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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,601–1,700 of 4,870
Willman, P. (2012) · Strategic Direction · doi:10.1108/sd.2012.05628daa.007 · Cited by 21
Propranolol, post-traumatic stress disorder and narrative identity
Bell, J. (2008) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2008.024752 · Cited by 21
“Patients begin to let go their negative feelings associated with the trauma through repeatedly narrating and re-interpreting the past traumatic experience in a safe environment. Other studies corroborate reappraisal of the event can alter the emotional response and diminish amygdala activation.”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation and Pain in Borderline Personality Disorder
Niedtfeld, I., & Schmahl, C. G. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340009787315262 · Cited by 20
“Strategies, which can be assigned to antecedent-focused regulation, are the selection or avoidance of situations, and the attentional direction towards or away from aspects of a situation [17].”
BackgroundEmotion suppression moderates the quadratic association between RSA and executive function
Spangler, D. P., Bell, M. A., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12451 · Cited by 21
“…(i.e., reinterpretation of an emotion to be less negative or neutral) and emotion suppression (i.e., inhibition of affect in terms of its motor and behavioral components such as facial expressions; Gross, 2002), tend to covary with within-person increases in RSA (Butler et al., Psychophysiology.”
BackgroundInfluentialSupportive–expressive interventions in working through treatment termination.
Nof, A., Leibovich, L., & Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2017) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000094 · Cited by 21
Increased Global Interaction Across Functional Brain Modules During Cognitive Emotion Regulation
Brandl, F., Bratec, S. M., Xie, X., Wohlschläger, A. M., Riedl, V., Meng, C., & Sorg, C. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx178 · Cited by 21
Bedingungsfaktoren und Funktionen von Emotionen von Lehrpersonen im Unterricht
Hagenauer, G., & Hascher, T. (2018) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-017-0010-8 · Cited by 26
최해연, Min, K.-H., & Lee, D. (2008) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2008.22.4.005 · Cited by 21
Testing for an Effect of a Mindfulness Induction on Child Executive Functions
Leyland, A., Emerson, L., & Rowse, G. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0923-2 · Cited by 26
Laboratory and Self-Report Methods To Assess Reappraisal and Distraction in Youth
Bettis, A. H., Henry, L. M., Prussien, K. V., Vreeland, A., Smith, M. R., Adery, L. H., & Compas, B. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1466306 · Cited by 16
Rest, Reactivity, and Recovery: A Psychophysiological Assessment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Eddie, D., Bates, M. E., Vaschillo, E. G., Lehrer, P. M., Retkwa, M., & Miuccio, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00505 · Cited by 21
Zarotti, N., Fletcher, I. J., & Simpson, J. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acy085 · Cited by 23
Grecucci, A., Sulpizio, S., Tommasello, E., Vespignani, F., & Job, R. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209461 · Cited by 22
Hao, Y., Yao, L., Smith, D. M., Sorel, E., Anderson, A. K., Schumacher, E. H., & Evans, G. W. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44624-2 · Cited by 18
Emotion regulation difficulties and borderline personality disorder: The moderating role of race.
Haliczer, L. A., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Law, K. C., Anestis, M. D., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000355 · Cited by 21
Rohr, C. S., Kamal, S., & Bray, S. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100747 · Cited by 22
“Finally, emotional control, also termed ‘cognitive control of emotion’ or emotion regulation, is the processes by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them (Ochsner et al., 2012; Gross, 2002).”
Shaping Emotional Labor Practices in the Sharing Economy
Bucher, E. L., Fieseler, C., Lutz, C., & Newlands, G. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0733-558x20200000066004 · Cited by 21
Penedo, J. M. G., Coyne, A. E., Constantino, M. J., Krieger, T., Hayes, A. M., & Holtforth, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000502 · Cited by 24
Expression of direct anger and hostility predict depression symptoms in formerly depressed women.
Rude, S. S., Chrisman, J. G., Denmark, A. B., & Maestas, K. L. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0027496 · Cited by 21
Adam, M. T. P., Astor, P. J., & Krämer, J. (2016) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2015.12.002 · Cited by 21
“In previous studies—contrary to the belief that decision makers should suppress or at best, avoid strong emotions in order to take “unbiased” decisions (Seo and Barrett 2007)—suppression was not found to mitigate effects of negative emotional responses (Gross 2002; Heilman et al. 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTemptation's itch: Mindlessness, acceptance, and mindfulness in a debt management program
Celsi, M., Nelson, R. P., Dellande, S., & Gilly, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.002 · Cited by 22
Emotional Regulation: Implications for the Psychobiology of Psychotherapy
Stein, D. J. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900028431 · Cited by 21
Ciarrochi, J., Zettle, R. D., Brockman, R., Duguid, J., Parker, P., Sahdra, B., & Kashdan, T. B. (2015) · The Wiley Handbook of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/9781118489857.ch16 · Cited by 20
Neural substrates of cognitive emotion regulation: a brief review
Öner, S. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1407563 · Cited by 20
“Kohn and colleagues [40] examined the activation likelihood estimates of core neural circuits involved in reappraisal and then integrated their findings with the Gross’s [1,10] process model of emotion regulation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExamining indicators of psychosocial risk and resilience in parents of autistic children
Nunnally, A. D., Factor, R. S., Sturm, A., Soorya, L. V., Wainer, A., Taylor, S. L., Ponzini, M. D., Abbeduto, L., & Gulsrud, A. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1102516 · Cited by 27
“From a theoretical perspective, ER and coping strategies both refer to processes aimed at fostering positive emotional states and regulating negative ones (Gross, 2002, 2015).”
Ji, F., Sun, Q., Han, W., Li, Y., & Xia, X. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s484089 · Cited by 23
“As adolescents grow older, their level of physical activity typically declines, 19 with a significant reduction often observed during the transition from junior to senior high school, particularly between the ages of 15 and 16.”
The impact of surface acting on coworker-directed voluntary workplace behaviours
Yue, Y., Wang, K. L., & Groth, M. (2015) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2015.1111874 · Cited by 20
“First, it is well established that different emotional labour strategies are associated with different affective consequences (Gross, 2002; Judge et al., 2009; Scott et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPhysiological Sensing of Emotion
Calvo, R. A., D’Mello, S. K., Gratch, J., Kappas, A., & Healey, J. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199942237.013.023 · Cited by 24
“In affective computing research, blood pressure has been found to correlate with increases in emotional stress (Selye, 1956) and with the repression of emotional responses (Innes, Millar, & Valentine, 1959) (Gross, 2002) (Harris, 2001).”
BackgroundKumschick, I. R., Piwowar, V., & Thiel, F. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.07.010 · Cited by 20
“At the same time, suppression (changing the way one responds behaviorally, see John & Gross, 2004) is not the most adaptive, but a very common strategy for reacting to emotionally challenging situations (Gross, 2002; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialYang, Q., Notebaert, W., & Pourtois, G. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1099-z · Cited by 20
Accurate emotion prediction in dyads and groups and its potential social benefits.
Zhao, Z., Thornton, M. A., & Tamir, D. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000890 · Cited by 20
“Some take place due to internal causes, as people actively regulate their emotions and shift into a different state (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundFrom Role Conflict to Job Burnout: A Mediation Model Moderated by Mindfulness
Park, H. I., & Nam, S. K. (2020) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.12218 · Cited by 23
Vestad, L., Bru, E., Virtanen, T. E., & Stallard, P. N. (2021) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-021-09624-z · Cited by 23
“Moreover, the ability to emotionally self-regulate could help to reduce conflict in relationships and thus help maintain supportive relations (Gross, 2002; Lopes et al., 2005).”
BackgroundLiu, B., Zhu, N., Wang, H.-J., Li, F., & Men, C.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126331 · Cited by 20
“First, unlike nurses who have low levels of emotional regulation ability, those with a higher level of emotional regulation ability are likely to reappraise negative mistreatment events; that is, they are able to turn the negative implications of mistreatment into positives [42,43].”
BackgroundTeng, S., Wang, M., Han, B., Ma, Y., Du, H., Ji, L., Sun, X., Liu, J., Lü, Q., Jia, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2021.1950885 · Cited by 21
Positive Emotion Regulations Among English as a Foreign Language Teachers During COVID-19
Hongdan, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.807541 · Cited by 20
“The concept can be automatic/unconscious or conscious depending on the emotional trigger/stimuli (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundNg, M. S. P., Lua, V. Y. Q., Majeed, N. M., & Hartanto, A. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111804 · Cited by 17
“The employment of such effective coping strategies may serve as a buffer against the detrimental effects of these situations on well-being (Aldao et al., 2010; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundLuo, H., Gong, X., Chen, X., Hu, J., Wang, X., Sun, Y., Li, J., Lv, S., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938116 · Cited by 23
“Individuals with alexithymia cannot properly describe their emotions and understand the reasons for others’ emotional changes, rendering a negative impact on interpersonal relationships, such as social difficulties and lack of confidence (Gross, 2010; Besharat and Shahidi, 2011).”
BackgroundXue, J., Liu, J., Geng, Z., Yuan, H., & Chao, L. (2022) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102682 · Cited by 21
Ghomroudi, P. A., Scaltritti, M., & Grecucci, A. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01076-6 · Cited by 22
“In contrast, suppression results in a reduction of positive emotion experience, while leaving negative emotion experience unchanged and yielding a physiological impact (Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997; Gross, 2002; Mauss et al., 2005; Brans et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLi, L., Huang, L. J., & Liu, X. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22982 · Cited by 28
Zhao, T., Ye, L., Hu, Z., & Xi, L. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108070 · Cited by 24
Neural Basis of Anticipatory Anxiety Reappraisals
Yoshimura, S., Okamoto, Y., Yoshino, A., Kobayakawa, M., Machino, A., & Yamawaki, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102836 · Cited by 20
“By definition, reappraisal is a reinterpretation of emotional stimuli or situation [3,4] and does not represent a distraction from emotional stimuli or from the situation itself.”
BackgroundSelbstmanagement im Arbeits- und Berufsleben
Wiese, B. S. (2008) · Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1617-6391.7.4.153 · Cited by 20
Emotion regulation in patients with psychosis: A link between insomnia and paranoid ideation?
Grezellschak, S., Jansen, A., & Westermann, S. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.001 · Cited by 20
Xu, S. T., Martinez, L. R., & Lv, Q. (2017) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2016.1276003 · Cited by 21
“Thus, when employees engage in deep acting to conform to these display rules, it buffers them from negative mood and results in more positive emotional experiences for the employee (Grandey, 2000; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBelin, L., Henry, L., Destays, M., Hausberger, M., & Grandgeorge, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00091 · Cited by 20
Blunted neural response to implicit negative facial affect in anorexia nervosa
Leppänen, J., Cardi, V., Paloyelis, Y., Simmons, A., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.010 · Cited by 20
“Reduced reactivity to emotional stimuli has been suggested to have negative affective and social consequences, including elevated negative mood, negative social evaluation by others, and increased isolation (Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2009; Gross, 2002; Szczurek et al., 2012).”
Wearable sensors detect childhood internalizing disorders during mood induction task
McGinnis, E. W., McGinnis, R. S., Hruschak, J. L., Bilek, E. L., Ip, K. I., Morlen, D., Lawler, J. M., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Fitzgerald, K. D., Rosenblum, K. L., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195598 · Cited by 18
Lischke, A., Weippert, M., Mau‐Moeller, A., Päschke, S., Jacksteit, R., Hamm, A. O., & Pahnke, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.01040 · Cited by 23
“The ability to regulate our emotions, thus, determines the course of our social interactions (Gross, 2002), which may have positive outcomes after successful emotion regulation and negative outcomes after unsuccessful emotion regulation (Butler et al., 2003; Gross and John, 2003; English et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialGlenk, L. M., Kothgassner, O. D., Felnhofer, A., Gotovina, J., Pranger, C. L., Jensen, A. N., Mothes-Luksch, N., Goreis, A., Palme, R., & Jensen-Jarolim, E. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2019.1675629 · Cited by 18
“Emotion regulation, the ability by which an individual may influence the quality, perception and expression of an emotion (Gross, 2002), modulates physiological reactivity.”
BackgroundZargar, F., Bagheri, N., Tarrahi, M. J., & Salehi, M. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v14i4.1978 · Cited by 21
Burr, D. A., d’Arbeloff, T. C., Elliott, M. L., Knodt, A. R., Brigidi, B. D., & Hariri, A. R. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1493 · Cited by 19
“Two common emotion regulation strategies are cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrink, A. G., Gouldman, A., Rose, J. M., & Rotaru, K. (2020) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2020.100691 · Cited by 21
Koporčić, N., Nietola, M., & Nicholson, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-12-2019-0520 · Cited by 21
“The fifth issue for decision makers to consider is reframing (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRohr, C. S., Bray, S., & Dewey, D. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001449 · Cited by 21
“Finally, emotion control is the process by which we influence the emotions we experience, when we experience them, and how we experience and express them (Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBehavioral Neuroscience of Emotion in Aging
Kaszniak, A. W., & Menchola, M. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_163 · Cited by 20
“are multi-componential processes that unfold over time, strategies aimed at the regulation of emotion may involve changes in the appraisal/experiential, action disposition, and/or physiological components at different points in the process (Gross 2002; Gross and Levenson 1993).”
BackgroundJeon, M. (2012) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2370216.2370455 · Cited by 21
Television watching and the emotional impact on social modeling of food intake among children
Bevelander, K. E., Meiselman, H. L., Anschütz, D. J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.015 · Cited by 20
“It is essential to examine the impact of emotions on social modeling of food intake because emotions influence people’s automatic impulses and emotion regulation is less developed in children compared to adolescents and adults (Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundXia, L., Gao, X., Wang, Q., & Hollon, S. D. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.05.007 · Cited by 20
“Twocommon formsof emotion regulationdefined bya general processmodel of emotion regulation (Gross, 2001, 2002; Gross& John, 2003; John&Gross, 2004)were the focus of the present study.”
BackgroundMethodSilva, J. R. (2008) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082008000100009 · Cited by 21
Mentoring At-Risk Youth: an Examination of Strain and Mentor Response Strategies
Wesely, J. K., Dzoba, N., Miller, H. V., & Rasche, C. E. (2016) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-016-9353-7 · Cited by 27
Maddock, A., Hevey, D., D’Alton, P., & Kirby, B. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-019-09686-4 · Cited by 19
“These results support the relationships set out in the CBPM and are also consistent with the cross-sectional studies of Gross (2002), Salovey, Rothman, Detweiler, and Steward (2000) and Segerstrom, Stanton, Alden, and Shortridge (2003) who found that avoidance of thoughts and emotions was…”
ResultKang, J.-H., Ahn, H. M., Jeong, J. W., Hwang, I., Kim, H. T., Kim, S. H., & Kim, S.-P. (2012) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835a6475 · Cited by 18
Lew, Z., & Flanagin, A. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231213944 · Cited by 17
“First, suppressing negative emotions is emotionally deleterious (see Gross, 2002 for review).”
Zhang, Q., & Deng, W. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20012-y · Cited by 21
“Gross’s emotion regulation self-efficacy theory emphasizes the impact of emotion management on social interactions and relationships [24].”
BackgroundQuan, G. H., Xiao, H. F., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86432-x · Cited by 20
“Sports psychological skills not only regulate anxiety but also positively affect the efficiency of cognitive reappraisal 17,68 .”
Fang, Z., Fu, Y., Liu, D., & Chen, C. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03019-x · Cited by 26
“Gross’s research supports this view, indicating that high levels of socio-emotional competence depend on the effective regulation of personal emotions [47].”
How We Decide in Moral Situations
Kaspar, D. (2014) · Philosophy · doi:10.1017/s0031819114000308 · Cited by 19
Por que meditar? A experiência subjetiva da prática de meditação
Menezes, C. B., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2009) · Psicologia em Estudo · doi:10.1590/s1413-73722009000300018 · Cited by 24
Educator perceptions of dance/movement therapy in the special education classroom
Devereaux, C. (2016) · Body Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/17432979.2016.1238011 · Cited by 19
“The author defines this as emotional regulation, meaning the children’s capacity to modify emotional reactions and use coping processes that either increased or decreased the intensity of the moment (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBoroș, S., Gorp, L. V., & Boiger, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02431 · Cited by 17
“Such automatic strategies are primarily directed at modifying the outer expression of the emotion (i.e., emotion suppression), in order to respond appropriately to the situation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialRelations between protective traits and psychological distress among women experiencing infertility
Hoyle, R. H., Davisson, E. K., & Novice, M. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320953466 · Cited by 18
“only cognitive reappraisal does so effectively (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation strategies and dissociation in Gambling Disorder
Rogier, G., Capone, A., & Velotti, P. (2021) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2021.1949622 · Cited by 17
“Emotion Regulation (ER) refers to the process whereby an individual modulates his own emotions to reach an optimal adaptation to the environmental requests (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundVilas, S. P., Reniers, R., & Ludlow, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.717877 · Cited by 19
Ateş, B., & SAĞAR, M. E. (2021) · İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17932/iau.iausbd.2021.021/iausbd_v13i3006 · Cited by 20
Chavira-Trujillo, G., Tomás, M. G., & López‐Pérez, B. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12847 · Cited by 25
“In fact, Little, Kluemper, Nelson, and Gooty (2012) designed and validated a measure to assess four of the five strategies suggested in the Process Model of Emotion Regulation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhou, S., & Li, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.814039 · Cited by 19
“Emotion regulation refers to the process when the emotion arouses, maintains, and recovers individual uses to influence the occurring, experiencing, and expressing of emotion (Gross, 2000; Gross, 2007).”
BackgroundLi, W., Zhang, W., Jiang, Z., Zhou, T., Xu, S., & Zou, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.960784 · Cited by 19
“of experiential, behavioral, or physiological responses (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThomas, A. K., Wulff, A. N., Landinez, D., & Bulevich, J. B. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1618 · Cited by 28
“According to Gross (2002) We suggest that meta-affective processes are crucial when considering all task operations that requires cognitive and emotional engagement.”
BackgroundResultSuccess in reaching affect self-regulation goals through everyday music listening
Randall, W. M., Baltazar, M., & Saarikallio, S. H. (2022) · Journal of New Music Research · doi:10.1080/09298215.2023.2187310 · Cited by 26
“Maladaptive emotion regulation is a central component in the development of many forms of psychopathology, including mood and personality disorders (E.g. Berking et al., 2012; Gross, 2002).”
Lei, M., Alam, G. M., & Hassan, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15118873 · Cited by 29
Rehman, S., Addas, A., Rehman, E., & Khan, M. A. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s491822 · Cited by 34
“38,39 Furthermore, expressive suppression may differ across cultural contexts, where suppressing emotions is often more socially accepted in collectivist cultures.”
Central and peripheral nervous system interactions: From mind to brain to body
Buchanan, T. W., & Tranel, D. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.09.002 · Cited by 20
“Disorders involving deficits in emotion regulation are widespread, and this has helped push the study of this topic to the forefront of affective science (Gross, 2002); (Taylor & Liberzon, 2007).”
BackgroundStudents with Anxiety: Implications for Professional School Counselors
Thompson, E. H., Robertson, P. M., Curtis, R., & Frick, M. H. (2013) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.5330/psc.n.2013-16.222 · Cited by 28
Preto, M., & Moreira, P. (2012) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722012000400012 · Cited by 23
Emotion regulation in mathematics homework: An empirical study
Xu, J. (2016) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2016.1175409 · Cited by 20
“It is informed by research on cognitive reappraisal (e.g., controlling emotions by changing the way of thinking about the situation; Gross, 2002; McRae et al., 2008) and relevant homework studies (e.”
BackgroundGhiasi, H., Mohammadi, A., & Zarrinfar, P. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 19
Zhou, F., Lei, B., Liu, Y., & Jiao, J. R. (2017) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2017.02.003 · Cited by 20
Influence of authoritarianism, vagal tone and mental fatigue on obedience to authority
Lepage, J., Bègue, L., Zerhouni, O., Courset, R., & Mermillod, M. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1439827 · Cited by 18
“There is a growing appreciation that distressed individuals use a wide range of strategies for down-regulating aversive emotions (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundAnalysis of Permanence Time in Emotional States: A Case Study Using Educational Software
Reis, H. M., Alvares, D., Jaques, P. A., & Isotani, S. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91464-0_18 · Cited by 20
“This change of emotion is called the transition state and can be influenced by initial emotion, emotional events, prior knowledge and individual personality characteristics (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWenze, S. J., Gaugler, T. L., Sheets, E. S., & DeCicco, J. M. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.011 · Cited by 21
The cultural neuroscience of emotion regulation
Hampton, R. S., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2018) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-018-0066-2 · Cited by 20
Reactions to tobacco warning labels: predictors and outcomes of adaptive and maladaptive responses
Owusu, D., So, J., & Popova, L. (2019) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2018.1531127 · Cited by 21
Impairments of cognitive control in patients with somatoform disorders and their treatment
Chutko, L. S., Surushkina, S. Y., Yakovenko, E. A., Анисимова, Т. И., Карповская, Е. Б., Василенко, В. В., Didur, М. D., & Volov, M. B. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201911904132 · Cited by 20
Schweizer, S., Leung, J. T., Kievit, R., Speekenbrink, M., Trender, W. R., Hampshire, A., & Blakemore, S. (2019) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15229.2 · Cited by 20
Relación entre Inteligencia Emocional y Riesgo Psicopatológico en Estudiantes Universitarios
Delgado-Gómez, M. S., Díaz, M. G., Gómez-Sánchez, R., et al. (2019) · Formación universitaria · doi:10.4067/s0718-50062019000300039 · Cited by 19
“Gross (2002) desarrolla el modelo de procesos de inteligencia emocional, describiéndose cinco puntos en los que las personas pueden intervenir para modificar el curso de la generación de emociones, esto es, autorregularse emocionalmente (tener la capacidad de atenuar o expresar una emoción);…”
BackgroundAcceptance-Based Emotion Regulation Reduces Subjective and Physiological Pain Responses
Haspert, V., Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., & Reicherts, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01514 · Cited by 21
“Numerous studies on commonly used ER strategies such as reappraisal and distraction (Gross, 2002; John and Gross, 2004) already demonstrated effective reductions of negative emotions (McRae et al., 2010; Kanske et al., 2011; Webb et al., 2012; Schönfelder et al., 2014) and pain (Van Damme et al.,…”
MethodGrobler, B., & Conley, L. (2013) · Education as Change · doi:10.1080/16823206.2013.866003 · Cited by 19
Relations Among Self-concealment, Mindfulness, and Internalizing Problems
Edmonds, J., Masuda, A., & Tully, E. C. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0204-z · Cited by 21
“…research suggests that emotion/behavior regulation plays a crucial role on the onset and maintenance of a wide range of psychopathology and internalizing problems (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Gross, 2002; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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