Highly elevated levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated acids found in biota and surface water downstream of an international airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluorinated compounds (PFCs), which include perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSAs) and various precursors, are used in a wide variety of industrial, commercial and domestic products. This includes aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), which is used by military and commercial airports as fire suppressants. In a preliminary assessment prior to this study, very high concentrations (>1 ppm wet weight) of the PFSA, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were discovered in the plasma of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) collected in 2008 from Lake Niapenco in southern Ontario, Canada. We presently report on a suite of C(6) to C(15) PFCAs, C(4), C(6), C(8) and C(10) PFSAs, several PFC precursors (e.g. perfluorooctane sulfonamide, PFOSA), and a cyclic perfluorinated acid used in aircraft hydraulic fluid, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS) in surface water from the Welland River and Lake Niapenco, downstream of the John C. Munro International Airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Amphipods, shrimp, and water were sampled from the Welland River and Lake Niapenco, as well as local references. The same suite of PFCs in turtle plasma from Lake Niapenco was compared to those from other southern Ontario sites. PFOS dominated the sum PFCs in all substrates (e.g., >99% in plasma of turtles downstream the Hamilton Airport, and 72.1 to 94.1% at all other sites). PFOS averaged 2223(±247.1SE) ng/g in turtle plasma from Lake Niapenco, and ranged from 9.0 to 171.4 elsewhere. Mean PFOS in amphipods and in water were 518.1(±83.8)ng/g and 130.3(±43.6) ng/L downstream of the airport, and 19.1(±2.7) ng/g and 6.8(±0.5) ng/L at reference sites, respectively. Concentrations of selected PFCs declined with distance downstream from the airport. Although there was no known spill event or publicly reported use of AFFF associated with a fire event at the Hamilton airport, the airport is a likely major source of PFC contamination in the Welland River.
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Prior work indicates that AFFF use at modern airports releases diverse PFASs to downstream aquatic environments, including compounds in the first PCA/cluster.
“Prior work indicates uses of AFFF in modern airports release diverse PFASs to downstream aquatic environments, including the compounds identified as part of the first PCA/cluster.4,29-31”
From Source Attribution of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Surface Waters from Rhode Island and the New York Metropolitan Area (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- de Solla, S. R., De Silva, A. O., & Letcher, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (CA)
- ORCID
- Letcher, R.J.
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-26
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075544881
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Wildlife Research Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- PFOS, perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, aqueous film-forming foam, Chelydra serpentina, Amphipoda, surface water contamination
- MeSH terms
- Alkanesulfonates, Animals, Carboxylic Acids, Cyclohexanes, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Fresh Water, Ontario, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Amphipoda, Rivers, Biota, Airports, Lakes
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