Design, Synthesis, and In Vivo Imaging of a Stable Xanthene-Based Dye with NIR-II Emission up to 1450 nm
Abstract
The development of long-wavelength near-infrared II (NIR-II, 900–1700 nm) dyes is highly desirable but challenging. To achieve both red-shifted absorption/emission and superior in vivo imaging capabilities, a donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) xanthene core was strategically modified by extending π-conjugated double bonds and enhancing electron-donating properties. Two dyes named VIX-1250 and VIX-1450 were synthesized and exhibited notably red-shifted absorption/emission peaks at 942/1250 and 1098/1450 nm, respectively. Among them, VIX-1450 demonstrated superior chemo- and photostability even at such long wavelengths. Fluorescent angiography using VIX-1450 micelles enabled high-clarity blood vessel imaging with a remarkable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), underscoring that the dye’s large Stokes shift (352 nm), good brightness (13 M –1 cm –1 ), and long wavelength served as key factors for high-quality in vivo biosensing. Additionally, VIX-1450 combined with ICG for dual-color imaging achieved near-zero optical cross talk, enabling different organ labeling. This study provides a new direction for the design of long-wavelength organic dyes.
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The rigid xanthene core imparts long emission wavelengths, excellent photostability, and high fluorescence quantum yields, providing an ideal platform for NIR-II fluorescent fluorophores.
“The rigid xanthene core imparts long emission wavelengths, excellent photostability, and high fluorescence quantum yields, providing an ideal platform for the development of NIR-II fluorescent fluorophores175.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
Xanthene dyes, particularly rhodamines and fluoresceins, have attracted considerable attention in biomedical imaging owing to outstanding photophysical properties including high molar absorptivity, excellent photostability, facile functionalization, and tunable emission.
“Xanthene dyes, particularly rhodamines and fluoresceins, have attracted considerable attention in biomedical imaging owing to their outstanding photophysical properties, including high molar absorptivity, excellent photostability, facile functionalization, and tunable emission”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
Cui et al. designed VIX1250 and VIX1450, which exhibited emission peaks at 1250 and 1450 nm, respectively, both within the NIR-II window.
“Cui et al.175 designed VIX1250 and VIX1450, which exhibited emission peaks at 1250 and 1450 nm, respectively, both falling within the NIR-II window.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
VIX1250 and VIX1450 had red-shifted absorption up to 1098 nm, enabling deep-tissue imaging with reduced autofluorescence and light-induced toxicity.
“Their red-shifted absorption (up to 1098 nm) enabled deep-tissue imaging with reduced autofluorescence and light-induced toxicity.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
VIX-1450 exhibited a maximum emission peak at 1450 nm, and maintained exceptional chemical stability and photostability even at this extended wavelength.
“VIX-1450 exhibited a maximum emission peak at 1450 nm, and maintained exceptional chemical stability and photostability even at this extended wavelength.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
Cui et al. successfully synthesized a novel long-wavelength NIR-II dye, VIX-1450, through extension of the π-conjugation system, for application in fluorescence angiography.
“Cui et al. successfully synthesized a novel long-wavelength NIR-II dye, VIX-1450, through extension of the π-conjugation system, for application in fluorescence angiography (Fig. 18c)175.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
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- Authors
- Gao, X., Wang, J.-Y., Qin, Y., Zhu, Y., Liu, Y.-J., Zhou, K., & Cui, M.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Center for Advanced Materials Research & Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, P. R. China
- Corresponding author
- Zhou, Kaixiang
- Cui, Mengchao
- Venue
- Analytical Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2025-01-15
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1827-1836
- ISSN
- 0003-2700 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6882
- OpenAlex
- W4406414763
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Analytical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Beijing Normal University (310432101, 312200502501)
- Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (2232009)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (22107010)
- Guangdong Provincial Ordinary Universities Youth Innovation Talent Project (2021KQNCX267)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- fluorescent angiography, vascular imaging, dual-color imaging, indocyanine green, photostability, Stokes shift, in vivo biosensing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fluorescent Dyes, Humans, Infrared Rays, Micelles, Xanthenes, Drug Design, Molecular Structure, Mice, Optical Imaging
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