The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4 · Cited by 10,586
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Self-citationPsychological stress and the coping process
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,164
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007
Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 · Cited by 5,312
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
Self-citationProgress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.819 · Cited by 3,272
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Buck, R. W. ~ 1979 ! . Individual differences in non-verbal sending accuracy and electrodermal responding: The externalizing-internalizing dimension. In R. Rosenthal ~ Ed. ! , Skill in non-verbal communication ~ pp. 140170 ! . Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
- Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.
- Clore, G. L. ~ 1994 ! . Why emotions vary in intensity. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 386-393 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Frijda, N. H. ~ 1986 ! . The emotions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. ~ in press ! . Wise emotion regulation. In L.
- Head, H. ~ 1921 ! . Release function in the nervous system. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biology , 92B , 184-209.
- Jones, H. E. ~ 1950 ! . The study of patterns of emotion expression. In M. Reymert ~ Ed. ! , Feelings and emotions ~ pp. 161-168 ! . New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Leary, M. R. ~ 1986 ! . Affective and behavioral consequences of shyness: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In W. H. Jones & J. M. Cheek & S. R. Briggs ~ Eds. ! , Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment ~ pp. 27-38 ! . New York: Plenum Press.
- Levenson, R. W. ~ 1994 ! . Human emotions: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 123-126 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mauss, I. B., & Gross, J. J. ~ in press ! . Emotion suppression and cardiovascular disease: Is hiding feelings bad for your heart? In L. R. Temoshok, I. Nyklicek, & A. Vingerhoets ~ Eds. ! , Emotions in health promotion and disease . London: Harwood Academic Press.
- Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E. ~ 2002 ! . The neural bases of reappraisal . Manuscript under review.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,701–1,800 of 4,870
Changes in Emotional States Before and After Risk Taking in Scuba Diving
Bonnet, A., Fernandez, L., Piolat, A., & Pédinielli, J.-L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2.1.25 · Cited by 19
Grobler, B. (2014) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143213513184 · Cited by 19
“Gross (2002) identifies two ways that a leader can engage in response-focused emotion regulation, namely through strategies of reappraisal and suppression.”
BackgroundVisitors’ Perception of Theme Park Crowding and Behavioral Consequences
Yeh, S., Aliana, L.-M. W., & Zhang, F.-Y. (2012) · Advances in hospitality and leisure · doi:10.1108/s1745-3542(2012)0000008008 · Cited by 20
Decreased Emotional Perception in Obesity
Giel, K. E., Hartmann, A., Zeeck, A., Jux, A., Vuck, A., Gierthmuehlen, P. C., Wetzler‐Burmeister, E., Sandholz, A., Marjanović, G., & Joos, A. A. B. (2016) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2444 · Cited by 19
Embodied Resistance to Persuasion in Advertising
Lewinski, P., Fransen, M. L., & Tan, E. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01202 · Cited by 28
Emotion regulation and academic perceptions in adolescence
Oram, R., Ryan, J., Rogers, M., & Heath, N. L. (2017) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2017.1290896 · Cited by 23
“Research has shown that low ER, a common characteristic in internalising forms of psychopathology such as depression and anxiety, is also involved in predicting poor social functioning (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundHaeyen, S., van Hooren, S., Dehue, F., & Hutschemaekers, G. J. M. (2017) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2017.1403458 · Cited by 19
“Emotion-expressive behaviour plays an important role in social interactions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundJYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 275
Kinnunen, M.-L. (2005) · Cited by 19
Elkin, N., Kariveliparambil, A., Kılınçel, O., Kılınçel, Ş., Ranganathan, M., Sakarya, A. K., & Soydan, A. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1502968 · Cited by 23
Hao, X., Dai, Y., Jia, S., Liu, S., Zhao, C., & Liu, X. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-02976-3 · Cited by 19
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of emotion regulation on cortisol
Mikkelsen, M. B., Tramm, G., Zachariae, R. H., Gravholt, C. H., & O’Toole, M. S. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100020 · Cited by 24
Dolcos, S. M., Hu, Y., Williams, C. L., Bogdan, P. C., Hohl, K., Berenbaum, H., & Dolcos, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.585536 · Cited by 19
“The most common semantic strategy is cognitive reappraisal (CR), which involves engaging with and modifying the meaning of emotional information through semantic processing (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundGrol, M., & Raedt, R. D. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103891 · Cited by 22
“A crucial component of adequate and adaptive responding to stress is emotion regulation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundGao, X., Yu, H., Lü, P., Gong, X., Xiang, Y., Jiang, C., & Zhou, X. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118631 · Cited by 17
“This is an open access ar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ) uality is fundamental to human adaptions to volatile social environ- ents ( Gassin and Elizabeth, 1998 ; Gross, 2002 ; Louie and De Marino, 2013 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialLuo, H., Zhao, Y., Hong, J., Hong, W., Zhang, X., & Tan, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.788458 · Cited by 23
“In addition, individuals with alexithymia have difficulty identifying, expressing, and communicating emotions and are unwilling to interact directly with others, leading to their poor social and interpersonal functions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMontoro, C. I., de la Coba, P., Padilla, M. M., & Galvez-Sánchez, C. M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12040091 · Cited by 24
“It has been demonstrated that while people who usually suppress emotions avoid suffering in the short term, they are subsequently faced with greater discomfort [66] and are more predisposed to mental health problems [67,68].”
BackgroundWackerhagen, C., Veer, I. M., van Leeuwen, J. M. C., Reppmann, Z. C., Riepenhausen, A., Bögemann, S. A., Mor, N., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Uściƚko, A., Zerban, M., et al. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/39817 · Cited by 19
“Habitual use of the emotion regulation strategies “cognitive reappraisal” and “expressive suppression” (10 items) [74].”
MethodZhang, Y., Xu, H., Jia, R., et al. (2022) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.2022.00006 · Cited by 18
Morello, K., Schäfer, S. K., Kunzler, A. M., Priesterroth, L., Tüscher, O., & Kubiak, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1253390 · Cited by 26
“Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy that has been de fi ned as creating alternative appraisals or interpretations of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation to change its emotional impact (28 – 30).”
BackgroundEmotion Fusion-Sense (Emo Fu-Sense) – A novel multimodal emotion classification technique
Umair, M., Rashid, N., Khan, U. S., Hamza, A., & Iqbal, J. (2024) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106224 · Cited by 18
Estudos de validação com a versão portuguesa da Escala de Dificuldades na Regulação Emocional (EDRE)
Veloso, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Dinis, A. (2011) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_54_4 · Cited by 18
“…expressiva é uma estratégia focada nas respostas emocionais, sendo conceptualizada como uma forma de modelação de resposta, a qual se centra na inibição de um comportamento emocionalmente expressivo (Gross, 1998a, 2001, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Levenson, 1993; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundAnorexia nervosa as a disorder of emotion regulation: Theory, evidence, and treatment implications.
Merwin, R. M. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01252.x · Cited by 18
“Support is growing for the central thesis that unhealthy attempts to attenuate difficult or uncomfortable private experiences (including painful emotions) perpetuate psychopathology (Gross, 2002; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996).”
BackgroundEren, A. (2013) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-013-0141-9 · Cited by 19
Koster, E. H. W., Soetens, B., Braet, C., & Raedt, R. D. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701616591 · Cited by 18
“an important strategy to regulate emotions (Gross, 2002).”
A review of conceptualisation of expressed emotion in caregivers of older adults with dementia
Li, C., & Murray, M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12619 · Cited by 20
Lui, S. S. Y., Shi, Y., Au, A. C. W., Li, Z., Tsui, C. F., Chan, C., Leung, M. M. W., Wong, P. T. Y., Wang, Y., Yan, C., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000278 · Cited by 18
Self-relevant threat contexts enhance early processing of fear-conditioned faces
Münch, H. M., Westermann, S., Pizzagalli, D. A., Hofmann, S. G., & Mueller, E. M. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.017 · Cited by 18
Nieuwenhuys, A., Weber, J., van der Hoeve, R., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2016) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12099 · Cited by 18
“When a specific situation requires individuals to override their initial responses to emotion-provoking stimuli, this is typically associated with marked increases in physiological arousal and affective distress (Gardner & Moore, 2004; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundDavid, D. (2014) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · Cited by 18
PERAN REGULASI EMOSI DALAM KEPUASAN PERNIKAHAN PADA PASANGAN SUAMI ISTRI USIA DEWASA AWAL
Wulan, D. K., & Chotimah, K. (2017) · Jurnal Ecopsy · doi:10.20527/ecopsy.v4i1.3417 · Cited by 18
Zou, Y.-M., Ni, K., Yang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, X., Xie, D., Zhang, R., Zhou, F., Li, W., Lui, S. S. Y., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.048 · Cited by 19
“In a consensus model of emotion proposed by Gross (1998, 2002), emotion starts with a cue, and subjective evaluation of the emotional cue triggers emotion response tendencies (e.g. behavioural, experiential and physiological), which can be modulated before emotion response appears.”
BackgroundBalzarotti, S., Chiarella, V., & Ciceri, M. R. (2017) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000231 · Cited by 17
“According to the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2001, 2007), cognitive reappraisal is an antecedent-focused form of emotion regulation, which means that it occurs early in the emotion generative process, and for this reason, it is thought to be an effective, adaptive, and relatively…”
BackgroundMethodChervonsky, E., & Hunt, C. J. (2018) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-018-9440-3 · Cited by 22
Wald, N., Carthy, T., Shenaar‐Golan, V., Tadmor-Zisman, Y., & Ziskind, M. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22745 · Cited by 18
“It is an adaptive emotion regulation strategy that is associated with a greater experience and expression of positive emotion and with higher levels of well-being (Gross, 2002; John, & Gross, 2007).”
BackgroundChen, J., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., & Xu, W. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109839 · Cited by 18
Semenchuk, B. N., Boreskie, K. F., Hay, J. L., Miller, C., Duhamel, T. A., & Strachan, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320909860 · Cited by 17
“…(e.g. shame) associated with chronic conditions can lead to depression and stress (e.g. Pinto-Gouveia et al., 2014) and are known to interfere with self-regulation (Gilbert et al., 2010; Gross, 2002) including engagement in health-promoting behaviors (Sirois, 2015b; Sirois and Hirsch, 2019).”
BackgroundBahl, N., & Ouimet, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221077233 · Cited by 21
Laybourn, S., Frenzel, A. C., Constant, M., & Liesefeld, H. R. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001147 · Cited by 17
Thérapie familiale et troubles de la régulation émotionnelle
Duriez, N. (2011) · Thérapie Familiale · doi:10.3917/tf.111.0041 · Cited by 18
Neurobiologia da regulação emocional: implicações para a terapia cognitivo-comportamental
Mocaiber, I., Oliveira, L., Pereira, M. G., Machado‐Pinheiro, W., Ventura, P. R., Figueira, I. L. D. V., & Volchan, E. (2008) · Psicologia em Estudo · doi:10.1590/s1413-73722008000300014 · Cited by 18
“Já que as emoções são disparadas a todo o momento, as estratégias de regulação poderiam ser distinguidas em termos de quando surgiriam durante os processos de geração da emoção (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
Cognitive appraisals, objectivity and coping in ambulance workers: a pilot study
Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2013) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2011-200511 · Cited by 18
Validation of a 15‐item Care‐related Regret Coping Scale for Health‐care Professionals (RCS‐HCP)
Courvoisier, D. S., Cullati, S., Ouchi, R., Schmidt, R. E., Haller, G., Chopard, P., Agoritsas, T., & Perneger, T. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1539/joh.14-0060-oa · Cited by 17
Facts and values in emotional plasticity
Faucher, L., & Tappolet, C. (2008) · Consciousness & emotion book series · doi:10.1075/ceb.4.07fau · Cited by 19
“Coping or regulating skills: It is something to know the social norms about emotions, but it is another to be able to comply with them by either not expressing an emotion or by "injluencing which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them" (Gross, 2002, p. 282).”
BackgroundMartins-Klein, B., & Mather, M. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14857-002 · Cited by 22
Oshio, A., Mieda, T., & Taku, K. (2016) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2016.1244874 · Cited by 19
“First, dichotomous thinking may lead to extreme emotional reactions when activated, impeding emotional regulation processes and leading to problematic behavior such as aggression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEvaluating the valence of remembered events: The importance of age and self-relevance.
Schryer, E., & Ross, M. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0023283 · Cited by 18
Beanspruchungswirkungen von Selbstkontrollanforderungen und Kontrollmöglichkeiten bei der Arbeit
Neubach, B., & Schmidt, K. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0044-3409.214.3.150 · Cited by 17
Wu, W.-F., Wu, H., Wu, X., Gu, J., & Qi, X. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00753-8 · Cited by 20
“The strategies in the last stage, which are employed after emotions produce behavioral, experiential, and physiological responses, are called response-focused strategies, such as expressive suppression (Gross, 2002).”
Wizła, M., & Lewczuk, K. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-024-02904-7 · Cited by 20
“ER is defined as a process that an individual employs to influence the kind of emotions they feel and when, as well as how they experience and express them (Gross, 1998, 2002, 2014).”
BackgroundDang, T., Du, W., Niu, M., & Xu, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1476437 · Cited by 27
Does interoceptive awareness affect the ability to regulate unfair treatment by others?
Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Faught, S., & Menino, D. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00880 · Cited by 17
“…situations, and it has been shown to be effective in lowering emotional experience and reducing the associated psychophysiological processes, such as heart rate, skin conductance responses, and neural activity (Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2002; Gross and John, 2003; Goldin et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSorid, S. D., Wedell, E., Herchenroeder, L., & Bravo, A. J. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1879146 · Cited by 17
“Emotion regulation strategies attempt to alter the experience of an emotional response or how the response is externally manifested (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMarital Conflict and Health: The Moderating Roles of Emotion Regulation and Marriage Order
Frye, N., H.Ganong, L., Jensen, T. M., & Coleman, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1080/10502556.2021.1925853 · Cited by 17
“Cognitive reappraisal occurs when an individual reframes a situation to alter its’ emotional impact, usually in positive ways (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundTöz, N., Arikan, G., & Üstündağ-Budak, A. M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01855-9 · Cited by 16
“George and Solomon (2008) suggested that caregivers’ individual differences in emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 2002) can explain why some mothers experience greater difficulties in regulating negative emotions about parenting and suffer from caregiving helplessness and…”
BackgroundRedundant Attempted Solutions: 50 Years of Theory, Evolution, and New Supporting Data
Vitry, G., de Scorraille, C., & Hoyt, M. F. (2021) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1448 · Cited by 17
Fine, N. B., Ben-Aharon, N., Armon, D. B., Seligman, Z., Helpman, L., Bloch, M., Hendler, T., & Sheppes, G. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004670 · Cited by 17
“Reappraisal instructions involved engaging with the processing of the emotional stimuli, but reinterpreting their negative meaning (i.e. thinking about less negative aspects of the situation or that the situation will improve over time) (Gross, 2014, 2002).”
BackgroundChen, X., Wang, Z., & Shao, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02714-x · Cited by 18
“However, individuals who frequently use expressive suppression will experience a series of problems, such as avoidant attachment, or will not share emotions with others (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; John & Gross, 2004); all these are risk factors of depression.”
BackgroundLi, W., Cui, H., Li, H., Colcombe, S. J., Smith, R. C., Cao, X., Pang, J., Hu, Q., Zhang, L., Yang, Z., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114971 · Cited by 17
Alawadhi, Y. T., Smith, M. R., & King, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23458 · Cited by 20
Awad, E., Fawaz, M. A., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-01019-9 · Cited by 26
Lauriola, M., Iannattone, S., & Bottesi, G. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-01020-1 · Cited by 17
“Several approaches have been proposed to define emotion dysregulation (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Parker et al., 2001; Rachman, 2001).”
BackgroundBrockman, R. N., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P. D., & Kashdan, T. B. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.01.005 · Cited by 21
Emotion regulation promotes forgetting of negative social feedback: Behavioral and EEG evidence
Hui, X. I. E., Xuanyi, L. I. N., Wanrou, H. U., & Xiaoqing, H. U. (2023) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2023.00905 · Cited by 19
“…2006; Sheppes & Meiran, 2008)。虽然上述研究在揭示情绪调节如何影 响记忆方面积累了一些证据，但这些研究大多采用非社会性、低自我相关性的情绪图片， 例如让人恐惧的毒蛇猛兽、满目苍夷的自然灾害等。这些情绪刺激主要来自 International Affective Picture System, IAPS (Lang et al., 2008)，在生态效度上具有一定的局限性，可能会 限制被试情绪调节的动机和效果(Nasso et al., 2020; Nelson et al.,…”
Saccaro, L. F., Rutigliano, G., Landi, P., Spera, M., Kraslavski, A., Zappa, M. A., & Mencacci, C. (2023) · Women · doi:10.3390/women3020015 · Cited by 16
“Emotion regulation can be defined as the “attempt to influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how these emotions are experienced or expressed” [7].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Wang, N., & Shen, B. (2024) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.35845 · Cited by 19
Lay Meanings of Mental Health in Urban Indian College Youth: Insights For Mental Health Promotion
Mehrotra, S., Tripathi, R., & Elias, J. K. (2012) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2119 · Cited by 17
Parvaz, M. A., Moeller, S. J., Goldstein, R. Z., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu027 · Cited by 17
“By changing a stimulus’ affective value, reappraisal can effectively up- or downregulate subjective reports of emotion, facial expression, as well as physiological measures of arousal (Gross, 2002; Aldao et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBornstein, J. X., vanDellen, M. R., & Shaffer, A. E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.002 · Cited by 17
Neural activation during cognitive reappraisal in girls at high risk for depression
Şimşek, F., Oğuz, K., Kitiş, Ö., Şebnem, A. K. A. N., Kempton, M. J., & Gönül, A. S. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.022 · Cited by 17
“During cognitive reappraisal, one attempts to reinterpret an emotion-eliciting situation in a way that alters its meaning and reduces its emotional impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundYuan, M., Guo, X., Li, X., Chen, X., Wang, C., & Li, Y. (2017) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.188 · Cited by 18
“In addition to NA, positive affect (PA) also needs to be regulated (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundLe, T. P. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.031 · Cited by 11
Dunne, S., Chib, V. S., Berleant, J., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy108 · Cited by 19
“One possibility may be to apply a cognitive strategy called reappraisal, a form of emotional regulation in which individuals reinterpret the affective meaning of a stimulus in order to moderate the emotional response that is subsequently engendered (Gross, 2002; Webb et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBortolon, C., Lopes, B., Capdevielle, D., Macioce, V., & Raffard, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.065 · Cited by 25
“The questionnaires were developed and validated by Gosselin et al. (2002).”
MethodCharacteristics of the regulation of the surprise emotion
Zhu, C., Li, P., Zhang, Z., Liu, D., & Luo, W. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42951-y · Cited by 18
Neural patterns during anticipation predict emotion regulation success for reappraisal
Schubert, E., Agathos, J. A., Brydevall, M., Feuerriegel, D., Koval, P., Morawetz, C., & Bode, S. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00808-2 · Cited by 18
Wei, D., Hou, F., Cao, W., Hao, C., Gu, J., Peng, L., & Li, J. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000712 · Cited by 17
Kopera, M., Trucco, E. M., Suszek, H., Kobyliński, P., Wiśniewski, P., Wojnar, M., & Jakubczyk, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10061321 · Cited by 18
“This bidirectional pain–emotional regulation association is in line with research showing that maladaptive emotional regulation strategies are associated with heightened physiological responses [20].”
ResultEmotions, identity, and commitment among early leavers in the United States of America
Torres, A. S. (2020) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2021.1889494 · Cited by 17
“Emotions are synchronised changes in the body in response to that stimuli (Gross, 2002; Scherer, 2005) and include cognitive appraisal of the event, neurophysiological changes in the body (e.g., body temperature, heart rate), motivation or action in response, facial and voice expression, and the…”
BackgroundNaumann, E., & Svaldi, J. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103851 · Cited by 17
Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., Macía, L., & Martín-Pérez, C. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10057-8 · Cited by 18
“Emotion regulation refers to a group of processes through which individuals influence and control their emotional states (McRae & Gross, 2020), allowing them to detect which emotions they feel, when they feel them, and how they experience and express them (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Clinically Modified Buddhist Psychological Model for Social Work Practice and Self-care
Maddock, A. (2023) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-022-00849-9 · Cited by 17
“This would allow Jane to have an increased capacity to experience and ventilate her emotions (Bridges et al., 2004) without under-engagement (e.g., through experiential avoidance) (Hayes et al., 1996) or over-engagement (e.g., through worry or rumination) (Borkovec, 1994; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”
BackgroundZheng, X., Dan, Q., Wu, Z., Luo, S., & Peng, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215030 · Cited by 23
Media Violence Effects on Brain Development: What Neuroimaging Has Revealed and What Lies Ahead
Hummer, T. A. (2015) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764215596553 · Cited by 17
“The interaction of prefrontal regions with emotion-sensitive limbic regions is a key part of emotion regulation (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Gross, 2002; Hariri, Bookheimer, & Mazziotta, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Emotion Down-Regulation on the Expectation of Sexual Reward
Brom, M., Laan, E. T. M., Everaerd, W. T. A. M., Spinhoven, P., Cousijn, J., & Both, S. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.01.005 · Cited by 17
Pavlov, S. V., Reva, N. V., Валерьевич, Л. К., Викторович, К. В., & Aftanas, L. I. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.002 · Cited by 18
“…meditation practice not only contributes to automatic changes of appraisals, but also to the development of voluntary reappraisal, associatedwith deliberate attempts to down- or up-regulate emotion through reappraising the meaning of the emotion-eliciting situation or stimulus (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation and relationship quality in mother–young adult child dyads
Martini, T. S., & Busseri, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407511431056 · Cited by 17
Tan, K. P.-S., & Li, X. R. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231173126 · Cited by 18
“In doing so, a potentially emotion-eliciting situation is neutralized (Gross, 2001) and the focal emotion could be decreased with little to no negative side effects observed (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHe, K., Chen, L., Fan, H., Sun, L., Yang, T., Liu, H., & Wang, K. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s483267 · Cited by 17
“21,22 Two of the more widely researched emotion regulation processes that might be related to NSSI are cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.”
Online Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Emotion Dysregulation in People With Chronic Pain
Norman‐Nott, N., Briggs, N., Hesam‐Shariati, N., Wilks, C. R., Schroeder, J., Diwan, A. D., Suh, J., Newby, J. M., Newton-John, T. R. O., Quidé, Y., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.6908 · Cited by 19
Caffeine alters emotion and emotional responses in low habitual caffeine consumers
Giles, G. E., Spring, A. M., Urry, H. L., Moran, J. M., Mahoney, C. R., & Kanarek, R. B. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2017-0224 · Cited by 21
Stubberud, J., Løvstad, M., Solbakk, A., Schanke, A., & Tornås, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.01011 · Cited by 19
Wang, L., Cui, Q., Liu, J., & Zou, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707181 · Cited by 16
EMOTIONAL REGULATION ON NEGATIVE AFFECT AND AGGRESSION: A REVIEW
Din, N. S. B. M., & Ahmad, M. (2021) · Asian People Journal (APJ) · doi:10.37231/apj.2021.4.2.281 · Cited by 19
“…also supported this by showing that cognitive reappraisal is viewed as a more adaptive strategy in producing more positive outcomes, as compared to expressive suppression that is often related to negative social consequences (Dan-Glause & Gross, 2011; Gross, 2002; Roberton, Dafern & Bucks., 2012).”
BackgroundKalia, V., Knauft, K. M., & Smith, A. R. (2021) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2021.2013156 · Cited by 17
“Consequently, suppression is correlated with greater emotional reactivity and reduced subjective well-being when used habitually (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Development of Cognitive Reappraisal for Regulating Emotions
France, K. D., & Hollenstein, T. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198855903.013.5 · Cited by 16
Lim, J. Y., & Moon, K.-K. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054379 · Cited by 16
“This depletion of emotional resources arouses psychosocial risks, such as burnout, exhaustion, and cynicism [12,17,44,45], that may increase turnover intention.”
BackgroundThe influence of children’s emotional comprehension on peer conflict resolution strategies
Cao, Y., Wang, H., Lv, Y., & Xie, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142373 · Cited by 21
“…to develop social responsiveness, which in turn fostered the ability of communication and emotional resilience; also, children’s emotional comprehension can predict their social adaptation, especially their relationship with peers (Gross, 2002; Ciarrochi et al., 2008; Deneault and Ricard, 2013).”
BackgroundZhang, W., Li, Y., Li, L., Hinshaw, S. P., & Lin, X. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00579-x · Cited by 21
Tri-process model of interpersonal mindfulness: theoretical framework and study protocol
Khoury, B., Manova, V., Adel, L., Dumas, G., Lifshitz, M., Vergara, R. C., Sekhon, H., & Rej, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130959 · Cited by 22
“The quality of social interactions depends on effective regulation of one’s emotions (Gross, 2002), and the latter requires skillfully responding to one’s own and others’ emotions (Zaki and Williams, 2013).”
BackgroundJohnson, J. S. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198892182.001.0001 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
