The DOI matches its Crossref record; 173 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sensing in Soft Robotics
Open accessAbstract
Soft robotics is an exciting field of science and technology that enables robots to manipulate objects with human-like dexterity. Soft robots can handle delicate objects with care, access remote areas, and offer realistic feedback on their handling performance. However, increased dexterity and mechanical compliance of soft robots come with the need for accurate control of the position and shape of these robots. Therefore, soft robots must be equipped with sensors for better perception of their surroundings, location, force, temperature, shape, and other stimuli for effective usage. This review highlights recent progress in sensing feedback technologies for soft robotic applications. It begins with an introduction to actuation technologies and material selection in soft robotics, followed by an in-depth exploration of various types of sensors, their integration methods, and the benefits of multimodal sensing, signal processing, and control strategies. A short description of current market leaders in soft robotics is also included in the review to illustrate the growing demands of this technology. By examining the latest advancements in sensing feedback technologies for soft robots, this review aims to highlight the potential of soft robotics and inspire innovation in the field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Design, fabrication and control of soft robots
Rus, D., & Tolley, M. T. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14543 · Cited by 5,825
Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers
Mannsfeld, S. C. B., Tee, B. C.-K., Stoltenberg, R. M., Chen, C. V. H.-H., Barman, S., Muir, B. V. O., Sokolov, A. N., Reese, C., & Bao, Z. (2010) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2834 · Cited by 3,291
High-Speed Electrically Actuated Elastomers with Strain Greater Than 100%
Pelrine, R., Kornbluh, R., Pei, Q., & Joseph, J. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5454.836 · Cited by 3,283
Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin
Chortos, A., Liu, J., & Bao, Z. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4671 · Cited by 2,396
Small-scale soft-bodied robot with multimodal locomotion
Hu, W., Lum, G. Z., Mastrangeli, M., & Sitti, M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25443 · Cited by 2,372
Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials
Kim, Y., Yuk, H., Zhao, R., Chester, S. A., & Zhao, X. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0185-0 · Cited by 2,183
Shintake, J., Cacucciolo, V., Floreano, D., & Shea, H. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201707035 · Cited by 1,938
Pan, L., Chortos, A., Yu, G., Wang, Y., Isaacson, S., Allen, R., Shi, Y., Dauskardt, R., & Bao, Z. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4002 · Cited by 1,519
Mechanical characterization of bulk Sylgard 184 for microfluidics and microengineering
Johnston, I. D., McCluskey, D. K., Tan, C. K. L., & Tracey, M. C. (2014) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/24/3/035017 · Cited by 1,495
Biomedical applications of soft robotics
Cianchetti, M., Laschi, C., Menciassi, A., & Dario, P. (2018) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-018-0022-y · Cited by 1,435
Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing
Hua, Q., Sun, J., Liu, H., Bao, R., Yu, R., Zhai, J., Pan, C., & Wang, Z. L. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02685-9 · Cited by 1,413
Highly stretchable electroluminescent skin for optical signaling and tactile sensing
Larson, C., Peele, B., Li, S., Robinson, S., Totaro, M., Beccai, L., Mazzolai, B., & Shepherd, R. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac5082 · Cited by 1,393
Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
Luo, Y., Abidian, M. R., Ahn, J.-H., Akinwande, D., Andrews, A. M., Antonietti, M., Bao, Z., Berggren, M., Berkey, C. A., Bettinger, C. J., et al. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c12606 · Cited by 1,383
Self-citationSoft Robotics: A Perspective—Current Trends and Prospects for the Future
Majidi, C. (2014) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2013.0001 · Cited by 1,302
Self-Organization, Embodiment, and Biologically Inspired Robotics
Pfeifer, R., Lungarella, M., & Iida, F. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1145803 · Cited by 1,227
Polygerinos, P., Correll, N., Morin, S. A., Mosadegh, B., Onal, C. D., Petersen, K., Cianchetti, M., Tolley, M. T., & Shepherd, R. F. (2017) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.201700016 · Cited by 1,063
A 3D-printed, functionally graded soft robot powered by combustion
Bartlett, N. W., Tolley, M. T., Overvelde, J. T. B., Weaver, J. C., Mosadegh, B., Bertoldi, K., Whitesides, G. M., & Wood, R. J. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aab0129 · Cited by 1,052
Rich, S. I., Wood, R. J., & Majidi, C. (2018) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-018-0024-1 · Cited by 1,022
Hydraulic hydrogel actuators and robots optically and sonically camouflaged in water
Yuk, H., Lin, S., Ma, C., Takaffoli, M., Fang, N. X., & Zhao, X. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14230 · Cited by 988
Optoelectronically innervated soft prosthetic hand via stretchable optical waveguides
Zhao, H., O’Brien, K., Li, S., & Shepherd, R. F. (2016) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aai7529 · Cited by 982
Boutry, C. M., Negre, M., Jorda, M., Vardoulis, O., Chortos, A., Khatib, O., & Bao, Z. (2018) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aau6914 · Cited by 921
3D Printing of Shape Memory Polymers for Flexible Electronic Devices
Zarek, M., Layani, M., Cooperstein, I., Sachyani, E., Cohn, D., & Magdassi, S. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201503132 · Cited by 903
Self-citationSoft actuators for real-world applications
Li, M., Pal, A., Aghakhani, A., Pena-Francesch, A., & Sitti, M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7 · Cited by 880
Printable elastic conductors with a high conductivity for electronic textile applications
Matsuhisa, N., Kaltenbrunner, M., Yokota, T., Jinno, H., Kuribara, K., Sekitani, T., & Someya, T. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8461 · Cited by 869
Whitesides, G. M. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201800907 · Cited by 850
Soft Robotic Grippers for Biological Sampling on Deep Reefs
Galloway, K. C., Becker, K. P., Phillips, B., Kirby, J., Licht, S., Tchernov, D., Wood, R. J., & Gruber, D. F. (2016) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2015.0019 · Cited by 848
Harris' Shock and Vibration Handbook
Harris, C. M., & Piersol, A. G. (1976) · Cited by 798
Neuromorphic sensorimotor loop embodied by monolithically integrated, low-voltage, soft e-skin
Wang, W., Jiang, Y., Zhong, D., Zhang, Z., Choudhury, S., Lai, J.-C., Gong, H., Niu, S., Yan, X., Zheng, Y., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ade0086 · Cited by 788
Toward Perceptive Soft Robots: Progress and Challenges
Wang, H., Totaro, M., & Beccai, L. (2018) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201800541 · Cited by 753
Reprogrammable recovery and actuation behaviour of shape-memory polymers
Lendlein, A., & Gould, O. E. C. (2019) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-018-0078-8 · Cited by 723
Phototactic guidance of a tissue-engineered soft-robotic ray
Park, S.-J., Gazzola, M., Park, K. S., Park, S., Di Santo, V., Blevins, E. L., Lind, J. U., Campbell, P. H., Dauth, S., Capulli, A. K., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf4292 · Cited by 721
Electronic skins and machine learning for intelligent soft robots
Shih, B., Shah, D., Li, J., Thuruthel, T. G., Park, Y.-L., Iida, F., Bao, Z., Kramer-Bottiglio, R., & Tolley, M. T. (2020) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aaz9239 · Cited by 715
Triboelectric nanogenerator sensors for soft robotics aiming at digital twin applications
Jin, T., Sun, Z., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Zhu, M., Zhang, Z., Yuan, G., Chen, T., Tian, Y., Hou, X., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19059-3 · Cited by 695
Soft robot perception using embedded soft sensors and recurrent neural networks
Thuruthel, T. G., Shih, B., Laschi, C., & Tolley, M. T. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aav1488 · Cited by 678
Highly Stretchable and UV Curable Elastomers for Digital Light Processing Based 3D Printing
Patel, D. K., Sakhaei, A. H., Layani, M., Zhang, B., Ge, Q., & Magdassi, S. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201606000 · Cited by 673
Self-citationA soft robotic exosuit improves walking in patients after stroke
Awad, L. N., Bae, J., O’Donnell, K., De Rossi, S. M. M., Hendron, K., Sloot, L. H., Kudzia, P., Allen, S., Holt, K. G., Ellis, T. D., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aai9084 · Cited by 672
Nanomesh pressure sensor for monitoring finger manipulation without sensory interference
Lee, S., Franklin, S., Hassani, F. A., Yokota, T., Nayeem, M. O. G., Wang, Y., Leib, R., Cheng, G., Franklin, D. W., & Someya, T. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc9735 · Cited by 640
Functional Fibers and Fabrics for Soft Robotics, Wearables, and Human–Robot Interface
Xiong, J., Chen, J., & Lee, P. S. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202002640 · Cited by 627
Yang, J. C., Kim, J.-O., Oh, J., Kwon, S. Y., Sim, J. Y., Kim, D. W., Choi, H. B., & Park, S. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.9b03261 · Cited by 595
Soft Somatosensitive Actuators via Embedded 3D Printing
Truby, R. L., Wehner, M., Grosskopf, A. K., Vogt, D. M., Uzel, S. G. M., Wood, R. J., & Lewis, J. A. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201706383 · Cited by 586
High‐Stretchability, Ultralow‐Hysteresis ConductingPolymer Hydrogel Strain Sensors for Soft Machines
Shen, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, N., Li, J., Zhou, P., Hu, F., Rong, Y., Lu, B., & Gu, G. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202203650 · Cited by 574
Ji, X., Liu, X., Cacucciolo, V., Imboden, M., Civet, Y., El Haitami, A., Cantin, S., Perriard, Y., & Shea, H. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aaz6451 · Cited by 545
A Highly Elastic, Capacitive Strain Gauge Based on Percolating Nanotube Networks
Cohen, D. J., Mitra, D., Peterson, K., & Maharbiz, M. M. (2012) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl204052z · Cited by 501
Flexible Three‐Axial Force Sensor for Soft and Highly Sensitive Artificial Touch
Viry, L., Levi, A., Totaro, M., Mondini, A., Mattoli, V., Mazzolai, B., & Beccai, L. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201305064 · Cited by 480
Skin-inspired quadruple tactile sensors integrated on a robot hand enable object recognition
Li, G., Liu, S., Wang, L., & Zhu, R. (2020) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abc8134 · Cited by 477
Transparent, Optical, Pressure‐Sensitive Artificial Skin for Large‐Area Stretchable Electronics
Ramuz, M., Tee, B. C., Tok, J. B. ‐., & Bao, Z. (2012) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201200523 · Cited by 475
Elastic Inflatable Actuators for Soft Robotic Applications
Gorissen, B., Reynaerts, D., Konishi, S., Yoshida, K., Kim, J., & De Volder, M. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201604977 · Cited by 462
Ruth, S. R. A., Beker, L., Tran, H., Feig, V. R., Matsuhisa, N., & Bao, Z. (2020) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201903100 · Cited by 457
On the Shared Control of an EMG-Controlled Prosthetic Hand: Analysis of User–Prosthesis Interaction
Cipriani, C., Zaccone, F., Micera, S., & Carrozza, M. C. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics · doi:10.1109/tro.2007.910708 · Cited by 453
A biologically inspired soft exosuit for walking assistance
Asbeck, A. T., De Rossi, S. M. M., Holt, K. G., & Walsh, C. J. (2015) · The International Journal of Robotics Research · doi:10.1177/0278364914562476 · Cited by 450
Polydimethylsiloxane Composites Characterization and Its Applications: A Review
Ariati, R., Sales, F., Souza, A., Lima, R. A., & Ribeiro, J. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13234258 · Cited by 440
Realizing the potential of dielectric elastomer artificial muscles
Duduta, M., Hajiesmaili, E., Zhao, H., Wood, R. J., & Clarke, D. R. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1815053116 · Cited by 437
Model-Based Control of Soft Robots: A Survey of the State of the Art and Open Challenges
Della Santina, C., Duriez, C., & Rus, D. (2023) · IEEE Control Systems · doi:10.1109/mcs.2023.3253419 · Cited by 402
Bio-inspired soft robotics: Material selection, actuation, and design
Coyle, S., Majidi, C., LeDuc, P., & Hsia, K. J. (2018) · Extreme Mechanics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.eml.2018.05.003 · Cited by 400
Su, Q., Zou, Q., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Teng, S.-Y., Kelleher, J. T., Nith, R., Cheng, P., Li, N., Liu, W., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi4563 · Cited by 392
Bio-inspired pneumatic shape-morphing elastomers
Siéfert, E., Reyssat, E., Bico, J., & Roman, B. (2019) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-018-0219-x · Cited by 366
All-printed soft human-machine interface for robotic physicochemical sensing
Yu, Y., Li, J., Solomon, S. A., Min, J., Tu, J., Guo, W., Xu, C., Song, Y., & Gao, W. (2022) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abn0495 · Cited by 365
Anisotropic and self-healing hydrogels with multi-responsive actuating capability
Qin, H., Zhang, T., Li, N., Cong, H.-P., & Yu, S.-H. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8 · Cited by 364
Ha, K., Zhang, W., Jang, H., Kang, S., Wang, L., Tan, P., Hwang, H., & Lu, N. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202103320 · Cited by 354
Magnetic Actuation Methods in Bio/Soft Robotics
Ebrahimi, N., Bi, C., Cappelleri, D. J., Ciuti, G., Conn, A. T., Faivre, D., Habibi, N., Hošovský, A., Iacovacci, V., Khalil, I. S. M., et al. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202005137 · Cited by 353
Lai, Y., Deng, J., Liu, R., Hsiao, Y., Zhang, S. L., Peng, W., Wu, H., Wang, X., & Wang, Z. L. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201801114 · Cited by 347
Plasticizing Silk Protein for On‐Skin Stretchable Electrodes
Chen, G., Matsuhisa, N., Liu, Z., Qi, D., Cai, P., Jiang, Y., Wan, C., Cui, Y., Leow, W. R., Liu, Z., et al. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201800129 · Cited by 343
Self-citationSoft robots based on dielectric elastomer actuators: a review
Gupta, U., Qin, L., Wang, Y., Godaba, H., & Zhu, J. (2019) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ab3a77 · Cited by 323
A neuro-inspired artificial peripheral nervous system for scalable electronic skins
Lee, W. W., Tan, Y. J., Yao, H., Li, S., See, H. H., Hon, M., Ng, K. A., Xiong, B., Ho, J. S., & Tee, B. C. K. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aax2198 · Cited by 318
Review of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators and Their Applications in Soft Robots
Guo, Y., Liu, L., Liu, Y., & Leng, J. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202000282 · Cited by 316
Adaptive locomotion of artificial microswimmers
Huang, H.-W., Uslu, F. E., Katsamba, P., Lauga, E., Sakar, M. S., & Nelson, B. J. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau1532 · Cited by 304
Shape memory polymers for composites
Mu, T., Liu, L., Lan, X., Liu, Y., & Leng, J. (2018) · Composites Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.03.018 · Cited by 302
Yasa, O., Toshimitsu, Y., Michelis, M. Y., Jones, L. S., Filippi, M., Buchner, T., & Katzschmann, R. K. (2023) · Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1146/annurev-control-062322-100607 · Cited by 290
Park, K., Yuk, H., Yang, M., Cho, J., Lee, H., & Kim, J. (2022) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abm7187 · Cited by 281
Artificial Swimmers Propelled by Acoustically Activated Flagella
Ahmed, D., Baasch, T., Jang, B., Pane, S., Dual, J., & Nelson, B. J. (2016) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01601 · Cited by 274
Sun, Z., Zhu, M., Zhang, Z., Chen, Z., Shi, Q., Shan, X., Yeow, R. C. H., & Lee, C. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202100230 · Cited by 270
Mechanical Behaviour of Skin: A Review
A, K., & A, L. (2016) · Journal of Material Science & Engineering · doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000254 · Cited by 260
Flexible and Stretchable Strain Sensing Actuator for Wearable Soft Robotic Applications
Yeo, J. C., Yap, H. K., Xi, W., Wang, Z., Yeow, C., & Lim, C. T. (2016) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201600018 · Cited by 254
Control Strategies for Soft Robot Systems
Wang, J., & Chortos, A. (2022) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100165 · Cited by 254
Decoding lip language using triboelectric sensors with deep learning
Lu, Y., Tian, H., Cheng, J., Zhu, F., Liu, B., Wei, S., Ji, L., & Wang, Z. L. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29083-0 · Cited by 253
Touchless interactive teaching of soft robots through flexible bimodal sensory interfaces
Liu, W., Duo, Y., Liu, J., Yuan, F., Li, L., Li, L., Wang, G., Chen, B., Wang, S., Yang, H., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32702-5 · Cited by 251
Electronic skins for soft, compact, reversible assembly of wirelessly activated fully soft robots
Byun, J., Lee, Y., Yoon, J., Lee, B., Oh, E., Chung, S., Lee, T., Cho, K.-J., Kim, J., & Hong, Y. (2018) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aas9020 · Cited by 246
A robust compliant grasper via shape deposition manufacturing
Dollar, A. M., & Howe, R. D. (2006) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2006.871090 · Cited by 233
Monolithic shape-programmable dielectric liquid crystal elastomer actuators
Davidson, Z. S., Shahsavan, H., Aghakhani, A., Guo, Y., Hines, L., Xia, Y., Yang, S., & Sitti, M. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0855 · Cited by 222
Multimodal Sensing with a Three-Dimensional Piezoresistive Structure
Won, S. M., Wang, H., Kim, B. H., Lee, K., Jang, H., Kwon, K., Han, M., Crawford, K. E., Li, H., Lee, Y., et al. (2019) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b02030 · Cited by 221
Feedback Control of Soft Robot Actuators via Commercial Flex Bend Sensors
Gerboni, G., Diodato, A., Ciuti, G., Cianchetti, M., & Menciassi, A. (2017) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2017.2699677 · Cited by 220
Highly Dynamic Shape Memory Alloy Actuator for Fast Moving Soft Robots
Huang, X., Kumar, K., Jawed, M. K., Mohammadi Nasab, A., Ye, Z., Shan, W., & Majidi, C. (2019) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201800540 · Cited by 208
Magnetic Nanocomposite Cilia Tactile Sensor
Alfadhel, A., & Kosel, J. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201504015 · Cited by 203
4D Printing of Shape‐Memory Hydrogels for Soft‐Robotic Functions
Shiblee, M. N. I., Ahmed, K., Kawakami, M., & Furukawa, H. (2019) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201900071 · Cited by 201
Reconfigurable shape-morphing dielectric elastomers using spatially varying electric fields
Hajiesmaili, E., & Clarke, D. R. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08094-w · Cited by 197
A Helping Hand: Soft Orthosis with Integrated Optical Strain Sensors and EMG Control
Zhao, H., Jalving, J., Huang, R., Knepper, R., Ruina, A., & Shepherd, R. (2016) · IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine · doi:10.1109/mra.2016.2582216 · Cited by 191
Vaicekauskaite, J., Mazurek, P., Vudayagiri, S., & Skov, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c9tc05072h · Cited by 188
Huang, X., Kumar, K., Jawed, M. K., Nasab, A. M., Ye, Z., Shan, W., & Majidi, C. (2018) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aau7557 · Cited by 187
Integrated 3D printing of flexible electroluminescent devices and soft robots
Zhang, P., Lei, I. M., Chen, G., Lin, J., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Cai, C., Liang, X., & Liu, J. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32126-1 · Cited by 187
Self-citationA practical 3D-printed soft robotic prosthetic hand with multi-articulating capabilities
Mohammadi, A., Lavranos, J., Zhou, H., Mutlu, R., Alici, G., Tan, Y., Choong, P., & Oetomo, D. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232766 · Cited by 184
Cai, M., Jiao, Z., Nie, S., Wang, C., Zou, J., & Song, J. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl8313 · Cited by 179
Phillips, B. T., Becker, K. P., Kurumaya, S., Galloway, K. C., Whittredge, G., Vogt, D. M., Teeple, C. B., Rosen, M. H., Pieribone, V. A., Gruber, D. F., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33138-y · Cited by 170
Yale OpenHand Project: Optimizing Open-Source Hand Designs for Ease of Fabrication and Adoption
Ma, R., & Dollar, A. (2017) · IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine · doi:10.1109/mra.2016.2639034 · Cited by 169
Fluidic Fabric Muscle Sheets for Wearable and Soft Robotics
Zhu, M., Do, T. N., Hawkes, E., & Visell, Y. (2020) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2019.0033 · Cited by 160
Closed-Loop Haptic Feedback Control Using a Self-Sensing Soft Pneumatic Actuator Skin
Sonar, H. A., Gerratt, A. P., Lacour, S. P., & Paik, J. (2020) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2019.0013 · Cited by 159
UV-curable waterborne polyurethane coatings: A state-of-the-art and recent advances review
Agnol, L. D., Dias, F. T. G., Ornaghi, H. L., Sangermano, M., & Bianchi, O. (2021) · Progress in Organic Coatings · doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106156 · Cited by 157
Liquid Crystal Polymer‐Based Soft Robots
Xiao, Y., Jiang, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202000148 · Cited by 156
Macrobend optical sensing for pose measurement in soft robot arms
Sareh, S., Noh, Y., Li, M., Ranzani, T., Liu, H., & Althoefer, K. A. (2015) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/24/12/125024 · Cited by 154
Mechanisms of the Shape Memory Effect in Polymeric Materials
Wu, X., Huang, W., Zhao, Y. S., Ding, Z., Tang, C., & Zhang, J. (2013) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym5041169 · Cited by 153
Recent advances in UV/thermal curing silicone polymers
Jiang, B., Shi, X., Zhang, T., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.134843 · Cited by 148
Shu, S., Wang, Z., Chen, P., Zhong, J., Tang, W., & Wang, Z. L. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202211385 · Cited by 144
Softer is Harder: What Differentiates Soft Robotics from Hard Robotics?
Alıcı, G. (2018) · MRS Advances · doi:10.1557/adv.2018.159 · Cited by 140
Hu, D., Giorgio-Serchi, F., Zhang, S., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-023-00622-8 · Cited by 138
Raman, R., Cvetkovic, C., & Bashir, R. (2017) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.185 · Cited by 133
Mechanical responses of Ecoflex silicone rubber: Compressible and incompressible behaviors
Steck, D. D., Qu, J., Kordmahale, S. B., Tscharnuter, D., Muliana, A. H., & Kameoka, J. (2018) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.47025 · Cited by 133
da Cunha, M. P., Foelen, Y., van Raak, R. J. H., Murphy, J. N., Engels, T. A. P., Debije, M. G., & Schenning, A. P. H. J. (2019) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201801643 · Cited by 132
Justus, K., Hellebrekers, T., Lewis, D. D., Wood, A. R., Ingham, C., Majidi, C., LeDuc, P. R., & Tan, C. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aax0765 · Cited by 130
Monolithic fabrication of sensors and actuators in a soft robotic gripper
Bilodeau, R. A., White, E. L., & Kramer, R. K. (2015) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2015.7353690 · Cited by 122
Zhu, M., Memar, A. H., Gupta, A., Samad, M., Agarwal, P., Visell, Y., Keller, S. J., & Colonnese, N. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376333 · Cited by 120
Roadmap on soft robotics: multifunctionality, adaptability and growth without borders
Mazzolai, B., Mondini, A., Dottore, E. D., Margheri, L., Carpi, F., Suzumori, K., Cianchetti, M., Speck, T., Smoukov, S. K., Burgert, I., et al. (2022) · Multifunctional Materials · doi:10.1088/2399-7532/ac4c95 · Cited by 120
Yang, W., Xie, M., Zhang, X., Sun, X., Zhou, C. J., Chang, Y., Zhang, H., & Duan, X. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c17923 · Cited by 117
Design Considerations for 3D Printed, Soft, Multimaterial Resistive Sensors for Soft Robotics
Shih, B., Christianson, C., Gillespie, K., Lee, S., Mayeda, J., Huo, Z., & Tolley, M. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00030 · Cited by 114
Stimuli-responsive composite biopolymer actuators with selective spatial deformation behavior
Wang, Y., Huang, W., Wang, Y., Mu, X., Ling, S., Yu, H., Chen, W., Guo, C., Watson, M. C., Yu, Y., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2002996117 · Cited by 111
A soft pneumatic actuator that can sense grasp and touch
Farrow, N., & Correll, N. (2015) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2015.7353689 · Cited by 108
Biomedical soft robots: current status and perspective
Ashuri, T., Armani, A., Hamidi, R. J., Reasnor, T., Ahmadi, S., & Iqbal, K. (2020) · Biomedical Engineering Letters · doi:10.1007/s13534-020-00157-6 · Cited by 107
Reconfigurable Magnetic Origami Actuators with On‐Board Sensing for Guided Assembly
Ha, M., Bermúdez, G. S. C., Liu, J. A. ‐., Mata, E. S. O., Evans, E. E., Tracy, J. B., & Makarov, D. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202008751 · Cited by 106
A compact DEA-based soft peristaltic pump for power and control of fluidic robots
Xu, S., Nunez, C. M., Souri, M., & Wood, R. J. (2023) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.add4649 · Cited by 105
Human‐Like Electronic Skin‐Integrated Soft Robotic Hand
Yamaguchi, T., Kashiwagi, T., Arie, T., Akita, S., & Takei, K. (2019) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.201900018 · Cited by 102
Soft Pneumatic Gripper With a Tendon-Driven Soft Origami Pump
Kim, Y., & Cha, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00461 · Cited by 102
Screen-Printed Curvature Sensors for Soft Robots
Koivikko, A., Raei, E. S., Mosallaei, M., Mäntysalo, M., & Sariola, V. (2017) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2765745 · Cited by 100
Soft Robotics as an Enabling Technology for Agroforestry Practice and Research
Chowdhary, G. V., Gazzola, M., Krishnan, G., Soman, C., & Lovell, S. T. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11236751 · Cited by 100
Passive gripper inspired by Manduca sexta and the Fin Ray® Effect
Crooks, W., Rozen-Levy, S., Trimmer, B. A., Rogers, C., & MESSNER, W. C. (2017) · International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems · doi:10.1177/1729881417721155 · Cited by 95
Truby, R. L., Katzschmann, R. K., Lewis, J. A., & Rus, D. L. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft) · doi:10.1109/robosoft.2019.8722722 · Cited by 95
Lee, H., Eom, R.-I., & Lee, Y. (2019) · Advances in Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1155/2019/5838361 · Cited by 94
A Data‐Driven Review of Soft Robotics
Jumet, B., Bell, M. D., Sanchez, V., & Preston, D. J. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100163 · Cited by 93
Highly robust and soft biohybrid mechanoluminescence for optical signaling and illumination
Li, C., He, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Annapooranan, R., Latz, M. I., & Cai, S. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31705-6 · Cited by 92
Bio-Inspired Robots and Structures toward Fostering the Modernization of Agriculture
Kondoyanni, M., Loukatos, D., Maraveas, C., Drosos, C., & Arvanitis, K. G. (2022) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics7020069 · Cited by 91
Modeling and Control of a Soft Robotic Fish with Integrated Soft Sensing
Lin, Y.-H., Siddall, R., Schwab, F., Fukushima, T., Banerjee, H., Baek, Y., Vogt, D. M., Park, Y., & Jusufi, A. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202000244 · Cited by 87
An earthworm-inspired soft robot with perceptive artificial skin
Calderón, A. A., Ugalde, J. C., Chang, L., Zagal, J. C., & Pérez-Arancibia, N. O. (2019) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ab1440 · Cited by 85
Kim, S. Y., Choo, Y., Bilodeau, R. A., Yuen, M. C., Kaufman, G., Shah, D., Osuji, C. O., & Kramer-Bottiglio, R. K. (2020) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aay3604 · Cited by 84
SIMBA: Tendon-Driven Modular Continuum Arm with Soft Reconfigurable Gripper
Mishra, A. K., Dottore, E. D., Sadeghi, A., Mondini, A., & Mazzolai, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2017.00004 · Cited by 78
Bioinspired Inchworm‐ and Earthworm‐like Soft Robots with Intrinsic Strain Sensing
Karipoth, P., Christou, A., Pullanchiyodan, A., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100092 · Cited by 78
Keneth, E. S., Lieberman, R., Rednor, M., Scalet, G., Auricchio, F., & Magdassi, S. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12030710 · Cited by 76
Self-citationLearning-Based Control Strategies for Soft Robots: Theory, Achievements, and Future Challenges
Laschi, C., Thuruthel, T. G., Lida, F., Merzouki, R., & Falotico, E. (2023) · IEEE Control Systems · doi:10.1109/mcs.2023.3253421 · Cited by 76
Optimizing Double-Network Hydrogel for Biomedical Soft Robots
Banerjee, H., & Ren, H. (2017) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2016.0059 · Cited by 75
Integration of sensing and shape-deforming capabilities for a bioinspired soft robot
Wang, Q., Wu, Z., Huang, J., Du, Z., Yue, Y., Chen, D., Li, D., & Su, B. (2021) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109116 · Cited by 74
Fluidic innervation sensorizes structures from a single build material
Truby, R. L., Chin, L., Zhang, A., & Rus, D. L. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq4385 · Cited by 72
Optically Sensorized Elastomer Air Chamber for Proprioceptive Sensing of Soft Pneumatic Actuators
Jung, J., Park, M., Kim, D., & Park, Y. (2020) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2020.2970984 · Cited by 68
Automated Recycling Separation Enabled by Soft Robotic Material Classification
Chin, L., Lipton, J. I., Yuen, M. C., Kramer-Bottiglio, R. K., & Rus, D. L. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft) · doi:10.1109/robosoft.2019.8722747 · Cited by 65
Xu, J., Xie, Z., Yue, H., Lu, Y., & Yang, F. (2022) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107845 · Cited by 62
Ultrafast, Programmable, and Electronics‐Free Soft Robots Enabled by Snapping Metacaps
Jin, L., Yang, Y., Maldonado, B. O. T., Lee, S., Figueroa, N., Full, R. J., & Yang, S. M. (2023) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202300039 · Cited by 61
Soft Robotics Enables Neuroprosthetic Hand Design
Gu, G., Zhang, N., Chen, C., Xu, H., & Zhu, X. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c01474 · Cited by 61
A Novel Tendon-Driven Soft Actuator with Self-Pumping Property
Ren, T., Li, Y., Xu, M., Li, Y., Xiong, C., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2019.0008 · Cited by 60
UV-laser-machined stretchable multi-modal sensor network for soft robot interaction
Ham, J., Han, A. K., Cutkosky, M. R., & Bao, Z. (2022) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-022-00225-0 · Cited by 59
Paternò, L., & Lorenzon, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1075634 · Cited by 57
Chen, C., Chai, G., Guo, W., Sheng, X., Farina, D., & Zhu, X. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aaf4c3 · Cited by 56
Magnetorheological Fluid‐Based Flow Control for Soft Robots
McDonald, K. J., Rendos, A., Woodman, S. J., Brown, K. A., & Ranzani, T. (2020) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202000139 · Cited by 51
Multichannel haptic feedback unlocks prosthetic hand dexterity
Abd, M. A., Ingicco, J., Hutchinson, D. T., Tognoli, E., & Engeberg, E. D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-04953-1 · Cited by 51
Häuser, H., Nanayakkara, T., & Forni, F. (2023) · IEEE Control Systems · doi:10.1109/mcs.2023.3253422 · Cited by 49
Learning 3D shape proprioception for continuum soft robots with multiple magnetic sensors
Baaij, T., Holkenborg, M. K., Stölzle, M., van der Tuin, D., Naaktgeboren, J., Babuška, R., & Santina, C. D. (2022) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/d2sm00914e · Cited by 48
Integrated stretchable pneumatic strain gauges for electronics-free soft robots
Koivikko, A., Lampinen, V., Pihlajamäki, M., Yiannacou, K., Sharma, V., & Sariola, V. (2022) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-022-00015-6 · Cited by 46
Hybrid Mechanical and Data-driven Modeling Improves Inverse Kinematic Control of a Soft Robot
Reinhart, F., & Steil, J. J. (2016) · Procedia Technology · doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.003 · Cited by 45
Passive and active acoustic sensing for soft pneumatic actuators
Wall, V., Zöller, G., & Brock, O. (2023) · The International Journal of Robotics Research · doi:10.1177/02783649231168954 · Cited by 42
Wang, Y., Keneth, E. S., Kamyshny, A. L., Scalet, G., Auricchio, F., & Magdassi, S. (2021) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202101058 · Cited by 40
Self-citationTendon-Driven Soft Robotic Gripper with Integrated Ripeness Sensing for Blackberry Harvesting
Qiu, A., Young, C., Gunderman, A. L., Azizkhani, M., Chen, Y., & Hu, A.-P. (2023) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra48891.2023.10160893 · Cited by 40
Liu, J., Cao, J., Zhou, Z. X., Liu, R., Yuan, Y., & Liu, X. (2018) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b00925 · Cited by 37
Jiao, X., Liu, J., Jin, J., Cheng, F., Fan, Y., Zhang, L., Lai, G., Hua, X., & Yang, X. (2021) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c05243 · Cited by 37
An intrinsically embedded pressure-temperature dual-mode soft sensor towards soft robotics
Zou, Q., Wang, Y., & Yang, F. (2021) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2021.113084 · Cited by 37
Sensor elements made of conductive silicone rubber for passively compliant gripper
Issa, M., Petković, D., Pavlović, N. D., & Zentner, L. (2013) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-013-5085-8 · Cited by 35
Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Soft Robots with Integrated Hybrid Materials
Son, H., & Yoon, C. (2020) · Actuators · doi:10.3390/act9040115 · Cited by 32
UV-curable silicone materials with tuneable mechanical properties for 3D printing
Foerster, A., Annarasa, V., Terry, A., Wildman, R. D., Hague, R., Irvine, D. J., Focatiis, D. S. A. D., & Tuck, C. J. (2021) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109681 · Cited by 31
Microengineered Materials with Self‐Healing Features for Soft Robotics
Kumar, V., Ko, U. H., Zhou, Y., Hoque, J., Arya, G., & Varghese, S. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100005 · Cited by 29
Sekine, T., Wang, Y., Hong, J., Takeda, Y., Miura, R., Watanabe, Y., Abe, M., Mori, Y., Wang, Z., Kumaki, D., et al. (2021) · Small Science · doi:10.1002/smsc.202100002 · Cited by 27
Zuo, R., Zhou, Z., Ying, B., & Liu, X. (2021) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra48506.2021.9561287 · Cited by 27
A Method for 3D Printing and Rapid Prototyping of Fieldable Untethered Soft Robots
Patterson, Z. J., Patel, D. K., Bergbreiter, S., Yao, L., & Majidi, C. (2022) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2022.0003 · Cited by 25
An untethered soft chemo-mechanical robot with composite structure and optimized control
Chen, L., Chen, W., Xue, Y., Wong, J., Liang, Y., Zhang, M., Chen, X., Cao, X., Zhang, Z., & Li, T. (2019) · Extreme Mechanics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.eml.2018.12.001 · Cited by 22
Self-citationYun, S., Jeong, J., Mun, S., & Kyung, K. (2021) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ac1f63 · Cited by 22
Monje, C. A., Deutschmann, B., Muñoz, J., Ott, C., & Balaguer, C. (2023) · IEEE Control Systems · doi:10.1109/mcs.2023.3253420 · Cited by 21
Sensing Through the Body - Non-Contact Object Localisation Using Morphological Computation
Judd, E., Soter, G., Rossiter, J. M., & Häuser, H. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft) · doi:10.1109/robosoft.2019.8722714 · Cited by 16
A review: Machine learning for strain sensor-integrated soft robots
Yang, H., & Wu, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Electronic Materials · doi:10.3389/femat.2022.1000781 · Cited by 16
Scalable Tactile Sensing for an Omni-adaptive Soft Robot Finger
Yang, Z., Ge, S., Wan, F., Liu, Y., & Song, C. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft) · doi:10.1109/robosoft48309.2020.9116026 · Cited by 15
Stretchable optical fibre sensor for soft surgical robot shape reconstruction
He, Y., Gao, L., Bai, Y., Zhu, H., Sun, G., Zhu, L., & Xu, H. (2021) · Optica Applicata · doi:10.37190/oa210410 · Cited by 14
Predictive Learning of Error Recovery with a Sensorized Passivity‐Based Soft Anthropomorphic Hand
Gilday, K., Thuruthel, T. G., & Fumiya Iida, A. (2023) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202200390 · Cited by 14
Cited by
Zhu, T., Wang, D., Wang, Y., Xu, F., Huang, J., Lian, M., Wang, Y., Fan, W., Miao, Y., Zhu, J., et al. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202503693 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Hegde, C., Su, J., Tan, J. M. R., He, K., Chen, X., & Magdassi, S.
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-08-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 15277-15307
- ISSN
- 1936-0851 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-086X
- OpenAlex
- W4385476004
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 173
- FWCI
- 28.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.