Cited by 430Gut microbiota and healthGastrointestinal motility and disordersTryptophan and brain disorders

The microbiome: stress, health and disease

Moloney, Rachel D., Desbonnet, Lieve, Clarke, Gerard, Dinan, Timothy G., Cryan, John F.·2014·Mammalian Genome

Abstract

Bacterial colonisation of the gut plays a major role in postnatal development and maturation of key systems that have the capacity to influence central nervous system (CNS) programming and signaling, including the immune and endocrine systems. Individually, these systems have been implicated in the neuropathology of many CNS disorders and collectively they form an important bidirectional pathway of communication between the microbiota and the brain in health and disease. Regulation of the microbiome-brain-gut axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. Moreover, there is now expanding evidence for the view that commensal organisms within the gut play a role in early programming and later responsivity of the stress system. Research has focused on how the microbiota communicates with the CNS and thereby influences brain function. The routes of this communication are not fully elucidated but include neural, humoral, immune and metabolic pathways. This view is underpinned by studies in germ-free animals and in animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic agents or antibiotics which indicate a role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of mood, cognition, pain and obesity. Thus, the concept of a microbiome-brain-gut axis is emerging which suggests that modulation of the gut microflora may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex stress-related CNS disorders where there is a huge unmet medical need.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00335-013-9488-5

Cites

222 of 222 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Dysbiosis is implicated in diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and depression.

    “Dysbiosis, a pathogenic disruption of gut microbial composition or host-microbe interactions, is implicated in diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and depression [73].”
  • Various previous studies have suggested profound microbiome effects on neuroendocrine and immune function, such that dysbiosis could compound ELA-related changes including cortisol dysregulation and chronic inflammation.

    “Various previous studies have suggested profound microbiome effects on neuroendocrine and immune function, such that dysbiosis could compound ELA-related changes including cortisol dysregulation and chronic inflammation [73–77].”
  • The gut microbiota modulates excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (serotonin, GABA and dopamine) and neurotransmitter-like substances, especially in response to physical and emotional stress.

    “Evidence shows that the gut microbiota also modulates excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (i.e. serotonin, GABA and dopamine) and neurotransmitter-like substances, especially in response to physical and emotional stress (reviewed by Clarke et al. [21] and Moloney et al [22]).”
  • The GM influences the stress system, behavior, and cognition in animals.

    “Studies in animals have demonstrated the effect that the GM has on neural development and neurochemistry in the host, influencing the stress system, behavior, and cognition (42–47).”
  • Many risk factors of functional constipation including age, diet, obesity, and stress have a large impact on the gut microbiota.

    “many risk factors of FC including age, diet, obesity, and stress have a large impact on the gut microbiota [ 33–35 ]”

    From Role of gut microbiota in functional constipation (2021) · cites this paper as [33]

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Authors
Moloney, R. D., Desbonnet, L., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F.
Affiliations
University College Cork (IE)
Corresponding author
Cryan, John F.
Venue
Mammalian Genome
Published
2013-11-27
Volume
25
Issue
1-2
Pages
49-74
ISSN
  • 0938-8990 (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-1777
OpenAlex
W2031136972
Cited by
430
References
222
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 1
FWCI
2.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Mammalian Genome (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords
gut microbiota, stress, central nervous system, postnatal development, immune system, endocrine system, stress system, mood, cognition, pain, obesity, probiotics, antibiotics, germ-free animals, bacterial infection, central nervous system disorders, therapeutics
MeSH terms
Animals, Behavior, Mental Disorders, Brain, Humans, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Signal Transduction, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota

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