The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians
Abstract
Currently there are no brief, self-administered instruments for measuring the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has the traits associated with the autistic spectrum. In this paper, we report on a new instrument to assess this: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Individuals score in the range 0-50. Four groups of subjects were assessed: Group 1: 58 adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: 174 randomly selected controls. Group 3: 840 students in Cambridge University; and Group 4: 16 winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad. The adults with AS/HFA had a mean AQ score of 35.8 (SD = 6.5), significantly higher than Group 2 controls (M = 16.4, SD = 6.3). 80% of the adults with AS/HFA scored 32+, versus 2% of controls. Among the controls, men scored slightly but significantly higher than women. No women scored extremely highly (AQ score 34+) whereas 4% of men did so. Twice as many men (40%) as women (21%) scored at intermediate levels (AQ score 20+). Among the AS/HFA group, male and female scores did not differ significantly. The students in Cambridge University did not differ from the randomly selected control group, but scientists (including mathematicians) scored significantly higher than both humanities and social sciences students, confirming an earlier study that autistic conditions are associated with scientific skills. Within the sciences, mathematicians scored highest. This was replicated in Group 4, the Mathematics Olympiad…
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“An additional 57 NTs were studied as part of a replication of our key behavioural result (25 male, 32 female; mean age: 27.1, age range: 19–50) and additionally completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire; a 50-item self-report measure of autistic traits 32,55.”
From Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The most widely used measure for adults with ASC is the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), a 60-item self-report measure that finds differences in sensory processing in more than 90% of adults with ASC [17,19].”
From The Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ): development and validation of a new sensory questionnaire for adults with and without autism (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“While the RAADS-R is usually considered better at picking up female autism traits than traditional screening measures such as the Autism Quotient43”
From Beyond bendy joints: number of variant connective tissue features predicts neurodivergent characteristics in hypermobile individuals with anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“as the AQ was not designed to be diagnostic but rather a dimensional measure of ASD traits.”
From Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults. (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“It has reasonable construct and face validity and good test-retest and interrater reliability [27] and is a useful screening instrument in clinical practice [64].”
In the citing paper
“Because there is an association, at a group level, between mathematical and scientific occupations and autism [80”
From Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“The AQ has good internal consistency (α = .82; Austin, 2005) and good test–retest reliability (r = .70; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Both these tests assess day-today behaviour, and can be seen as an index of autistic symptomatology.”
From Executive processes in Asperger syndrome: Patterns of performance in a multiple case series (2006) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001
In the citing paper
“whereas ASD patient samples typically display peak scores of 35.8±6.5”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al, 2001
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
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Items 1,001–1,100 of 1,128
Calderon, J., Stopp, C., Wypij, D., DeMaso, D. R., Rivkin, M., Newburger, J. W., & Bellinger, D. C. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.084 · Cited by 59
Kiser, D. P., Rivero, O., & Lesch, K. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12392 · Cited by 58
“In a classic study, Baron-Cohen and co-workers (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) compared ASD/HFA, normal controls, students and individuals with a good mathematical © 2015 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. understanding performing an autism test and not only found high autism-spectrum…”
BackgroundJansen, A. G., Dieleman, G. C., Jansen, P. R., Verhulst, F. C., Posthuma, D., & Polderman, T. J. C. (2020) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-019-09965-8 · Cited by 58
Sources and impact of occupational demands for autistic employees
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Autism and depression are connected: A report of two complimentary network studies
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Diagnosing autism in neurobiological research studies
Jones, R. M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.037 · Cited by 56
“The ASD Quotient (AQ) [67], is a 50-item questionnaire that can be divided into five different domains and can measure autistic traits in both typically developing individuals as well as those with ASD, its psychometrics are somewhat variable [68].”
BackgroundAlthaus, M., Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Noltes, H., Tucha, O., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.025 · Cited by 57
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Skewes, J. C., Jegindø, E.-M., & Gebauer, L. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313519872 · Cited by 71
“We used the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire to measure self-reported autistic traits (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and to define a group of neurotypical participants into low AQ and high AQ subgroups.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSchelinski, S., & von Kriegstein, K. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3681-z · Cited by 64
Oxytocin sharpens self-other perceptual boundary
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“…all subjects completed a set of validated questionnaires: the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS, Collins and Read, 1990), Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ, Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, Davis, 1983), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory — Trait Anxiety (STAI, Spielberger et…”
BackgroundDell'Osso, L., Carpita, B., Cremone, I. M., Muti, D., Diadema, E., Barberi, F. M., Massimetti, G., Brondino, N., Petrosino, B., Politi, P., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.040 · Cited by 56
Takara, K., & Kondo, T. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.08.004 · Cited by 56
“The original version of AQ is a 50-item self-administered questionnaire for adults with normal intelligence to assess the presence of autistic traits, which consists of five domains such as social skill, attention switching, attention to detail, communication and imagination [13].”
MethodPalmer, C. J., Paton, B., Hohwy, J., & Enticott, P. G. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.020 · Cited by 55
“The psychometric properties of this scale have received support for use in non-clinical participants with normal IQ (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Hurst, Mitchell, Kimbrel, Kwapil, & Nelson-Gray, 2007; Stewart, Watson, Allcock, & Yaqoob, 2009).”
MethodDell’Osso, L., Massoni, L., Battaglini, S., De Felice, C., Nardi, B., Amatori, G., Cremone, I. M., & Carpita, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1234518 · Cited by 55
Scherf, K. S., Elbich, D., Minshew, N., & Behrmann, M. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.11.003 · Cited by 53
“It is possible that TD adolescents with higher numbers of autism-like traits (as measured by the Autism Quotient; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) might show a similar relation between face-related activation and the severity of these traits.”
BackgroundRobust orienting to protofacial stimuli in autism
Shah, P., Gaule, A., Bird, G., & Cook, R. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.034 · Cited by 52
Hohn, V. D., de Veld, D. M. J., Mataw, K. J. S., van Someren, E. J. W., & Begeer, S. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03891-8 · Cited by 52
Chronic obsessive–compulsive disorder: prognostic factors
van Oudheusden, L. J. B., Eikelenboom, M., van Megen, H. J. G. M., Visser, H. A. D., Schruers, K., Hendriks, G.-J., van der Wee, N., Hoogendoorn, A. W., van Oppen, P., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003701 · Cited by 51
“2005) and the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (ASQ) (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
MethodMorita, T., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Ishitobi, M., Munesue, T., Itakura, S., Omori, M., Okazawa, H., Wada, Y., & Sadato, N. (2012) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.598945 · Cited by 52
“To quantify autistic traits, we used the AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), which consists of the following five subscales: social skills, attention switching, attention to detail (AD), communication, and imagination (Table 2).”
MethodMontag, C., Sindermann, C., Melchers, M., Jung, S., Luo, R., Becker, B., Xie, J., Xu, W., Guastella, A. J., & Kendrick, K. M. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32596 · Cited by 50
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Self-citationAlexithymia may explain the relationship between autistic traits and eating disorder psychopathology
Vuillier, L., Carter, Z., Teixeira, A. R., & Moseley, R. L. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00364-z · Cited by 48
“tools, including screening questionnaires (such as the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) [37]) [7, 38–45], clin-”
MethodDifferentiating neural reward responsiveness in autism versus ADHD
Kohls, G., Thönessen, H., Bartley, G. K., Grossheinrich, N., Fink, G. R., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.003 · Cited by 50
Autism Across Cultures: Perspectives From Non‐Western Cultures and Implications for Research
Freeth, M., Milne, E., Sheppard, E., & Ramachandran, R. (2014) · Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Fourth Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc43 · Cited by 51
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The oxytocin receptor gene predicts brain activity during an emotion recognition task in autism
Uzefovsky, F., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Shamay-Tsoory, S., Ruigrok, A., Holt, R., Spencer, M., Chura, L., Warrier, V., Chakrabarti, B., Bullmore, E., et al. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0258-4 · Cited by 49
“For example, OXT administration had a stronger effect in improving empathic accuracy for those scoring higher on the autism spectrum quotient (AQ; [58]), i.”
Self-citationGhaffari, M. A., Mousavinejad, E., Riahi, F., Mousavinejad, M., & Afsharmanesh, M. R. (2016) · Neurology Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/9060751 · Cited by 49
“According to the scores [30], 18 children were classified as having mild autism (Asperger syndrome) and the remaining 12 as having severe autism (autistic disorder).”
BackgroundEwbank, M. P., Rhodes, G., von dem Hagen, E. A. H., Powell, T. E., Bright, N., Stoyanova, R. S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Calder, A. J. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu149 · Cited by 44
Self-citationSapey-Triomphe, L.-A., Weilnhammer, V. A., & Wagemans, J. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211045026 · Cited by 45
Prevalence and Risk-Markers of Self-Harm in Autistic Children and Adults
Licence, L., Oliver, C., Moss, J., & Richards, C. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04260-1 · Cited by 45
Common and distinct impacts of autistic traits and alexithymia on social reward
Foulkes, L., Bird, G., Gökçen, E., McCrory, E., & Viding, E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121018 · Cited by 45
“However, it should be noted that in the current sample, 18 participants scored 32 or higher on the AQ—an approximate threshold proposed by the original authors of the AQ for discriminating individuals with and without a clinical diagnosis of ASD ([3]; see also S2 Table).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSensory Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty Influence Anxiety in Autistic Adults
Normansell-Mossa, K. M., Top, D. N., Russell, N., Freeston, M., Rodgers, J., & South, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731753 · Cited by 45
“The AQ has been shown to have good discriminative validity (Woodbury-Smith et al., 2005) and good interrater and test–retest reliability (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialRepetition suppression and memory for faces is reduced in adults with autism spectrum conditions
Ewbank, M. P., Pell, P. J., Powell, T. E., von dem Hagen, E. A. H., Baron-Cohen, S., & Calder, A. J. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw373 · Cited by 45
Self-citationSpatio-temporal processing of tactile stimuli in autistic children
Wada, M., Suzuki, M., Takaki, A., Miyao, M., Spence, C., & Kansaku, K. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep05985 · Cited by 44
Leader, G., Barrett, A., Ferrari, C., Casburn, M., Maher, L., Naughton, K., Arndt, S., & Mannion, A. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103915 · Cited by 45
The N170 is not modulated by attention in autism spectrum conditions
Churches, O., Wheelwright, S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Ring, H. (2010) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e328334311b · Cited by 42
Self-citationSpecificity of Affective Responses in Misophonia Depends on Trigger Identification
Savard, M.-A., Sares, A. G., Coffey, E. B. J., & Deroche, M. L. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.879583 · Cited by 39
Assessing a hyperarousal hypothesis of insomnia in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Baker, E. K., Richdale, A. L., Hazi, A., & Prendergast, L. A. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2094 · Cited by 42
Brugha, T., Tyrer, F., Leaver, A., Lewis, S., Seaton, S., Morgan, Z., Tromans, S., & van Rensburg, K. (2020) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1814 · Cited by 42
“…through the National Autistic Society, clinics, and advertisements, finding that the AQ discriminated well between participants with and without ASD (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), with a lower cutoff threshold recommended for screening in clinical practice (Woodbury-Smith, Robinson, Wheelwright, &…”
BackgroundGaggero, G., Bonassi, A., Dellantonio, S., Pastore, L., Aryadoust, V., & Esposito, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.611489 · Cited by 40
Autism spectrum disorders in adult outpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder in the UK
Wikramanayake, W. N. M., Mandy, W., Shahper, S., Kaur, S., Kolli, S., Osman, S., Reid, J., Jefferies-Sewell, K., & Fineberg, N. A. (2018) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2017.1354029 · Cited by 40
“According to a previous large study (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), the distribution of total AQ scores in the general population shows a uni-modal distribution, with scores in the range 16–20/50 occurring with the highest frequency.”
BackgroundBaljé, A., Greeven, A., van Giezen, A., Korrelboom, K., Arntz, A., & Spinhoven, P. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1605-9 · Cited by 39
European clinical network: autism spectrum disorder assessments and patient characterisation
Ashwood, K. L., Buitelaar, J., Murphy, D., Spooren, W., & Charman, T. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0648-2 · Cited by 39
Brown, C. M., Attwood, T., Garnett, M., & Stokes, M. A. (2020) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2019.0054 · Cited by 39
“BaronCohen et al.(17) established that a cutoff score of 32 identified 80% of autistic individuals, while only 2% of controls exceeded the cutoff.”
Ronald, A., Happé, F., Dworzynski, K., Bolton, P., & Plomin, R. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01387.x · Cited by 39
Schelinski, S., Riedel, P., & von Kriegstein, K. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.031 · Cited by 37
“Individuals in the ASD group met a significantly higher extent of traits associated with ASD as assessed by the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Table 1) (AQ, Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) compared to the control group (independent t-test: t(26)¼ 8.69, po .000).”
MethodInfluentialTam, F. I., King, J. A., Geisler, D., Korb, F. M., Sareng, J., Ritschel, F., Steding, J., Albertowski, K. U., Roessner, V., & Ehrlich, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14097-2 · Cited by 38
Harm minimization in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa
Russell, J., Mulvey, B., Bennett, H., Donnelly, B., & Frig, E. (2019) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1601073 · Cited by 37
A transdiagnostic approach to neurodiversity in a representative population sample: The N+ 4 model
Apperly, I. A., Lee, R., van der Kleij, S. W., & Devine, R. T. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12219 · Cited by 37
Neural correlates of hierarchical predictive processes in autistic adults
Sapey-Triomphe, L.-A., Pattyn, L., Weilnhammer, V., Sterzer, P., & Wagemans, J. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38580-9 · Cited by 35
Positive and negative gaze perception in autism spectrum conditions
Ashwin, C., Ricciardelli, P., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910802337902 · Cited by 36
Self-citationHoekstra, R. A., Happé, F., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Ronald, A. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31066 · Cited by 34
Self-citationBoschi, A., Planche, P., Hemimou, C., Demily, C., & Vaivre-Douret, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01605 · Cited by 34
“These participants scored on average significantly higher than the control group on the Autism Quotient questionnaire (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), but lower than the ASD group, except for the sub-category “attention to detail” which was higher than in the ASD group.”
ResultGenome-Wide Association Study of Autistic-Like Traits in a General Population Study of Young Adults
Jones, R. M., Cadby, G., Melton, P. E., Abraham, L. J., Whitehouse, A. J., & Moses, E. K. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00658 · Cited by 33
“At the 20 year follow-up, Raine Study participants who did not have a diagnosis of intellectual disability or ASD were asked to complete the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGanglmayer, K., Schuwerk, T., Sodian, B., & Paulus, M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03964-8 · Cited by 33
Top Jr., D. N., Luke, S. G., Stephenson, K. G., & South, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00783 · Cited by 36
Ingersoll, B., & Wainer, A. (2014) · Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Fourth Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc02 · Cited by 104
Simner, J., Koursarou, S., Rinaldi, L. J., & Ward, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2022.2056581 · Cited by 34
“Attention to detail Subscale of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
InfluentialPetrolini, V., Jorba, M., & Vicente, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572035 · Cited by 33
“As Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) point out: “Communication scores for ASD participants on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 2000) and Autism Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) were observed to predict articulatory suppression effects during planning, suggesting a link between communi…”
BackgroundInfluentialA mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences
Mazurek, M. O., Pappagianopoulos, J., Brunt, S., Sadikova, E., Nevill, R., Menezes, M., & Harkins, C. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2835 · Cited by 33
Autonomic dysfunction in autism: the roles of anxiety, depression, and stress
Taylor, E. C., Livingston, L. A., Callan, M. J., Ashwin, C., & Shah, P. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320985658 · Cited by 30
Repetition suppression to objects is modulated by stimulus-specific expectations
Utzerath, C., St. John-Saaltink, E., Buitelaar, J., & de Lange, F. P. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09374-z · Cited by 28
Cohen, M. X., David, N., Vogeley, K., & Elger, C. E. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00724.x · Cited by 31
Genesis, modelling and methodological remedies to autism heterogeneity
Rabot, J., Rødgaard, E.-M., Joober, R., Dumas, G., Bzdok, D., Bernhardt, B., Jacquemont, S., & Mottron, L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105201 · Cited by 31
Southon, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958013 · Cited by 33
Small fiber pathology in autism and clinical implications
Chien, Y.-L., Chao, C.-C., Wu, S.-W., Hsueh, H.-W., Chiu, Y.-N., Tsai, W.-C., Gau, S. S.-F., & Hsieh, S.-T. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010932 · Cited by 30
The specificity of the link between alexithymia, interoception and imitation
Sowden, S., Brewer, R., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000310 · Cited by 31
The Prenatal Hormone Milieu in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Worsham, W., Dalton, S., & Bilder, D. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.655438 · Cited by 29
Deschrijver, E., Wiersema, J. R., & Brass, M. (2017) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0485-5 · Cited by 32
Yang, L. L., Stiernborg, M., Skott, E., Söderström, Å., Giacobini, M., & Lavebratt, C. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.10.005 · Cited by 29
Predictive sensorimotor control in autism
Arthur, T., Vine, S., Brosnan, M., & Buckingham, G. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa243 · Cited by 29
“Remaining participants (n = 82) exhibited AQ scores ranging from 5–31 (mean: 15.87± 6.39), values which are consistent with large, representative neurotypical populations (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntact hedonic responses to sweet tastes in autism spectrum disorder
Damiano, C. R., Aloi, J., Burrus, C., Garbutt, J. C., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., & Dichter, G. S. (2014) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.12.003 · Cited by 31
“Finally, correlations were conducted to examine potential relations between STT measures and ASD severity within the ASD group, assessed by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; Constantino et al., 2003) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodHoffmann, E., Brück, C., Kreifelts, B., Ethofer, T., & Wildgruber, D. (2016) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1544-3 · Cited by 30
The Effectiveness of RAADS-R as a Screening Tool for Adult ASD Populations
Jones, S. L., Johnson, M., Alty, B., & Adamou, M. (2021) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2021/9974791 · Cited by 28
“It is commonly used in research studies for participant inclusion and exclusion purposes [17] and reports high sensitivity and specificity [16, 18].”
BackgroundMelby, L., Indredavik, M. S., Løhaugen, G., Brubakk, A. M., Skranes, J., & Vik, T. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-0372-2 · Cited by 28
“Symptoms of autism were recorded using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) [30] completed by the participants themselves.”
MethodAllenmark, F., Shi, Z., Pistorius, R. L., Theisinger, L. A., Koutsouleris, N., Falkai, P., Müller, H. J., & Falter-Wagner, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04828-2 · Cited by 27
Palser, E. R., Fotopoulou, A., Pellicano, E., & Kilner, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04279-4 · Cited by 28
“I'm Human After All”: Autism, Trauma, and Affective Empathy
Hume, R., & Burgess, H. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0013 · Cited by 27
“38 In the AQ, which its creators, Baron-Cohen et al., described as ‘‘a valuable instrument for rapidly quantifying where any given individual is situated on the continuum from autism to normality [ sic ],’’ 39 10% of questions focus on empathy.”
Ekinci, O., İpek Baş, S. A., Ekinci, N., Doğan, Ö. İ., Yaşöz, C., & Adak, İ. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0965 · Cited by 29
Preckel, K., Kanske, P., Singer, T., Paulus, F. M., & Krach, S. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1036-x · Cited by 25
The Netherlands Brain Bank for Psychiatry
(2018) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00001-3 · Cited by 22
Kanai, C., Hashimoto, R., Itahashi, T., Tani, M., Yamada, T., Ota, H., Iwanami, A., & Kato, N. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.008 · Cited by 25
van Rijn, S., Bierman, M., Bruining, H., & Swaab, H. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.06.004 · Cited by 23
“The Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a questionnaire that assesses the degree to which any individual adult of normal intelligence might have features of the core autistic phenotype.”
BackgroundThe Inter-Relationship of Emotion Regulation, Self-Compassion, and Mental Health in Autistic Adults
Cai, R. Y., Love, A., Robinson, A., & Gibbs, V. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0068 · Cited by 25
Altered processing of communication signals in the subcortical auditory sensory pathway in autism
Schelinski, S., Tabas, A., & von Kriegstein, K. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25766 · Cited by 24
Mayer, A. V., Wermter, A.-K., Stroth, S., Alter, P., Haberhausen, M., Stehr, T., Paulus, F. M., Krach, S., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94407-x · Cited by 23
Grisoni, L., Moseley, R. L., Motlagh, S., Kandia, D., Sener, N., Pulvermüller, F., Roepke, S., & Mohr, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00395 · Cited by 21
“To measure the presence and number of clinical symptoms associated with ASD, both groups completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodLacroix, A., Dutheil, F., Logemann, A., Cserjesi, R., Peyrin, C., Biro, B., Gomot, M., & Mermillod, M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211062776 · Cited by 21
“They also had higher AQ scores (in line with Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
Anxiety in high-functioning autism: A pilot study of experience sampling using a mobile platform
Hare, D. J., Gracey, C., & Wood, C. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315604817 · Cited by 22
“A cut-off score of 32 is taken as identifying adults with HFA within the general population (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), although a more conservative threshold (26) has been suggested for use in ‘clinic referred populations’ (Woodbury-Smith et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodMaking Small Food Units Seem Regular: How Larger Table Size Reduces Calories to Be Consumed
Davis, B., Payne, C. R., & Bui, M. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/684527 · Cited by 22
“We also measured the covariates imagination, social skill, attention to detail, attention switching and communication, traits which have been shown to affect visual illusions like those in our studies (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001; Happé and Frith 2006).”
Interoceptive awareness mitigates deficits in emotional prosody recognition in Autism
Mulcahy, J. S., Davies, M., Quadt, L., Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.05.011 · Cited by 21
Generalised joint hypermobility and neurodevelopmental traits in a non-clinical adult population
Glans, M., Bejerot, S., & Humble, M. B. (2017) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.004325 · Cited by 21
Watanabe, T., & Akechi, T. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04811-y · Cited by 21
Zdankiewicz-Ścigała, E., Ścigała, D., Sikora, J., Kwaterniak, W., & Longobardi, C. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255460 · Cited by 21
“The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) [61].”
Cognitive defusion for reducing distressing thoughts in adults with autism
Maisel, M. E., Stephenson, K. G., Cox, J. C., & South, M. (2019) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.12.005 · Cited by 21
Self-Focused Attention and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Burns, A., Irvine, M., & Woodcock, K. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3732-5 · Cited by 20
Autistic People Do Enhance Their Selves
Gernsbacher, M. A., Stevenson, J. L., & Dern, S. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619865057 · Cited by 21
Pahnke, J., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Andersson, G., Bjureberg, J., Jokinen, J., Bohman, B., & Lundgren, T. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221140749 · Cited by 19
“Second, assessing autistic and ADHD symptoms included standardized self-rating questionnaires (e.g. Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ); Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS); Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Ward et al., 1993).”
MethodEmpathy, autistic traits, and motor resonance in adults with Turner syndrome
Lepage, J.-F., Lortie, M., Deal, C. L., & Théoret, H. (2014) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.944317 · Cited by 16
“Given that the magnitude of social impairments seems to be less in Turner syndrome than in ASD, and the fact that the questionnaires used in the present study have been designed (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and validated (Lepage et al.”
MethodMurphy, D., Glaser, K., Hayward, H., Eklund, H., Cadman, T., Findon, J., Woodhouse, E., Ashwood, K., Beecham, J., Bolton, P., et al. (2018) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar06020 · Cited by 18
“SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY: CROSSING THE DIVIDE NIHR Journals Library www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk iv Our pilot study on the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) treatment was comparable to clinical trials of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in people without ASD.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Wheelwright, Sally
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-17
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2100254283
- Cited by
- 6,450
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 411 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 492 · 2023: 490 · 2022: 448 · 2021: 491 · 2020: 460 · 2019: 419 · 2018: 417 · 2017: 353 · 2016: 306 · 2015: 304 · 2014: 282 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 190
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, self-report questionnaire, autistic traits, sex differences, autism screening, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, England, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Asperger Syndrome
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