A route to brightly fluorescent carbon nanotubes for near-infrared imaging in mice
Open accessAbstract
The near-infrared photoluminescence intrinsic to semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes is ideal for biological imaging owing to the low autofluorescence and deep tissue penetration in the near-infrared region beyond 1 microm. However, biocompatible single-walled carbon nanotubes with high quantum yield have been elusive. Here, we show that sonicating single-walled carbon nanotubes with sodium cholate, followed by surfactant exchange to form phospholipid-polyethylene glycol coated nanotubes, produces in vivo imaging agents that are both bright and biocompatible. The exchange procedure is better than directly sonicating the tubes with the phospholipid-polyethylene glycol, because it results in less damage to the nanotubes and improves the quantum yield. We show whole-animal in vivo imaging using an InGaAs camera in the 1-1.7 microm spectral range by detecting the intrinsic near-infrared photoluminescence of the 'exchange' single-walled carbon nanotubes at a low dose (17 mg l(-1) injected dose). The deep tissue penetration and low autofluorescence background allowed high-resolution intravital microscopy imaging of tumour vessels beneath thick skin.
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Since 2009, diverse NIR-II probe materials have emerged, including carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, rare-earth-doped nanoparticles, conjugated polymers, and organic small-molecule dyes.
“Since the pioneering report of high-contrast NIR-II imaging in 2009, the field has witnessed remarkable progress, leading to the emergence of diverse probe materials, including carbon nanotubes44,45, quantum dots46–48, rare-earth-doped nanoparticles49–51, conjugated polymers52, and organic small-molecule dyes53–58.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Welsher, K., Liu, Z., Sherlock, S. P., Robinson, J. T., Chen, Z., Daranciang, D., & Dai, H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Soochow University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Dai, Hongjie
- Venue
- Nature Nanotechnology
- Published
- 2009-10-11
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 773-780
- ISSN
- 1748-3387 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-3395
- PMC
- PMC2834239
- OpenAlex
- W2079625753
- Cited by
- 1,287
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 88 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 26.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca135109-05)
- National Cancer Institute (R01-CA135109)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Carbon Nanotubes in Composites
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- single-walled carbon nanotubes, near-infrared emission, fluorescent imaging agents, surfactant exchange, biocompatibility, quantum yield, deep tissue penetration, intravital microscopy, whole-animal imaging, InGaAs camera
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Vessels, Fluorescence, Humans, Luminescent Measurements, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Nanotubes, Carbon, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Molecular Imaging
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