Novel Fluorinated Surfactants Tentatively Identified in Firefighters Using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry and a Case-Control Approach

Rotander, Anna; Kärrman, Anna; Toms, Leisa-Maree L.; Kay, Margaret; Mueller, Jochen F.; Gómez Ramos, María José

doi:10.1021/es503653n

Cited by 173Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchOccupational Health and PerformanceToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Novel Fluorinated Surfactants Tentatively Identified in Firefighters Using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry and a Case-Control Approach

Rotander, Anna, Kärrman, Anna, Toms, Leisa-Maree L., Kay, Margaret, Mueller, Jochen F., Gómez Ramos, María José·2015·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es503653n

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Abstract

Fluorinated surfactant-based aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are made up of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and are used to extinguish fires involving highly flammable liquids. The use of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in some AFFF formulations has been linked to substantial environmental contamination. Recent studies have identified a large number of novel and infrequently reported fluorinated surfactants in different AFFF formulations. In this study, a strategy based on a case-control approach using quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) and advanced statistical methods has been used to extract and identify known and unknown PFAS in human serum associated with AFFF-exposed firefighters. Two target sulfonic acids [PFOS and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)], three non-target acids [perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), and perfluorononanesulfonic acid (PFNS)], and four unknown sulfonic acids (Cl-PFOS, ketone-PFOS, ether-PFHxS, and Cl-PFHxS) were exclusively or significantly more frequently detected at higher levels in firefighters compared to controls. The application of this strategy has allowed for identification of previously unreported fluorinated chemicals in a timely and cost-efficient way.

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Occupational exposure to PFAS in AFFF may present health risks to firefighters.
“Occupational exposure to PFAS in AFFF may also present health risks to firefighters [5,6,7].”
From In-Vitro and In-Silico Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) Binding to Human Serum Albumin (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Other sulfonated fluoroether species have begun to be detected by other groups, but they exhibit different structural elements and likely have different origins that need to be examined independently.
“Other sulfonated fluoroether species have begun to be detected by other groups, but they exhibit different structural elements and likely have different origins that need to be examined independently.(64,72)”
From Identification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Cape Fear River by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontargeted Screening (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
Novel PFAS have been identified by suspected and non-targeted screening of airborne particles, water, sediments and biological samples.
“Novel PFAS have been identified by suspected and non-targeted screening of airborne particles [16], water [17], sediments [17] and biological samples [18,19] (Table 1).”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
New classes of PFAS have been identified in the environment and are gaining worldwide attention.
“New classes of PFAS have been identified in the environment and are gaining worldwide attention.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [19]

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Authors: Rotander, A., Kärrman, A., Toms, L.-M. L., Kay, M., Mueller, J. F., & Gómez Ramos, M. J.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Örebro University (SE)
Queensland University of Technology (AU)
National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
ORCID: Kärrman, Anna
Toms, Leisa-Maree L.
Kay, Margaret
Mueller, Jochen F.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2015-02-06
Volume: 49
Issue: 4
Pages: 2434-2442
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es503653n
OpenAlex: W2053140325
Cited by: 172
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4
FWCI: 9.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Faculty of Health; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
Funders: Australian Research Council (DE120100161, FF120100546)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: fluorinated surfactants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, aqueous film-forming foam, firefighters, occupational exposure, PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, non-targeted analysis, human serum, perfluorinated sulfonic acids
MeSH terms: Adult, Chromatography, Liquid, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Sulfonic Acids, Surface-Active Agents, Case-Control Studies, Occupational Exposure, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Principal Component Analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Firefighters

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Novel Fluorinated Surfactants Tentatively Identified in Firefighters Using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry and a Case-Control Approach

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