The microbiome: stress, health and disease
Abstract
Bacterial colonisation of the gut plays a major role in postnatal development and maturation of key systems that have the capacity to influence central nervous system (CNS) programming and signaling, including the immune and endocrine systems. Individually, these systems have been implicated in the neuropathology of many CNS disorders and collectively they form an important bidirectional pathway of communication between the microbiota and the brain in health and disease. Regulation of the microbiome-brain-gut axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. Moreover, there is now expanding evidence for the view that commensal organisms within the gut play a role in early programming and later responsivity of the stress system. Research has focused on how the microbiota communicates with the CNS and thereby influences brain function. The routes of this communication are not fully elucidated but include neural, humoral, immune and metabolic pathways. This view is underpinned by studies in germ-free animals and in animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic agents or antibiotics which indicate a role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of mood, cognition, pain and obesity. Thus, the concept of a microbiome-brain-gut axis is emerging which suggests that modulation of the gut microflora may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex stress-related CNS disorders where there is a huge unmet medical need.
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Dysbiosis is implicated in diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and depression.
“Dysbiosis, a pathogenic disruption of gut microbial composition or host-microbe interactions, is implicated in diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and depression [73].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [73]
Various previous studies have suggested profound microbiome effects on neuroendocrine and immune function, such that dysbiosis could compound ELA-related changes including cortisol dysregulation and chronic inflammation.
“Various previous studies have suggested profound microbiome effects on neuroendocrine and immune function, such that dysbiosis could compound ELA-related changes including cortisol dysregulation and chronic inflammation [73–77].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [73]
The gut microbiota modulates excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (serotonin, GABA and dopamine) and neurotransmitter-like substances, especially in response to physical and emotional stress.
“Evidence shows that the gut microbiota also modulates excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (i.e. serotonin, GABA and dopamine) and neurotransmitter-like substances, especially in response to physical and emotional stress (reviewed by Clarke et al. [21] and Moloney et al [22]).”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The GM influences the stress system, behavior, and cognition in animals.
“Studies in animals have demonstrated the effect that the GM has on neural development and neurochemistry in the host, influencing the stress system, behavior, and cognition (42–47).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Many risk factors of functional constipation including age, diet, obesity, and stress have a large impact on the gut microbiota.
“many risk factors of FC including age, diet, obesity, and stress have a large impact on the gut microbiota [ 33–35 ]”
From Role of gut microbiota in functional constipation (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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Effects of Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 on Post-Inflammatory Visceral Hypersensitivity in the Rat
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Tryptophan Metabolism and Immunogenetics in Major Depression: A Role for Interferon-γ Gene
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Role of Pirh2 in Mediating the Regulation of p53 and c-Myc
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Metagenomics and development of the gut microbiota in infants
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Intestinal bacteria influence brain activity in healthy humans
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Targeting genetic and epigenetic alterations in the treatment of serous ovarian cancer
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Glucocorticoids and Inflammation: A Double-Headed Sword in Depression?
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Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A Rationale for Developmental Treatment
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The Brain-Gut Axis: A Target for Treating Stress-Related Disorders
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Self-citation
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The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease
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Self-citationKelly, J. R., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., Clarke, G., & Hyland, N. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders
Borre, Y. E., O’Keeffe, G. W., Clarke, G., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.002 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Self-citationGut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience
Mayer, E. A., Knight, R., Mazmanian, S. K., Cryan, J. F., & Tillisch, K. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3299-14.2014 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Self-citationBurokas, A., Arboleya, S., Moloney, R. D., Peterson, V. L., Murphy, K., Clarke, G., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.031 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
Self-citationGut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration
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Self-citationBiological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications
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“Dysbiosis, a pathogenic disruption of gut microbial composition or host-microbe interactions, is implicated in diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and depression [73].”
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Clark, A., & Mach, N. (2016) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
“[21] and Moloney et al [22]).”
Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides
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Self-citationBrowning, K. N., & Travagli, R. A. (2014) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130055 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
The microbiome: a key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation
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Self-citationMicrobiota-gut-brain axis: Modulator of host metabolism and appetite
van de Wouw, M., Schellekens, H., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.240481 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Self-citationSavignac, H. M., Kiely, B., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12427 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Rusch, J. A., Layden, B. T., & Dugas, L. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and diet in psychiatry: focus on depression
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Self-citationProbiotics and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: Focus on psychiatry
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Cussotto, S., Sandhu, K. V., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.04.002 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions
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Microbiota regulation of the mammalian gut-brain axis
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Self-citationCross talk: the microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders
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Self-citationEarly-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle?
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Self-citationGastrointestinal inflammation by gut microbiota disturbance induces memory impairment in mice
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Role of gut microbiota in functional constipation
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The gut microbiome and mental health: implications for anxiety- and trauma-related disorders
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Gutted! Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Major Depressive Disorder
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- Authors
- Moloney, R. D., Desbonnet, L., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University College Cork (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Cryan, John F.
- Venue
- Mammalian Genome
- Published
- 2013-11-27
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 49-74
- ISSN
- 0938-8990 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1777
- OpenAlex
- W2031136972
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 222
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Mammalian Genome (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, stress, central nervous system, postnatal development, immune system, endocrine system, stress system, mood, cognition, pain, obesity, probiotics, antibiotics, germ-free animals, bacterial infection, central nervous system disorders, therapeutics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Mental Disorders, Brain, Humans, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Signal Transduction, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota
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