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The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians
Abstract
Currently there are no brief, self-administered instruments for measuring the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has the traits associated with the autistic spectrum. In this paper, we report on a new instrument to assess this: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Individuals score in the range 0-50. Four groups of subjects were assessed: Group 1: 58 adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: 174 randomly selected controls. Group 3: 840 students in Cambridge University; and Group 4: 16 winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad. The adults with AS/HFA had a mean AQ score of 35.8 (SD = 6.5), significantly higher than Group 2 controls (M = 16.4, SD = 6.3). 80% of the adults with AS/HFA scored 32+, versus 2% of controls. Among the controls, men scored slightly but significantly higher than women. No women scored extremely highly (AQ score 34+) whereas 4% of men did so. Twice as many men (40%) as women (21%) scored at intermediate levels (AQ score 20+). Among the AS/HFA group, male and female scores did not differ significantly. The students in Cambridge University did not differ from the randomly selected control group, but scientists (including mathematicians) scored significantly higher than both humanities and social sciences students, confirming an earlier study that autistic conditions are associated with scientific skills. Within the sciences, mathematicians scored highest. This was replicated in Group 4, the Mathematics Olympiad…
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“An additional 57 NTs were studied as part of a replication of our key behavioural result (25 male, 32 female; mean age: 27.1, age range: 19–50) and additionally completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire; a 50-item self-report measure of autistic traits 32,55.”
From Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The most widely used measure for adults with ASC is the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), a 60-item self-report measure that finds differences in sensory processing in more than 90% of adults with ASC [17,19].”
From The Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ): development and validation of a new sensory questionnaire for adults with and without autism (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“While the RAADS-R is usually considered better at picking up female autism traits than traditional screening measures such as the Autism Quotient43”
From Beyond bendy joints: number of variant connective tissue features predicts neurodivergent characteristics in hypermobile individuals with anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“as the AQ was not designed to be diagnostic but rather a dimensional measure of ASD traits.”
From Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults. (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“It has reasonable construct and face validity and good test-retest and interrater reliability [27] and is a useful screening instrument in clinical practice [64].”
In the citing paper
“Because there is an association, at a group level, between mathematical and scientific occupations and autism [80”
From Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“The AQ has good internal consistency (α = .82; Austin, 2005) and good test–retest reliability (r = .70; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Both these tests assess day-today behaviour, and can be seen as an index of autistic symptomatology.”
From Executive processes in Asperger syndrome: Patterns of performance in a multiple case series (2006) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001
In the citing paper
“whereas ASD patient samples typically display peak scores of 35.8±6.5”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al, 2001
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
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BackgroundInfluentialCamouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study
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“All participants had estimated IQs above 70 (M = 112.47, SD = 4.65) on the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF; Wechsler, 2009) and scored above the clinical screening cutoff of 26 (M = 39.71, SD = 6.02) on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Woodbury-Smith et al., 2005).”
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Self-citationCognitive Training Can Reduce Civilian Casualties in a Simulated Shooting Environment
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The evolution of autistic-like and schizotypal traits: a sexual selection hypothesis
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Autistic traits predict performance on the block design
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“Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) The AQ is a 50-item, self-administered questionnaire that assesses the degree to which adults with normal intelligence have autism spectrum traits.”
BackgroundDifferences in Romantic Relationship Experiences for Individuals with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hancock, G. I., Stokes, M. A., & Mesibov, G. B. (2019) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-019-09573-8 · Cited by 87
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THE OVERLAP BETWEEN ALEXITHYMIA AND ASPERGER’S SYNDROME
Fitzgerald, M., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0096-z · Cited by 87
Task instructions and implicit theory of mind
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“…et al., 1988), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS—Carver and White, 1994), Autism Spectrum Quotient (ASQ — Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II — Beck et al., 1996), State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI— Spielberger et al.,…”
Oxytocin facilitates reciprocity in social communication
Spengler, F. B., Scheele, D., Marsh, N., Kofferath, C., Flach, A., Schwarz, S., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx061 · Cited by 83
“In Experiment 2, we assessed trait anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI; Spielberger, 1983), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996), alexithymia symptoms (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS; Taylor et al., 2003) and autistic-like traits (Autism-Spectrum Quotient; Baron-Cohen et…”
BackgroundEnglish, M. C. W., Gignac, G. E., Visser, T. A. W., Whitehouse, A., & Maybery, M. T. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2198 · Cited by 91
“© 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary: We examined 11 different ways of scoring subscales in the popular Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire in two large samples of participants (i.e., general population and undergraduate students).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFacial emotion recognition in autistic adult females correlates with alexithymia, not autism
Ola, L., & Gullon-Scott, F. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320932727 · Cited by 85
“Although one study supported the alexithymia hypothesis using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), which tests a range of complex emotions identified from the eye region, (Oakley et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMcCleery, J. P., Zitter, A., Solórzano, R., Turnacioglu, S. O., Miller, J. S., Ravindran, V., & Parish‐Morris, J. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2352 · Cited by 89
“This step was important due to the design of our study, which involved Abbreviations: ABCL, Adult behavior checklist; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; AQ, Autism Quotient; ASR, Adult self-report; CBCL, Child behavior checklist; IQ, intelligence quotient; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire [Rutter et al., 2003]; SRS…”
BackgroundInterpersonal similarity of autistic traits predicts friendship quality
Bolis, D., Lahnakoski, J. M., Seidel, D., Tamm, J., & Schilbach, L. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa147 · Cited by 85
“Additionally, wemeasured both individual autistic traits (i.e. in a scale of 0–50; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and dyadic mismatch thereof (i.”
BackgroundDell’Osso, L., Luche, R. D., Gesi, C., Moroni, I., Carmassi, C., & Maj, M. (2016) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901612010120 · Cited by 80
“[22] Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E.”
BackgroundNeurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: Overlap and background characteristics.
Billstedt, E., Anckarsäter, H., Wallinius, M., & Hofvander, B. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.004 · Cited by 70
“Self-rating questionnaires The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), (Ward et al.”
Darwin revisited: The vagus nerve is a causal element in controlling recognition of other's emotions
Colzato, L. S., Sellaro, R., & Beste, C. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.017 · Cited by 80
Improving Empathic Communication Skills in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Koegel, L. K., Ashbaugh, K., Navab, A., & Koegel, R. L. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2633-0 · Cited by 91
“In addition, each participant completed the Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire to indicate severity of autism traits (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
MethodReligious Cognition and Behaviour in Autism: The Role of Mentalizing
Reddish, P., Tok, P., & Kundt, R. (2015) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.1003518 · Cited by 86
Joint attention enhances visual working memory.
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“The reported control population average score is 16.4 (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), indicating that there was enough variation in scores for a difference to be detected if it existed.”
BackgroundInfluentialHeylens, G., Aspeslagh, L., Dierickx, J., Baetens, K., hoorde, B. V., Cuypere, G. D., & Elaut, E. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3480-6 · Cited by 79
A cross-cultural study of autistic traits across India, Japan and the UK
Carruthers, S., Kinnaird, E., Rudra, A., Smith, P. L., Allison, C. L., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., Wakabayashi, A., Baron‐Cohen, S., Bakolis, I., et al. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0235-3 · Cited by 89
Self-citationThe sequencing process generated by the cerebellum crucially contributes to social interactions
Overwalle, F. V., Manto, M. U., Leggio, M. G., & Delgado-Garcia, J. M. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.05.014 · Cited by 80
“The main behavioral hallmark is an impairment in the ability to recognize and attribute mental states to others to explain and predict their behavior [49].”
BackgroundPiva, M., Velnoskey, K. R., Jia, R., Nair, A. R., Levy, I., & Chang, S. W. C. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.44939 · Cited by 81
“DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44939 20 of 29 Altruism Scale (Rushton et al., 1981), the Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), the Autism Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (Levenson et al., 1995), and the Severity Measure for Social Anxiety Disorder (So…”
BackgroundInfluentialMaras, K., Norris, J. E., Nicholson, J., Heasman, B., Remington, A., & Crane, L. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320981319 · Cited by 89
“which measures levels of autistic traits (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; see Woodbury-Smith et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEnhanced rationality in autism spectrum disorder
Rozenkrantz, L., D’Mello, A. M., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.05.004 · Cited by 88
“AQ is a 50-item self-report questionnaire that quantifies autistic traits in children and adults [82].”
BackgroundInvestigating Markers of Rapport in Autistic and Nonautistic Interactions
Rifai, O., Fletcher-Watson, S., Jiménez-Sánchez, L., & Crompton, C. J. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0017 · Cited by 70
David, N., Gawronski, A., Santos, N. S., Huff, W., Lehnhardt, F., Newen, A., & Vogeley, K. T. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0425-x · Cited by 87
Skakkebaek, A. H., Gravholt, C. H., Rasmussen, P. M., Bojesen, A., Jensen, J. S., Fedder, J., Laurberg, P., Hertz, J. M., Østergaard, J. R., Pedersen, A. D., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.013 · Cited by 79
“▪ Autism traits; Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) measuring autistic traits.”
BackgroundPisula, E., Kawa, R., Szostakiewicz, Ł., Łucka, I., Kawa, M., & Rynkiewicz, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075236 · Cited by 79
“The study procedure was modelled primarily on that of Baron-Cohen et al. [16] as well as subsequent studies conducted in other countries [26].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialfNIRS detects temporal lobe response to affective touch
Bennett, R. H., Bolling, D. Z., Anderson, L. C., Pelphrey, K. A., & Kaiser, M. D. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst008 · Cited by 84
“Each participant completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; Constantino and Todd, 2003) and Social Touch Questionnaire (STQ; Wilhelm et al.”
MethodStimulus Characteristics Affect Humor Processing in Individuals with Asperger Syndrome
Samson, A. C., & Hegenloh, M. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0885-2 · Cited by 79
Sex and STEM Occupation Predict Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Scores in Half a Million People
Ruzich, E., Allison, C., Chakrabarti, B., Smith, P., Musto, H., Ring, H., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141229 · Cited by 79
“Further, with regard to occupation, we found that people working in STEM careers scored higher than people reporting non-STEM careers, again corroborating earlier findings [1,19,30].”
InfluentialSelf-citationGanesh, S., van Schie, H. T., de Lange, F. P., Thompson, E. T., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr227 · Cited by 79
“To assess subjects’ position on or near the autism spectrum, we used the Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ, Baron-Cohen et al. 2001, see also SM).”
MethodImagination in human social cognition, autism, and psychotic-affective conditions
Crespi, B. J., Leach, E., Dinsdale, N. L., Mökkönen, M., & Hurd, P. L. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.001 · Cited by 93
“Third, we evaluate central aspects of this hypothesis using two lines of evidence: (1) data on dimensional measures of autism in healthy populations (the Autism Spectrum Quotient; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), to evaluate gender biases in its Imagination subscale compared to other subscales, and (2) data on schizophrenia…”
Husarova, V. M., Lakatošová, S., Pivovarciova, A., Babinská, K., Bakoš, J., Durdiaková, J., Kubranská, A., Ondrejka, I., & Ostatníková, D. (2016) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2016.13.2.174 · Cited by 82
Sensory Prediction Errors Are Less Modulated by Global Context in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Goris, J., Braem, S., Nijhof, A. D., Rigoni, D., Deschrijver, E., Van de Cruys, S., Wiersema, J. R., & Brass, M. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.02.003 · Cited by 79
Li, Q., Becker, B., Wernicke, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, R., Le, J., Kou, J., Zhao, W., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.016 · Cited by 88
Sowden, S., Koehne, S., Catmur, C., Dziobek, I., & Bird, G. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1511 · Cited by 74
Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhou, F., Ma, X., Yao, S., Hurlemann, R., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00512 · Cited by 78
“To examine associations with trait autism, the ASQ questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) was administered.”
An, J., Cristino, A. S., Zhao, Q., Edson, J., Williams, S. M., Ravine, D., Wray, J. A., Marshall, V. M., Hunt, A., Whitehouse, A., et al. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.38 · Cited by 81
Benchmark eye movement effects during natural reading in autism spectrum disorder.
Howard, P. L., Liversedge, S. P., & Benson, V. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000289 · Cited by 81
Turner, R., & Felisberti, F. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00047 · Cited by 97
Crane, L., Davidson, I. A., Prosser, R., & Pellicano, E. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.12 · Cited by 78
Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Nicholson, T., Williams, D., Carpenter, K., & Kallitsounaki, A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04079-w · Cited by 78
Jorgenson, C. D., Lewis, T., Rose, C. A., & Kanne, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04491-7 · Cited by 93
Henco, L., Diaconescu, A. O., Lahnakoski, J. M., Brandi, M., Hörmann, S., Hennings, J. M., Hasan, A., Papazova, I., Strube, W., Bolis, D., et al. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008162 · Cited by 82
“We additionally acquired psychometric data (S1 Table) to further characterize the participants: All patients were asked to fill out questionnaires measuring autistic traits with the autism spectrum quotient (AQ [30]) and social anhedonia symptoms with the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACI…”
MethodSex Differences and Autism: Brain Function during Verbal Fluency and Mental Rotation
Beacher, F. D. C. C., Radulescu, E., Minati, L., Baron‐Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M., Walker, A., Howard, D., Gray, M. A., Harrison, N. A., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038355 · Cited by 86
Self-citationEvaluation of a Screening Instrument for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Prisoners
Robinson, L., Spencer, M. D., Thomson, L. D. G., Stanfield, A. C., Owens, D. G. C., Hall, J., & Johnstone, E. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036078 · Cited by 78
“Three standardised measures were used with the interviewed group of prisoners- a measure of autistic traits (Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient [20]); an interview with a relative (Asperger Syndrome (and High-Functioning Autism) Diagnostic Interview [16]); and a measure of facial emotion recognition (Ekman 60 Faces Test […”
BackgroundMethodCrane, L., Goddard, L., & Pring, L. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0875-4 · Cited by 78
Ketelaars, C. E. J., Horwitz, E., Sytema, S., Bos, J., Wiersma, D., Minderaa, R. B., & Hartman, C. A. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0358-4 · Cited by 79
Whitehouse, A., Mattes, E., Maybery, M. T., Dissanayake, C., SAWYER, M. G., Jones, R., Pennell, C. E., Keelan, J. A., & Hickey, M. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-25 · Cited by 80
Is synesthesia more common in patients with Asperger syndrome?
Neufeld, J., Roy, M., Zapf, A., Sinke, C., Emrich, H. M., Prox-Vagedes, V., Dillo, W., & Zedler, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00847 · Cited by 86
“Additionally we used two self-rating scales to complement diagnosis: the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and the empathy quotient (EQ) (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodSensorimotor fluency influences affect: Evidence from electromyography
Cannon, P. R., Hayes, A. E., & Tipper, S. P. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930902927698 · Cited by 89
Spatial and Empathic Perspective-Taking Correlate on a Dispositional Level
Erle, T. M., & Topolinski, S. (2015) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2015.33.3.187 · Cited by 80
Sizoo, B. B., Horwitz, E., Teunisse, J., Kan, C., Vissers, C., Forceville, E., Van Voorst, A., & Geurts, H. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315589869 · Cited by 77
The effects of reading material on social and non-social cognition
Black, J. E., & Barnes, J. L. (2015) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2015.07.001 · Cited by 101
Goddard, L., Dritschel, B., & Howlin, P. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2109-7 · Cited by 83
Moseley, R. L., & Friedemann Pulvermüller, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.019 · Cited by 81
Implicit false-belief processing in the human brain
Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., Becker, S. I., & Dux, P. E. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.014 · Cited by 79
“These included the Autism Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), assessing autistic traits, the Empathy Quotient (EQ; Baron-Cohen andWheelwright, 2004), which provides a score on an individuals capacity to recognize other's feelings and emotions and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ; Baron-Cohen et al.”
BackgroundHow Children With Specific Language Impairment View Social Situations: An Eye Tracking Study
Hosozawa, M., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Nakano, T., & Kitazawa, S. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2278 · Cited by 77
The social brain automatically predicts others’ future mental states
Thornton, M. A., Weaverdyck, M. E., & Tamir, D. I. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1431-18.2018 · Cited by 76
“After the scanning session, participants completed measures of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001b), the UCLA Loneliness scale (Russell, 1996), a measure of social network size, a single-item extraversion measure, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin and Hall, 1979),…”
MethodAutism spectrum traits predict the neural response to eye gaze in typical individuals
Nummenmaa, L., Engell, A. D., von dem Hagen, E., Henson, R. N. A., & Calder, A. J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.075 · Cited by 71
Interpersonal Reactivity Index: Analysis of Invariance and Gender Differences in Spanish Youths
Tello, F. P. H., Egido, B. D., Ortíz, M. Á. C., & Gándara, M. V. D. B. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0327-9 · Cited by 77
“In contrast to this, it has been found that oxitocine, a female sex hormone, affect empathy by improving it [70, 71].”
ResultLooping Genomes: Diagnostic Change and the Genetic Makeup of the Autism Population
Navon, D., & Eyal, G. (2016) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/684201 · Cited by 80
“…ðsee, e.g., Ciaranello and Ciaranello 1995, p. 102Þ, a notion that has recently been formalized in a diagnostic instrument measuring an “autism quotient” ðBaron-Cohen et al. 2001Þ. how autism could morph into a spectrum without taking into account the way the classification also indexes the…”
BackgroundCanal, P., Bischetti, L., Paola, S. D., Bertini, C., Ricci, I., & Bambini, V. (2019) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.001 · Cited by 74
Unrelenting Depression and Suicidality in Women with Autistic Traits
South, M., Beck, J. S., Lundwall, R. A., Christensen, M., Cutrer‐Párraga, E. A., Gabrielsen, T. P., Cox, J. C., & Lundwall, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04324-2 · Cited by 83
“The Autism Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001) is a 50-item self-report measure of personal traits related to autism, such as social skills, attention switching, attention to detail, communication, and imagination.”
InfluentialApplications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in child and adolescent psychiatry
Croarkin, P. E., Wall, C. A., & Lee, J. C. (2011) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2011.623688 · Cited by 79
Frequency and Pattern of Documented Diagnostic Features and the Age of Autism Identification
Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Rice, C. E., Cunniff, C. M., Giarelli, E., Kirby, R. S., Lee, L.-C., Nicholas, J. S., Wingate, M. S., & Durkin, M. S. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.014 · Cited by 79
“…previous studies based on clinical samples and survey results showing that, among children with ASD, boys were more likely to have the criterion for restricted interests than were girls, 26–27 and black children were more likely to have documentation of language deficits than were white children.”
Liew, S. M., Thevaraja, N., Hong, R. Y. S., & Magiati, I. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2238-z · Cited by 89
“70) and adequate internal consistency (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
MethodMeta-analysis of Big Five personality traits in autism spectrum disorder
Lodi‐Smith, J., Rodgers, J. D., Cunningham, S. A., Lopata, C. J., & Thomeer, M. L. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318766571 · Cited by 78
Savant Memory in a Man with Colour Form-Number Synaesthesia and Asperger Syndrome
Baron‐Cohen, S., Bor, D., Billington, J., Asher, J. E., Wheelwright, S. J., & Ashwin, C. (2007) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 75
Self-citationBrosnan, M., & Mills, E. A. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315586721 · Cited by 76
“The Autism Spectrum Quotient–Short (AQ-S) was used as a self-report measure of the participant’s level of autistic traits (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
MethodSpecificity, contexts, and reference groups matter when assessing autistic traits
Gernsbacher, M. A., Stevenson, J. L., & Dern, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171931 · Cited by 85
Sins of omission are more likely to be forgiven in non-native speakers
Fairchild, S., & Anna Papafragou, A. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.010 · Cited by 79
Dissociable Roles Within the Social Brain for Self-Other Processing: A HD-tDCS Study.
Martin, A. K., Huang, J., Hunold, A., & Meinzer, M. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy238 · Cited by 73
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Wheelwright, Sally
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-17
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2100254283
- Cited by
- 6,450
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 411 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 492 · 2023: 490 · 2022: 448 · 2021: 491 · 2020: 460 · 2019: 419 · 2018: 417 · 2017: 353 · 2016: 306 · 2015: 304 · 2014: 282 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 190
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, self-report questionnaire, autistic traits, sex differences, autism screening, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, England, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Asperger Syndrome
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