochsner, & Gross, 2010; Urry, 2009, 2010; Wolgast, Lundh, & Viborg,…”
BackgroundMa, B., Meng, X. X., Long, Q., Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Yang, J., Zhang, X., & Yuan, J. (2019) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-019-09542-z · Cited by 30
“The effective regulation of emotions is important for social function as well as for health and well-being in general (Gross 2002; Tamir and Mauss 2011; Mayer and Salovey 1995).”
BackgroundNeuromodulation and Cognitive Control of Emotion
Amidfar, M., Ko, Y., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_27 · Cited by 32
认知重评和表达抑制情绪调节策略的脑网络分析：来自EEG和ERP的证据
Yan, S. U. N., Bo, S., & Lv, J. (2019) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00012 · Cited by 30
“…, 而与顶叶中央后回的节点效率呈显著正相 关。这说明当海马旁回和枕叶的节点效率越高, 采 用 CR 进行情绪调节时的效果可能越差; 而顶叶中 央后回的节点效率越高, 采用 CR 进行情绪调节时 的效果可能越好。 另外, 本研究在 theta 频带发现 ES 得分与额下 回/额中回/脑岛的节点效率呈显著正相关, 而与前 额叶皮质呈显著负相关, 如图 3 所示。本研究也发 现 ES 条件下的 LPP 波幅与枕下回的节点效率呈显 著负相关 , 而与额上回的节点效率呈显著正相关 , 如图 6 所示。这说明当枕叶的节点效率越高, 使用 ES 进行情绪调节时的效果可能越差; 而额上回的…”
Hasan‐Aslih, S., Shuman, E., Goldenberg, A., Pliskin, R., van Zomeren, M., & Halperin, E. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619898321 · Cited by 28
“Taken together, our findings have important implications for the study of emotional preferences, hope, and collective action (Gross, 2002; Tamir, 2016; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007; Van Zomeren et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHow Do Grit and Gratitude Relate to Flourishing? The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation
Valdez, J. P. M., & Datu, J. A. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57389-8_1 · Cited by 30
Family Thriving During COVID-19 and the Benefits for Children’s Well-Being
Partington, L. C., Mashash, M., & Hastings, P. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879195 · Cited by 34
“Cognitive reappraisal is a regulatory strategy in which the individual re-conceptualizes an evocative situation to change its emotional meaning (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundToward a Definition of Affective Instability
Renaud, S., & Zacchia, C. (2012) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2012.747798 · Cited by 31
Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in late adulthood
Orgeta, V. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.010 · Cited by 29
Smeets, T., Giesbrecht, T., Raymaekers, L. H. C., Shaw, J., & Merckelbach, H. (2009) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.644 · Cited by 34
“Moreover, different individuals may subjectively experience the same event as more or less traumatic (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBiassoni, F., Balzarotti, S., Giamporcaro, M., & Ciceri, M. R. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244016658084 · Cited by 28
“…affect stimulus encoding (Hayes et al., 2010), research has examined whether reappraisal has consequences for cognitive functions such as memory (Gross, 2002; Richards, 2004, for reviews), finding that the use of this strategy is unrelated to memory performance (i.e., reappraisal does not lead…”
BackgroundMerrick, J., & Sher, L. (2013) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110316612 · Cited by 29
Brief psychological intervention in patients with cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial.
Shao, D., Gao, W., & Cao, F. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000407 · Cited by 32
Guthrie, D. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221093613 · Cited by 26
“The problem with the control agenda is not only that it fails to prevent distress for long but actually, through a cognitive process known as the ironic-process effect, increases the frequency of undesirable thoughts and feelings over time (Gross, 2002; Wegner, 1994).”
BackgroundTaking charge of one's feelings: Sense of power and affect regulation
Leach, S., & Weick, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109958 · Cited by 29
Emotion dysregulation in relation to cannabis use and mental health among young adults
Weidberg, S. E., González‐Roz, A., Castaño, Y., & Secades‐Villa, R. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107757 · Cited by 29
Dubovi, I. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2208173 · Cited by 34
Coping with Emotional Distress via Self-Disclosure to Robots: An Intervention with Caregivers
Laban, G., Morrison, V., Kappas, A., & Cross, E. S. (2025) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-024-01207-0 · Cited by 46
“For many, exercising constructive emotion regulation is not an easy task as it can be resource-demanding [10–12] and engaging in various forms of interpersonal communication behaviours like self-disclosure and social sharing with others effectively support this process [13–15].”
Pavlov, S. V., Reva, N. V., Валерьевич, Л. К., Tumyalis, A. V., Викторович, К. В., & Aftanas, L. I. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12159 · Cited by 30
No fear, no panic: probing negation as a means for emotion regulation
Herbert, C., Deutsch, R., Platte, P., & Pauli, P. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss043 · Cited by 28
“Active regulation reduced amplitudes of early event-related brain potentials (early posterior negativity, but not N170) and the late positive potential for fearful faces.”
BackgroundResultLangeslag, S. J. E., & Sanchez, M. E. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000360 · Cited by 32
“Love regulation is closely related to the well-established concept of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002, 2013).”
Maciejewski, D. F., Brieant, A. E., Lee, J., King‐Casas, B., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1491005 · Cited by 31
Late electrophysiological potentials and emotion in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review
Castro, M. K., Bailey, D. H., Zinger, J. F., & Martin, E. A. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.013 · Cited by 27
“…potential (LPP), are particularly valuable in the study of emotional functioning, as they reflect neural correlates of attentional allocation to emotional information (Hajcak et al., 2011) – a critical step in emotional regulation and emotional memory development (Gross, 2002; Talmi et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe Role of Exporters’ Emotional Intelligence in Building Foreign Customer Relationships
Leonidou, L. C., Aykol, B., Fotiadis, T. A., Zeriti, A., & Christodoulides, P. (2019) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1177/1069031x19876642 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, the model implies different outcomes for different strategies of emotion regulation, such as social (e.g., interpersonal liking), cognitive (e.g., job performance), and affective (e.g., positive mood) (Gross 2002; Hur et al. 2015; Lee and Ok 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhao, X., Wang, J., & Shi, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00550 · Cited by 28
“Emotional regulation is the process by which individuals have their own emotions, how they occur, and how they influence the experience and expression of emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEsbati, Z., & Korunka, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614001 · Cited by 29
“We argue that, when RC (or TC) is high, distraction (a) blocks emotional input early before it accumulates, and (b) cognitive and emotional resources are not restricted for further self-control (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation of social exclusion: a cross-cultural study
He, Z., Muhlert, N., & Elliott, R. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00857-z · Cited by 30
Kaunhoven, R. J., & Dorjee, D. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01692-8 · Cited by 30
“They are considered more effective than later, response-focused, strategies as they are able to modify both the subjective experience of an emotion and the behavioural response (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation and Self-Harm Among Forensic Psychiatric Patients
Laporte, N., Tuente, S. K., Ozolins, A., Westrin, Å., Westling, S., & Wallinius, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710751 · Cited by 34
“Self-harm is a broad term that includes both non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and self-inflicted harm with the intention of committing suicide (suicide attempt; Hawton, 2002).”
BackgroundGong, J., Wang, M., Zhang, X., Zeng, H., & Yang, W. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.2014506 · Cited by 27
“…strategies used by people to control their emotions can be differentiated based on when the strategies are used to intervene in the process of emotion generation, and hypothesizes that different regulation strategies might have different consequences (Gross, 2002, 2015a, 2015b; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodByun, S., Zhao, X., Buettner, C. K., Chung, S. A., & Jeon, L. (2022) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2022.103705 · Cited by 28
Han, D. E., Park, H. G., An, U., Kim, S. E., & Kim, Y.-H. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221088521 · Cited by 29
“First, although the causal association between emotion suppression and well-being has been well corroborated in previous research (Butler et al., 2003; Gross, 2002), the correlational nature of 2776 Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 39(9)”
ResultBrock, R. L., Harp, N. R., & Neta, M. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111726 · Cited by 27
“Emotion regulation refers to a wide range of processes shaping one's emotional experience to support adaptive behavior (Gross, 2002; Thompson, 1994).”
BackgroundWu, J., Zhu, L., Dong, X., Sun, Z., Cai, K., Shi, Y., & Chen, A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12091210 · Cited by 32
El papel de la carga mental en la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo
Vélez, D. C., Conde-González, J., & Perales, J. C. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 28
Wu, L., Winkler, M. H., Wieser, M. J., Andreatta, M., Li, Y., & Pauli, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01555 · Cited by 29
A framework for understanding experiential deficits in schizophrenia
Cohen, A. S., Minor, K. S., & Najolia, G. M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.016 · Cited by 28
Meule, A., Fath, K., Real, R. G. L., Sütterlin, S., Vögele, C., & Kübler, A. (2013) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/2211-1522-3-1 · Cited by 34
Effects of valence and divided attention on cognitive reappraisal processes
Morris, J. A., Leclerc, C. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu004 · Cited by 28
“Keywords: affect; cognition; emotion; prefrontal; regulation; fMRI”
BackgroundLesion Mapping the Four-Factor Structure of Emotional Intelligence
Operskalski, J. T., Paul, E. J., Colom, R., Barbey, A. K., & Grafman, J. H. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00649 · Cited by 28
“Cognitive reappraisal, for example, is a strategy for reinterpreting negative events and the emotions they elicit in an attempt to manage affect (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSpontaneous Emotion Regulation in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
Naumann, E., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Voderholzer, U., & Svaldi, J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9723-3 · Cited by 28
“the emotion generation and -regulation process (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, S. W., Daunic, A. P., Algina, J. J., Pitts, D. L., Merrill, K. L., Cumming, M. M., & Allen, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426616661702 · Cited by 28
“…& Sheeran, 2006; Pintrich, 2000; Zimmerman, 2012), regulating strong emotions mentally and behaviorally during challenging situations (e.g., Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Thompson, 2014; Koole, Van Dillen, & Sheppes, 2011), and the multistep cognitive processes necessary for solving social…”
BackgroundBlake, K. R., Hopkins, R. E., Sprunger, J. G., Eckhardt, C. I., & Denson, T. F. (2017) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000121 · Cited by 30
“Cognitive reappraisal consists of changing the way a situation is interpreted so that the course of the emotional trajectory is altered (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHurtado‐Parrado, C., Sierra-Puentes, M. C., Hazzouri, M. E., Morales, A., Gutiérrez-Villamarín, D., Velásquez-Díaz, L. M., Correa‐Chica, A., Rincón-Vásquez, J. C., Barbosa, K. V. H., Polanco, J. G. C., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00908 · Cited by 27
“Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy aimed at reducing or increasing emotional responses by reinterpreting the meaning of the triggering situation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCheung, R. Y. M., & Ng, M. C. Y. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110050 · Cited by 28
Sulpizio, S., Grecucci, A., & Job, R. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15013 · Cited by 19
“…Grecucci et al., 2017; Grecucci, Giorgetta et al., 2020; Grecucci, Sığırcı et al., 2020; Gross, 2014), the emergence of the science of emotion regulation (ER) (Gross, 2002, 2014) has offered an experimental approach to the study of how emotions are modulated in order for people to maintain a…”
BackgroundSex Differences in Response to an Observational Fear Conditioning Procedure
Kelly, M. M., & Forsyth, J. P. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.007 · Cited by 28
How Lines Organize Compulsory Interaction, Emotion Management, and “Emotional Taxes”
Redden, S. M. (2012) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0893318912458213 · Cited by 29
“When regulating negative emotion, suppression may result in increased experience of negative feelings and decreased experience of subsequent positive emotion (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialMorriss, J. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106138 · Cited by 28
“This process is known as a cognitive reappraisal (Clark, 2022), which is considered a key emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002).”
Adolescents Who Binge Eat and Drink: The Role of Emotion Regulation
Laghi, F., Liga, F., & Pompili, S. (2018) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2018.1553458 · Cited by 27
Chronic worry and the temporal dynamics of emotional processing
Oathes, D. J., Siegle, G. J., & Ray, W. J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021781 · Cited by 27
Music listening as a potential aid in reducing emotional eating: An exploratory study
van den Tol, A. J. M., Coulthard, H., & Hanser, W. E. (2018) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864918780186 · Cited by 29
“Adaptive emotion regulation strategies are essential for mental (and sometimes physical) well-being (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotions, crisis, and institutions: Explaining compliance with COVID ‐19 regulations
Guo, D., Habich‐Sobiegalla, S., & Kostka, G. (2023) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.12509 · Cited by 31
Exploring L2 writing teachers’ feeling rules, emotional labor and regulation strategies
Geng, F., Yu, S., & Yuan, R. E. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103160 · Cited by 30
Strategies for resolving challenging psychedelic experiences: insights from a mixed-methods study
Wood, M. J., McAlpine, R. G., & Kamboj, S. K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79931-w · Cited by 29
Zhang, J., Feng, C., & Mai, X. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12754 · Cited by 28
Anger rumination in Australia and Spain: Validation of the Anger Rumination Scale
Ramos‐Cejudo, J., Salguero, J. M., Kannis‐Dymand, L., García‐Sancho, E., & Love, S. (2017) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12154 · Cited by 27
“This coping style or emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002) leads to maldaptive problem solving because rumination causes individuals to be fixated on a problem and their emotional responses, and maintains the negative emotional response over time (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
BackgroundAn exploration into enactive forms of forgetting
Caravà, M. (2020) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-020-09670-6 · Cited by 28
“In particular, I assume that forgetting is a fundamental element of strategies of emotion regulation (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundEffect of emotional victim images in prosocial advertising: The moderating role of helping mode
Li, D., & Atkinson, L. (2020) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.1676 · Cited by 29
Hofstee, G., Jansen, P. G. W., de Lange, A. H., Spisak, B. R., & Swinkels, M. (2020) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2020.1832608 · Cited by 26
“As a consequence, making greater efforts to execute activities that support emotion regulation (e.g. monitoring and correcting one’s actions) throughout an emotional event can lead to decreased performance in other areas (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSalimzadeh, R., Hall, N. C., & Saroyan, A. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9120227 · Cited by 33
“…been consistently shown to be connected with adaptive outcomes including lower stress levels and emotional well-being (e.g., Goldin et al. 2008; Gross 2002; Scheibe and Zacher 2013), optimal social and cognitive functioning (e.g., Gross 2002; Lopes et al. 2005; Richards and Gross 1999), and…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrytek-Matera, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132413704 · Cited by 28
Tussing, D. V., Wihler, A., Astandu, T. V., & Menges, J. I. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2593 · Cited by 32
Tang, W., Yan, Z., Lü, Y., & Xu, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.129 · Cited by 29
Emotion trajectories in smartphone use: Towards recognizing emotion regulation in-the-wild
Tag, B., Sarsenbayeva, Z., Cox, A. L., Wadley, G., Gonçalves, J., & Kostakos, V. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102872 · Cited by 30
Stenseng, F., Steinsholt, I. B., Hygen, B. W., & Kraft, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1035196 · Cited by 27
“However, the suppression of negative emotions also dampens positive ones (Gross, 2002), resulting in forms of engagement, independent of type of activity, that are less likely to be accompanied by positive effect.”
BackgroundThe Polarizing Effect of Arousal on Negotiation
Brown, A. D., & Curhan, J. R. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613480796 · Cited by 29
Emotion regulation of the affect‐modulated startle reflex during different picture categories
Conzelmann, A., McGregor, V. E., & Pauli, P. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12450 · Cited by 27
“Descriptors: Emotion regulation, Startle reflex, Valence, Arousal, Picture category Emotion regulation is fundamental in daily functioning, and deficits presumably underlie several psychological disorders (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialCompeting Visions of the Implications of Neuroscience for Psychotherapy
Toomey, B., & Ecker, B. (2009) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720530802675748 · Cited by 31
“in decreased subjective ratings of emotional arousal and a measurable decrease in both physiological responses and activation of the amygdala (Gross, 2002; Ochsner, Bunge, Gross & Gabrielli, 2002; Schaefer et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMasuda, A., Hill, M. L., Tully, E. C., & Garcia, S. E. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.01.001 · Cited by 27
Voluntary Emotion Suppression Modifies Psychophysiological Responses to Films
Reynaud, E., Khoury-Malhame, M. E., Blin, O., & Khalfa, S. (2012) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000074 · Cited by 31
Intentional and Incidental Self-Control in Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Cohen, J. R., Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199837755.003.0030 · Cited by 30
“Gross (1998, 2002) developed a process model of emotion regulation that separates control over one's feelings into two broad categories: antecedent-focused and response-focused.”
BackgroundMethodKim, S., Miao, L., & Magnini, V. P. (2013) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348013495697 · Cited by 30
“As mentioned earlier, attentional deployment is an emotion regulation strategy characterized by changing and choosing the focus of attention from the disturbing elements of a situation against the focal goal attainment (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmpathising with the enemy: emotion regulation and support for humanitarian aid in violent conflicts
Roth, G., Shane, N., & Kanat‐Maymon, Y. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1237348 · Cited by 29
“Specifically, recent studies found that cognitive reappraisal (i.e. construing potentially emotion-eliciting situations in nonemotional terms; Gross, 2002) predicted support for humanitarian aid towards outgroup members even during wartime (Halperin & Gross, 2011).”
BackgroundMoed, A., Gershoff, E. T., Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Losoya, S. H., Spinrad, T. L., & Liew, J. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12217 · Cited by 34
Ortner, C. N. M., Briner, E., & Marjanovic, Z. (2017) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v13i1.1248 · Cited by 31
“…(in particular reappraisal and expression suppression) for expressive behavior, subjective experience, physiology, and cognition, as well as social relationships and well-being, and distinguished between putatively adaptive and maladaptive strategies (Gross, 2001, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundCao, H., Harneit, A., Walter, H., Erk, S., Braun, U., Moessnang, C., Geiger, L. S., Zang, Z., Mohnke, S., Heinz, A., et al. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.121 · Cited by 25
“As a consequence, individuals with a stronger tendency to suppress their emotions are at increased risk for stress-related psychiatric conditions such as mood and anxiety disorders (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialEntertainment as a Creature Comfort: Self-Control and Selection of Challenging Media
Eden, A., Johnson, B. K., & Hartmann, T. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1345640 · Cited by 21
“We consider emotional challenge to largely result from aversive affect or mixed emotions present in media content, and thus, to draw on self-regulatory resources needed to control affective processes (e.g., emotion regulation; Gross, 2002; Wagner & Heatherton, 2013).”
BackgroundLes orientations nouvelles dans le champ du coping
Hartmann, A. (2008) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2008.01.002 · Cited by 48
Memory Compensation in Older Adults: The Role of Health, Emotion Regulation, and Trait Mindfulness
de Frias, C. M. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt064 · Cited by 26
“, by reframing emotionally stressful situations), which places demands on memory resources and elicits rumination to reinterpret stressful experiences (Gross, 2002; Ray et al., 2005).”
BackgroundShu, J., Ochsner, K. N., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00115-8 · Cited by 27
“Suppression, however, does not decrease the experience of negative emotions as much as reappraisal as it aims to mitigate the expression, as opposed to the experience, of the emotion (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundImprovement of Emotional Response to Negative Stimulations With Moderate-Intensity Physical Exercise
Long, Z., Liu, G., Xiao, Z., & Gao, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656598 · Cited by 27
“There have been many psychology studies on various emotion regulation strategies to affect the changes of emotion (Gross, 2002, 2015; John and Gross, 2004; Quoidbach et al., 2015).”
BackgroundKim, H. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2824 · Cited by 26
“Among them, the psychoemotional aspect is recognized as an important factor in the social interaction and participation of the disabled (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAltered neural activities during emotion regulation in depression: a meta-analysis
Wu, D., Li, J., & Wang, J. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.240046 · Cited by 27
“…19 did not include a healthy control group, 7 did not compare activation differences between the patients with depression and healthy controls, 9 conducted region-of-interest analyses rather than whole-brain analyses, 2 were resting-state fMRI studies that did not investigate task-related…”
InfluentialTask‐Relationship‐Self: A Framework for Understanding Service Encounter Behaviors
Bradley, G. L., Sparks, B., Zapf, D., McColl‐Kennedy, J. R., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2013) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20624 · Cited by 26
“Surface acting refers to modifying an emotional expression after the emotion has been experienced, by suppressing, faking, or amplifying a response (Grandey, 2000; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundPredictable and predictive emotions: explaining cheap signals and trust re-extension
Schniter, E., & Sheremeta, R. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00401 · Cited by 24
“Angry and frustrated investor’s may be more 8Despite being difficult to control, people regularly make efforts to control their experience of emotions and the effects of those emotions on decision making processes (Gross, 2002).”
Trust and the Suppression of Emotions During Sacrifice in Close Relationships
Righetti, F., Balliet, D. P., Visserman, M. L., & Hofmann, W. (2015) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2015.33.5.505 · Cited by 26
Implementing a Social Identity Approach for Effective Change Management
Slater, M. J., Evans, A. L., & Turner, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2015.1103774 · Cited by 35
“Reappraisal typically refers to an antecedent-focused strategy reflecting attempts to construe a potential emotion-eliciting situation in non-emotional terms (Gross, 2002).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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