The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians
Abstract
Currently there are no brief, self-administered instruments for measuring the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has the traits associated with the autistic spectrum. In this paper, we report on a new instrument to assess this: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Individuals score in the range 0-50. Four groups of subjects were assessed: Group 1: 58 adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: 174 randomly selected controls. Group 3: 840 students in Cambridge University; and Group 4: 16 winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad. The adults with AS/HFA had a mean AQ score of 35.8 (SD = 6.5), significantly higher than Group 2 controls (M = 16.4, SD = 6.3). 80% of the adults with AS/HFA scored 32+, versus 2% of controls. Among the controls, men scored slightly but significantly higher than women. No women scored extremely highly (AQ score 34+) whereas 4% of men did so. Twice as many men (40%) as women (21%) scored at intermediate levels (AQ score 20+). Among the AS/HFA group, male and female scores did not differ significantly. The students in Cambridge University did not differ from the randomly selected control group, but scientists (including mathematicians) scored significantly higher than both humanities and social sciences students, confirming an earlier study that autistic conditions are associated with scientific skills. Within the sciences, mathematicians scored highest. This was replicated in Group 4, the Mathematics Olympiad…
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“An additional 57 NTs were studied as part of a replication of our key behavioural result (25 male, 32 female; mean age: 27.1, age range: 19–50) and additionally completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire; a 50-item self-report measure of autistic traits 32,55.”
From Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The most widely used measure for adults with ASC is the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), a 60-item self-report measure that finds differences in sensory processing in more than 90% of adults with ASC [17,19].”
From The Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ): development and validation of a new sensory questionnaire for adults with and without autism (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“While the RAADS-R is usually considered better at picking up female autism traits than traditional screening measures such as the Autism Quotient43”
From Beyond bendy joints: number of variant connective tissue features predicts neurodivergent characteristics in hypermobile individuals with anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“as the AQ was not designed to be diagnostic but rather a dimensional measure of ASD traits.”
From Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults. (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“It has reasonable construct and face validity and good test-retest and interrater reliability [27] and is a useful screening instrument in clinical practice [64].”
In the citing paper
“Because there is an association, at a group level, between mathematical and scientific occupations and autism [80”
From Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“The AQ has good internal consistency (α = .82; Austin, 2005) and good test–retest reliability (r = .70; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Both these tests assess day-today behaviour, and can be seen as an index of autistic symptomatology.”
From Executive processes in Asperger syndrome: Patterns of performance in a multiple case series (2006) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001
In the citing paper
“whereas ASD patient samples typically display peak scores of 35.8±6.5”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al, 2001
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
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“The AQ is not a formal diagnostic tool for identifying ASD, but very few age-matched controls score higher than 32 on the questionnaire [47].”
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“All participants completed the Autism Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby, Parker, & Taylor, 1994), the Questionnaire of Affective and Cognitive Empathy (Reniers, Corcoran, Drake, Shryane, & Völlm, 2011) and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA – Mehlin…”
MethodAutistic characteristics in eating disorders: Treatment adaptations and impact on clinical outcomes
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“The AQ is a short 50-itme selfadministered questionnaire to identify the degree of autistic traits in an individual and has shown good retest reliability (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
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BackgroundA conceptual model of risk and protective factors for autistic burnout
Mantzalas, J., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2722 · Cited by 96
“Studies examining the influence of autistic traits on mental health often report total scores on validated measures (e.g., the Autism Spectrum Quotient; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundNeurodivergence, intersectionality, and eating disorders: a lived experience-led narrative review
Cobbaert, L., Millichamp, A., Elwyn, R., Silverstein, S., Schweizer, K., Thomas, E., & Miskovic‐Wheatley, J. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01126-5 · Cited by 88
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Blomqvist, M., Bejerot, S., & Dahllöf, G. (2015) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-015-0065-z · Cited by 67
“A score above 32 has been proposed as a cut off score for probable ASD [16], but people with a confirmed ASD diagnosis sometimes have lower scores [18].”
BackgroundMethodSubgrouping siblings of people with autism: Identifying the broader autism phenotype
Ruzich, E., Allison, C. L., Smith, P. L., Watson, P., Bonnie Auyeung, B., RING, H. A., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1544 · Cited by 70
“…as it contains five subscales covering a variety of traits known to be affected in people with a diagnosis of ASC and in individuals with the BAP: communication, social skills, imagination, attention to detail, and attention switching [Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001].”
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“Information was collected via an online questionnaire, which included both the full AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and questions on the demographic characteristics of participants.”
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“The Eyes test followed the format of the standard version of the test (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001a, b) and was designed so that at any one time participants were presented with a single image on a blank background, along with four options on the left side of the picture, simultaneously (see Fig.”
InfluentialSelf-citationStrategies for assessing Asperger's syndrome: A critical review of data based methods
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“The Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) was significantly higher for ASD than for control participants (Table 1).”
BackgroundReligious Belief Systems of Persons with High Functioning Autism
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Baker, E. K., & Richdale, A. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3042-3 · Cited by 68
“All participants completed the Autism Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al.”
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“…Flusberg, 1992; Baron-Cohen et al., 1994, Baron‐Cohen et al., 1986; Happé, 1994; Tager-Flusberg and Sullivan, 1994, 1995; Jolliffe and Baron-Cohen, 1999) as well as an inability to link mental state terms to emotional information present in features of the eyes (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997, 2001a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationOxytocin-enforced norm compliance reduces xenophobic outgroup rejection
Marsh, N., Scheele, D., Feinstein, J. S., Gerhardt, H., Strang, S., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1705853114 · Cited by 66
Spirituality, dimensional autism, and schizotypal traits: The search for meaning
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Selective Mutism and Its Relations to Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Crompton, C. J., Hallett, S., Axbey, H., McAuliffe, C., & Cebula, K. R. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221081189 · Cited by 80
“The AQ is a 50-item, multiple-choice questionnaire, which yields an approximate measure of autistic traits (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe relationship between camouflaging and mental health in autistic children and adolescents
Ross, A., Grove, R., & McAloon, J. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2859 · Cited by 66
Taste Identification in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions
Tavassoli, T., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1377-8 · Cited by 77
Self-citationDiagnosing autism spectrum disorders in elderly people
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Beyond childhood: psychiatric comorbidities and social background of adults with Asperger syndrome.
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Arginine vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid is a marker of sociality in nonhuman primates
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Low-contrast response deficits and increased neural noise in children with autism spectrum disorder
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Differentiating High-Functioning Autism and Social Phobia
Tyson, K. E., & Cruess, D. G. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1386-7 · Cited by 72
ADHD Symptoms, Autistic Traits, and Substance Use and Misuse in Adult Australian Twins
Alwis, D. D., Arpana Agrawal, A., Reiersen, A. M., Constantino, J. N., Henders, A. K., Martin, N. G., & Lynskey, M. T. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.211 · Cited by 69
“…inter-item reliability (Cronbach's F = .81; Reiersen et al., 2008) and test–retest reliability (r = .78; Kanne et al., 2009 ) and is correlated (r = .65; Kanne et al., 2009) with a more commonly used self-report ASD symptom measure, the Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodSocial conformity and autism spectrum disorder: A child-friendly take on a classic study
Yafai, A. F., Verrier, D. B., & Reidy, L. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313508023 · Cited by 71
“Thus, any study investigating this area would do well to include a continuous measure of autism traits such as the Autism Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
InfluentialWeb users with autism: eye tracking evidence for differences
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“In order to control for this, all the participants from the control group were asked to fill in an Autism Quotient (AQ) test (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001) to make sure that none of them had a high incidence of autistic traits without having received a formal diagnosis.”
MethodKuiper, M. W. M., Verhoeven, E. W. M., & Geurts, H. M. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03890-9 · Cited by 67
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“All participants were also administered the Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (ASQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001): M=31.7, SD=8.4.”
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“Diagnostic (Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2)) and clinical (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)) data were not sought at baseline, partly because we felt that completing additional questionnaires would be less of a bu…”
BackgroundInfluentialCaldwell‐Harris, C. L., & Jordan, C. J. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.10.005 · Cited by 64
Taylor, L. J., Maybery, M. T., Wray, J. A., Ravine, D., Hunt, A. M., & Whitehouse, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1838-3 · Cited by 70
“The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001) is a 50-item self-report questionnaire that measures mild levels of autistic-like traits.”
Autistic Traits in an Internet Sample of Gender Variant UK Adults
Kristensen, Z., & Broome, M. R. (2015) · International Journal of Transgenderism · doi:10.1080/15532739.2015.1094436 · Cited by 64
“It is made up of 10 questions assessing five different areas: social skill, attention switching, attention to detail, communication, and imagination, with points being awarded where the autistic variant is displayed (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundNegative memory bias as a transdiagnostic cognitive marker for depression symptom severity
Duyser, F. A., van Eijndhoven, P., Bergman, M. A., Collard, R. M., Schene, A. H., Tendolkar, I., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.156 · Cited by 74
“ADHD symptom severity was assessed using the 26-item Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS; Conners et al., 1999) and ASD symptom severity was measured with the 50-item Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ-50; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodDriving behaviour in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Groom, M. J., van Loon, E. M., Daley, D., Chapman, P., & Hollis, C. P. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0566-y · Cited by 67
“All participants completed the CAARS (self-report) [34] to assess presence and severity of ADHD symptoms and the AQ [35] to measure signs of ASD.”
BackgroundMethodOlfactory Detection Thresholds and Adaptation in Adults with Autism Spectrum Condition
Tavassoli, T., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1321-y · Cited by 68
“To screen control participants for autistic traits, the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) using a standard exclusionary criteria of a score of above 26 was used ( Baron-Cohen et al. 2001; Woodbury-Smith et al. 2005).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDiagnosing Aspergers syndrome in the elderly: a series of case presentations
James, I. A., Mukaetova‐Ladinska, E. B., Reichelt, F. K., Briel, R., & Scully, A. (2006) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1588 · Cited by 68
Stimulating the brain to study social interactions and empathy
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“no difference in corticospinal excitability between the action observation and baseline conditions) in healthy individuals with high traits for autism (measured with the autistic quotient: AQ [61]).”
BackgroundNeural Dynamics of Speech Act Comprehension: An MEG Study of Naming and Requesting
Egorova, N., Friedemann Pulvermüller, A., & Юрьевич, Ш. Ю. (2013) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-013-0329-3 · Cited by 65
Validation of French-Canadian versions of the Empathy Quotient and Autism Spectrum Quotient.
Lepage, J., Lortie, M., Taschereau‐Dumouchel, V., & Théoret, H. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0016248 · Cited by 64
Brief Report: Perceptual Load and the Autism Spectrum in Typically Developed Individuals
Bayliss, A. P., & Kritikos, A. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1159-8 · Cited by 64
Farran, E. K., Branson, A., & King, B. J. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.009 · Cited by 64
The politics of attention: gaze-cuing effects are moderated by political temperament
Dodd, M. D., Hibbing, J. R., & Smith, K. B. (2010) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0001-x · Cited by 64
The Relation Between Preference for Predictability and Autistic Traits
Goris, J., Braß, M., Cambier, C., Delplanque, J., Wiersema, J. R., & Braem, S. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2244 · Cited by 74
“Six participants (4%) scored higher than or equal to 32, which possibly hints at ASD [Baron-Cohen et al., 2001].”
BackgroundInfluentialLahnakoski, J. M., Forbes, P., McCall, C., & Schilbach, L. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.191815 · Cited by 65
“Additionally, they filled out web-based versions of questionnaires measuring their personality including the AQ [33] and ACIPS [34].”
MethodA systematic review of problematic video-game use in people with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Craig, F., Tenuta, F., Giacomo, A. D., Trabacca, A., & Costabile, A. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101726 · Cited by 67
Pugliese, C. E., Kenworthy, L. E., Bal, V. H., Wallace, G. L., Yerys, B. E., Maddox, B. B., White, S. W., Popal, H. S., Armour, A. C., Miller, J. S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2586-3 · Cited by 63
“Previous studies have reported good test–retest reliability and acceptable internal consistency in adult samples for the total AQ score (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
Implicit action encoding influences personal-trait judgments
Bach, P., & Tipper, S. P. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.11.003 · Cited by 67
Persistent primary reflexes affect motor acts: Potential implications for autism spectrum disorder
Chinello, A., Gangi, V. D., & Valenza, E. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.07.010 · Cited by 72
Liu, S., Yu, C., Conner, B. T., Wang, S., Lai, W., & Zhang, W. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.011 · Cited by 68
Attitudes toward risk and ambiguity in patients with autism spectrum disorder
Fujino, J., Tei, S., Hashimoto, R., Itahashi, T., Ohta, H., Kanai, C., Okada, R., Kubota, M., Nakamura, M., Kato, N., et al. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0162-8 · Cited by 61
“Thus, we also administered the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) test [19, 20] to quantify ASD-related symptoms and exploratively performed correlation analyses between the task measures and AQ scores among ASD participants.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPuglia, M. H., Connelly, J. J., & Morris, J. P. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0159-x · Cited by 63
Autism, autistic traits and creativity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Pennisi, P., Giallongo, L., Milintenda, G., & Cannarozzo, M. (2020) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-020-00992-6 · Cited by 77
Imitation and recognition of facial emotions in autism: a computer vision approach
Drimalla, H., Baskow, I., Behnia, B., Roepke, S., & Dziobek, I. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00430-0 · Cited by 69
“Autistic traits To assess autistic traits in both groups and to screen for ASC in the neurotypical group, the Autism-Spectrum Quotient [38] was administered in its German version [39].”
MethodA Virtual Reality Based System for the Screening and Classification of Autism
Robles, M., Namdarian, N., Otto, J., Wassiljew, E., Navab, N., Falter‐Wagner, C. M., & Roth, D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3150489 · Cited by 67
Shalev, I., Warrier, V., Greenberg, D. M., Smith, P. L., Allison, C. L., Baron‐Cohen, S., Eran, A., & Uzefovsky, F. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2794 · Cited by 62
“Although these measures are validated and correlate with other behavioral measures (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; BaronCohen et al., 2003; Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004; Lawrence et al., 2004), they primarily reflect the participants’ perception of their own functioning and ability.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPsychophysical measures of visual acuity in autism spectrum conditions
Tavassoli, T., Latham, K., Bach, M., Dakin, S. C., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.004 · Cited by 67
Self-citationDo dimensional psychopathology measures relate to creative achievement or divergent thinking?
Zabelina, D. L., Condon, D. M., & Beeman, M. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01029 · Cited by 73
Rivolta, D., Woolgar, A., Palermo, R., Butko, M., Schmalzl, L., & Williams, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00925 · Cited by 62
Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles.
Giudice, M. D., & Colle, L. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.796 · Cited by 68
RING, H. A., Woodbury‐Smith, M., Watson, P., Wheelwright, S. J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-11 · Cited by 67
Self-citationChanel, G., Pichon, S., Conty, L., Berthoz, S., Chevallier, C., & Grèzes, J. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.010 · Cited by 62
“In addition to the ADOS, autistic traits were assessed using the AQ questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodEnhanced visual statistical learning in adults with autism.
Roser, M. E., Aslin, R. Ν., McKenzie, R., Zahra, D., & Fiser, J. (2014) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000137 · Cited by 68
“Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Means for Intelligence, Handedness Assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971) and Autism-Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) Scales”
Understanding perceptual judgment in autism spectrum disorder using the drift diffusion model.
Pirrone, A., Dickinson, A. H., Gomez, R., Stafford, T., & Milne, E. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000320 · Cited by 67
Costa, A. P., Loor, C., & Steffgen, G. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04433-3 · Cited by 62
Cadman, T., Spain, D., Johnston, P., Russell, A., Mataix‐Cols, D., Craig, M., Deeley, Q., Robertson, D., Murphy, C., Gillan, N., et al. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1461 · Cited by 61
Young, R. L., & Rodi, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1927-3 · Cited by 99
Koski, S. E., & Sterck, E. H. M. (2009) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620902986991 · Cited by 64
Very Low Birth Weight, Infant Growth, and Autism-Spectrum Traits in Adulthood
Pyhälä, R., Hovi, P., Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., Sammallahti, S., Lahti, J. M. T., Heinonen, K., Pesonen, A., Strang‐Karlsson, S., Eriksson, J. G., Andersson, S., et al. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1097 · Cited by 64
Bolton, T. A. W., Jochaut, D., Giraud, A., & Ville, D. V. D. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24009 · Cited by 63
Maes, J. H. R., Eling, P., Wezenberg, E., Vissers, C., & Kan, C. C. (2010) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.501327 · Cited by 65
Brief Report: Structure of Personal Narratives of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
McCabe, A., Hillier, A. J., & Shapiro, C. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1585-x · Cited by 61
“The Autism Spectrum Quotient (ASQ) was also administered to participants in the HFA condition (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).1 All except one met the cut-off criteria of 32 or above, indicating clinically significant levels of autistic traits (the participant who did not meet the criteria scored…”
Fan, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102471 · Cited by 65
More than maths and mindreading: Sex differences in empathizing/systemizing covariance
Valla, J. M., Ganzel, B. L., Yoder, K. J., Chen, G. M., Lyman, L. T., Sidari, A. P., Keller, A. E., Maendel, J. W., Perlman, J. E., Wong, S. K. L., et al. (2010) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.143 · Cited by 62
Implicit Social Learning in Relation to Autistic-Like Traits
Hudson, M., Nijboer, T. C. W., & Jellema, T. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1510-3 · Cited by 65
Giudice, M. D., Klimczuk, A. C. E., Traficonte, D. M., & Maestripieri, D. (2014) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.007 · Cited by 66
“Higher levels of social difficulty may contribute to the disproportionate prevalence of both ASD and SSD diagnoses in males (Aleman, Kahn, & Selten, 2003; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), above and beyond the over-representation of males at the extremes of the autistic–schizotypal continuum.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBaker, K., Northam, G. B., Chong, W. K., Banks, T., Beales, P. L., & Baldeweg, T. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.33773 · Cited by 61
Autistic Traits in Treatment-Seeking Transgender Adults
Nobili, A., Glazebrook, C., Bouman, W. P., Glidden, D., Baron‐Cohen, S., Allison, C. L., Smith, P. L., & Arcelus, J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3557-2 · Cited by 60
“Cisgender participants completed an online version of the AQ-50 and provided socio-demographic information.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAutism and psychosis: Clinical implications for depression and suicide
Upthegrove, R., Abu-Akel, A., Chisholm, K., Lin, A., Zahid, S., Pelton, M., Apperly, I., Hansen, P. C., & Wood, S. J. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.028 · Cited by 60
“A score of more than 32 is regarded as indicative of autism spectrum disorder and people with autism spectrum disorder rarely score below 26 (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) Finally, participants completed the CESD-R (The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised) to assess the presence…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGenetic variation in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene is associated with Asperger Syndrome
Di Napoli, A., Warrier, V., Baron-Cohen, S., & Chakrabarti, B. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-48 · Cited by 59
“An AQ score of 32+ is a useful cut-off for ASC but is not diagnostic [36].”
Self-citationThe neuropeptide oxytocin induces a social altruism bias
Marsh, N., Scheele, D., Gerhardt, H., Strang, S., Enax, L., Weber, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3199-15.2015 · Cited by 59
“…Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1984), depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), early social adversity with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein and Fink, 1998), and autistic-like traits with the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodAtypical Neural Activity in Males But Not Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P. G., Hughes, M. E., Rossell, S. L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2639-7 · Cited by 54
“The Autism Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), Empathy Quotient (EQ) (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004), and the Ritvo Autism and Asperger’s Diagnostic Scale—Revised (RAADS-R) (Ritvo et al. 2011) were administered to provide a measure of symptom severity/ level of autistic traits.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Wheelwright, Sally
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-17
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2100254283
- Cited by
- 6,450
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 411 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 492 · 2023: 490 · 2022: 448 · 2021: 491 · 2020: 460 · 2019: 419 · 2018: 417 · 2017: 353 · 2016: 306 · 2015: 304 · 2014: 282 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 190
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, self-report questionnaire, autistic traits, sex differences, autism screening, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, England, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Asperger Syndrome
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