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The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians
Abstract
Currently there are no brief, self-administered instruments for measuring the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has the traits associated with the autistic spectrum. In this paper, we report on a new instrument to assess this: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Individuals score in the range 0-50. Four groups of subjects were assessed: Group 1: 58 adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: 174 randomly selected controls. Group 3: 840 students in Cambridge University; and Group 4: 16 winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad. The adults with AS/HFA had a mean AQ score of 35.8 (SD = 6.5), significantly higher than Group 2 controls (M = 16.4, SD = 6.3). 80% of the adults with AS/HFA scored 32+, versus 2% of controls. Among the controls, men scored slightly but significantly higher than women. No women scored extremely highly (AQ score 34+) whereas 4% of men did so. Twice as many men (40%) as women (21%) scored at intermediate levels (AQ score 20+). Among the AS/HFA group, male and female scores did not differ significantly. The students in Cambridge University did not differ from the randomly selected control group, but scientists (including mathematicians) scored significantly higher than both humanities and social sciences students, confirming an earlier study that autistic conditions are associated with scientific skills. Within the sciences, mathematicians scored highest. This was replicated in Group 4, the Mathematics Olympiad…
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“An additional 57 NTs were studied as part of a replication of our key behavioural result (25 male, 32 female; mean age: 27.1, age range: 19–50) and additionally completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire; a 50-item self-report measure of autistic traits 32,55.”
From Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The most widely used measure for adults with ASC is the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), a 60-item self-report measure that finds differences in sensory processing in more than 90% of adults with ASC [17,19].”
From The Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ): development and validation of a new sensory questionnaire for adults with and without autism (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“While the RAADS-R is usually considered better at picking up female autism traits than traditional screening measures such as the Autism Quotient43”
From Beyond bendy joints: number of variant connective tissue features predicts neurodivergent characteristics in hypermobile individuals with anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“as the AQ was not designed to be diagnostic but rather a dimensional measure of ASD traits.”
From Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults. (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“It has reasonable construct and face validity and good test-retest and interrater reliability [27] and is a useful screening instrument in clinical practice [64].”
In the citing paper
“Because there is an association, at a group level, between mathematical and scientific occupations and autism [80”
From Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“The AQ has good internal consistency (α = .82; Austin, 2005) and good test–retest reliability (r = .70; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Both these tests assess day-today behaviour, and can be seen as an index of autistic symptomatology.”
From Executive processes in Asperger syndrome: Patterns of performance in a multiple case series (2006) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001
In the citing paper
“whereas ASD patient samples typically display peak scores of 35.8±6.5”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al, 2001
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
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A Shift to Randomness of Brain Oscillations in People with Autism
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., Sadek, S. A., Pasco, G., Wheelwright, S. J., Bullmore, E. T., Baron-Cohen, S., & Suckling, J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.027 · Cited by 153
Self-citationByers, E. S., Nichols, S. L., & Voyer, S. D. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1813-z · Cited by 171
“Participants completed the 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
Enticott, P. G., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Kennedy, H. A., Arnold, S. L., Elliot, D., Peachey, A., Zangen, A., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2013) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.10.004 · Cited by 153
“5e2 h session featuring self-report clinical scales with good psychometric properties (Ritvo Autism-Aspergers Diagnostic Scale [RAADS] [10], Autism Spectrum Quotient [AQ] [11], Interpersonal Reactivity Index [IRI] [12]), and experimental measures of mentalizing (reading the mind in the eyes test [13] and animations me…”
MethodHillier, A. J., Fish, T., Cloppert, P., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2007) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576070220020201 · Cited by 153
A comparative study of autistic and non-autistic women’s experience of motherhood
Pohl, A. L., Crockford, S. K., Blakemore, M., Allison, C. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0304-2 · Cited by 187
“The AQ-10 is a measure that quantifies autistic traits in adults [26, 27].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLarger extrastriate population receptive fields in autism spectrum disorders
Schwarzkopf, D. S., Anderson, E. J., de Haas, B., White, S. J., & Rees, G. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4416-13.2014 · Cited by 138
“All participants completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and the groups differed on this measure (t(24) 13.986, p 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluentialMusical Preferences are Linked to Cognitive Styles
Greenberg, D. M., Baron‐Cohen, S., Stillwell, D. J., Kosiński, M., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131151 · Cited by 171
Self-citationPsychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)
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Facial disfigurement is treated like an infectious disease
Ryan, S., Oaten, M., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.04.001 · Cited by 158
“A “Personality and Imitation” questionnaire adapted from the Autism Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) was developed to enhance the face validity of the experimental cover story.”
MethodJack, A. I., Friedman, J. P., Boyatzis, R. E., & Taylor, S. N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149989 · Cited by 166
“The Autism Quotient (AQ) used in both this study and in four studies previously reported studies [8], did show a significant bivariate correlation with belief; however, this metric was not significant in the regression analysis after measures which more specifically target empathy were included.”
InfluentialHedley, D., Uljarević, M., Wilmot, M., Richdale, A., & Dissanayake, C. (2018) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2017.11.003 · Cited by 154
Vogan, V., Lake, J. K., Tint, A., Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2017) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.11.002 · Cited by 151
Palomba, S., Marotta, R., Di Cello, A., Russo, T., Falbo, A., Orio, F., Tolino, A., Zullo, F., Esposito, R., & Sala, G. B. L. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04443.x · Cited by 144
Tanaka, H., Negoro, H., Iwasaka, H., & Nakamura, S. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182151 · Cited by 145
Happé, F. G., Mansour, H., Barrett, P., Brown, T., Abbott, P., & Charlton, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2886-2 · Cited by 145
“The AQ was developed as a brief, selfadministered screening tool for autistic traits (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
MethodInfluentialAphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes
Zeman, A. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.007 · Cited by 148
“Because there is an association, at a group level, between mathematical and scienti fi c occupations and autism [80], this result meshes with the association between these occupations and aphantasia.”
BackgroundAutism, Hypersystemizing, and Truth
Baron‐Cohen, S. (2007) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701508749 · Cited by 155
Self-citationSex Is a major determinant of neuronal dysfunction in neurofibromatosis type 1
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“Building on prior descriptive (6) and anecdotal evidence (5) in adults, our study provides new evidence for numerical problem solving as a domain of cognitive strength in children with ASD (8).”
BackgroundThe broader language phenotype of autism: a comparison with specific language impairment
Whitehouse, A., Barry, J. G., & Bishop, D. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01765.x · Cited by 155
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One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors
Cederlund, M., & Gillberg, C. (2004) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162204001100 · Cited by 152
Autism is characterized by dorsal anterior cingulate hyperactivation during social target detection
Dichter, G. S., Felder, J. N., & Bodfish, J. W. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp017 · Cited by 145
Neural self-representation in autistic women and association with ‘compensatory camouflaging’
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., Ruigrok, A. N., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Auyeung, B., Happé, F., Szatmari, P., Baron-Cohen, S., et al. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318807159 · Cited by 134
“For assessing levels of autism characteristics, we administered the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), module 4 of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (Lord et al.”
MethodSelf-citationElevated amygdala response to faces and gaze aversion in autism spectrum disorder
Tottenham, N., Hertzig, M. E., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Gilhooly, T., Millner, A. J., & Casey, B. J. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst050 · Cited by 144
The psychophysiological mechanisms of alexithymia in autism spectrum disorder
Gaigg, S. B., Cornell, A. S., & Bird, G. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316667062 · Cited by 142
“The Autism-Spectrum Questionnaire (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) provided further support for the diagnosis and confirmed that none of the TD participants experienced difficulties commensurate with ASD.”
The structure of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from a student sample in Scotland
Stewart, M. E., & Austin, E. J. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.004 · Cited by 146
A machine learning autism classification based on logistic regression analysis
Thabtah, F., Abdelhamid, N., & Peebles, D. (2019) · Health Information Science and Systems · doi:10.1007/s13755-019-0073-5 · Cited by 145
Detecting High-Functioning Autism in Adults Using Eye Tracking and Machine Learning
Yaneva, V., Ha, L. A., Eraslan, S., Yeşilada, Y., & Mitkov, R. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.2991675 · Cited by 151
“To ensure that no participants with a high incidence of autistic traits were included in the control group, all control participants completed the 50-item Autism Quotient (AQ) test [21].”
MethodSlower Rate of Binocular Rivalry in Autism
Robertson, C. E., Kravitz, D. J., Freyberg, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Baker, C. I. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0448-13.2013 · Cited by 147
“All participants also completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a selfreport questionnaire that quantifies autistic traits across both ASCs and control populations (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs synaesthesia more common in autism?
Baron‐Cohen, S., Johnson, D., Asher, J. E., Wheelwright, S. J., Fisher, S. E., Gregersen, P. K., & Allison, C. L. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-40 · Cited by 171
“(b) The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) [33].”
Self-citationAutistic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
De Crescenzo, F., Postorino, V., Siracusano, M., Riccioni, A., Armando, M., Curatolo, P., & Mazzone, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00078 · Cited by 143
“The AQ is a 50item questionnaire consisting of five different areas: social skill, attention switching, attention to detail, communication, and imagination (47).”
BackgroundA Common Neural Code for Perceived and Inferred Emotion
Skerry, A. E., & Saxe, R. R. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1676-14.2014 · Cited by 149
“The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983) were completed via on-line Qualtrics surveys.”
MethodVoracek, M., & Dressler, S. G. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.009 · Cited by 164
Mueller, S., Keeser, D., Samson, A. C., Kirsch, V., Blautzik, J., Grothe, M. J., Erat, O., Hegenloh, M., Coates, U., Reiser, M. F., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067329 · Cited by 148
Dawson, G., Estes, A. M., MUNSON, J. A., Schellenberg, G. D., Bernier, R., & Abbott, R. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0182-2 · Cited by 149
van Steijn, D. J., Oerlemans, A. M., van Aken, M. A. G., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1958-9 · Cited by 160
Toward a Best-Practice Protocol for Assessment of Sensory Features in ASD
Schaaf, R. C., & Lane, A. E. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2299-z · Cited by 169
Tahiroğlu, D., Moses, L. J., Carlson, S. M., Mahy, C. E. V., Olofson, E. L., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037914 · Cited by 139
Emotional contagion for pain is intact in autism spectrum disorders
Hadjikhani, N. K., Zürcher, N. R., Rogier, O., Hippolyte, L., Lemonnier, É., Ruest, T., Ward, N., Lassalle, A., Gillberg, N., Billstedt, E., et al. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.113 · Cited by 152
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., Wilmot, M., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3274-2 · Cited by 152
“2011) is a 28-item, self-report measure of ASD traits based on the original 50-item version (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
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Altered Network Topologies and Hub Organization in Adults with Autism: A Resting-State fMRI Study
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“Participants completed: (i) The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; Wechsler, 1999) [one ASD participant completed the Leiter-R (Roid and Miller, 1997) instead of the WASI]; (ii) the Autism Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al ., 2001), to assess the overall severity of autism symptoms as well as to verify that t…”
BackgroundMethodEvaluation der deutschen Version des Autismus-Spektrum-Quotienten (AQ) - die Kurzversion AQ-k
Freitag, C. M., Retz‐Junginger, P., Retz, W., Seitz, C., Pálmason, H., Meyer, J., Rösler, M., & von Gontard, A. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443.36.4.280 · Cited by 148
Exploring autistic traits in anorexia: a clinical study
Tchanturia, K., Smith, E. L., Weineck, F., Fidanboylu, E., Kern, N., Treasure, J. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-44 · Cited by 148
Self-citationThe gender gap in mathematics achievement: Evidence from Italian data
Contini, D., Tommaso, M. L. D., & Mendolia, S. (2017) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.03.001 · Cited by 160
Lawson, L. P., Richdale, A. L., Haschek, A., Flower, R. L., Vartuli, J., Arnold, S. R., & Trollor, J. N. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908107 · Cited by 138
“A total score was generated if no more than 10% of items were missing (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAutism AI: a New Autism Screening System Based on Artificial Intelligence
Shahamiri, S. R., & Thabtah, F. (2020) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-020-09743-3 · Cited by 138
Social cognition, social skill, and the broad autism phenotype
Sasson, N. J., Nowlin, R. B., & Pinkham, A. E. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361312455704 · Cited by 137
“Scores are dichotomized as “0” or “1,” with “1” reflecting responses consistent with autism-related characteristics (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe brains of high functioning autistic individuals do not synchronize with those of others
Salmi, J., Roine, U., Glerean, E., Lahnakoski, J. M., Wendt, T. N., Tani, P., Leppämäki, S., Nummenmaa, L., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Carlson, S., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.011 · Cited by 148
Pain Sensitivity and Observer Perception of Pain in Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Allely, C. S. (2013) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/916178 · Cited by 135
“Another study, rather than defining in terms of high and low functioning, describes levels of severity based on scores on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ, [90]) [85].”
BackgroundAu-Yeung, S. K., Bradley, L., Robertson, A. E., Shaw, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318818167 · Cited by 136
“Autism Spectrum Quotient.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPelton, M. K., & Cassidy, S. A. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1828 · Cited by 135
“…that ASC diagnosis represents the extreme end of cognitive and behavioral differences distributed at various levels across the general population [Constantino & Todd, 2005; Hoekstra, Bartels, Hudziak, Van Beijsterveldt, & Boomsma, 2007; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Sucksmith, Roth, & Hoekstra, 2011].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMandy, W., & Tchanturia, K. (2015) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-6 · Cited by 144
Koelkebeck, K., Pedersen, A., Suslow, T., Kueppers, K. A., Arolt, V., & Ohrmann, P. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.015 · Cited by 136
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Reduced Hippocampal Functional Connectivity During Episodic Memory Retrieval in Autism
Cooper, R. A., Richter, F. R., Bays, P. M., Plaisted-Grant, K. C., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Simons, J. S. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw417 · Cited by 134
“All participants were administered the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), as well as Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (short-form) (Arthur and Day 1994) and the National Adult Reading Test (NART) (Nelson 1982) as indices of nonverbal and verbal ability, respectively.”
MethodSelf-citationLundqvist, L., & Lindner, H. Y. N. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3128-y · Cited by 148
Hadjikhani, N. K., Johnels, J. Å., Zürcher, N. R., Lassalle, A., Guillon, Q., Hippolyte, L., Billstedt, E., Ward, N., Lemonnier, É., & Gillberg, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03378-5 · Cited by 144
Gesi, C., Migliarese, G., Torriero, S., Capellazzi, M., Omboni, A. C., Cerveri, G., & Mencacci, C. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070912 · Cited by 137
“The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a widely used questionnaire, developed about fifteen years ago, providing a self-report measure of autistic traits for use in adults with a normal IQ [28].”
MethodAutism and employment: what works
Hayward, S. M., McVilly, K. R., & Stokes, M. A. (2019) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.006 · Cited by 135
A temporally sustained implicit theory of mind deficit in autism spectrum disorders
Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., Bayliss, A. P., & Dux, P. E. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.004 · Cited by 138
A Tale of Two Types of Perspective Taking
Tarampi, M. R., Heydari, N. D., & Hegarty, M. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616667459 · Cited by 135
“The AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a questionnaire that measures the extent to which adults of normal intelligence express traits associated with autism spectrum Fig.”
BackgroundNickel, K., Maier, S. J., Endres, D., Joos, A. A. B., Maier, V., van Elst, L. T., & Zeeck, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00708 · Cited by 147
“Bölte et al. (21) cross-sectional 71 32 (28% females) autism Asperger syndrome 19.7 ± 7.8 (10.1–39.9 years) ED: clinical diagnosis, DSM-IV ASD: DSM-IV, ADI-R, ADOS 28% of male individuals had a BMI in the 5th percentile or below A clinical diagnosis of AN was not met by any proband SD, standard deviation; HC, healthy…”
BackgroundInfluentialA quantitative meta-analysis of face recognition deficits in autism: 40 years of research.
Griffin, J. W., Bauer, R. M., & Scherf, K. S. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000310 · Cited by 134
“As a result, many of the existing studies rely on community diagnoses and/or employ surveys of autism behaviors such as the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) or Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ; Rutter, Bailey, & Lord, 2003).”
BackgroundModeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults.
Maisel, M. E., Stephenson, K. G., South, M., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M. H., & Gaigg, S. B. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000168 · Cited by 132
“AQ: The Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a 50–item questionnaire that asks participants to indicate the extent to which they can identify with statements describing behaviors and attitudes that reflect core facets of the ASD phenotype.”
BackgroundKentrou, V., de Veld, D. M., Mataw, K. J., & Begeer, S. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318785171 · Cited by 133
“The measure may also not be appropriate for individuals with low intellectual functioning, since it assumes reading comprehension skills (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundTraits of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adults with Gender Dysphoria
Pasterski, V., Gilligan, L., & Curtis, R. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0154-5 · Cited by 137
Michikawa, T., Nitta, H., Nakayama, S. F., Ono, M., Yonemoto, J., Tamura, K., Suda, E., Ito, H., Takeuchi, A., & Kawamoto, T. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20140186 · Cited by 134
The effects of autism and alexithymia on physiological and verbal responsiveness to music
Allen, R., Davis, R., & Hill, E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1587-8 · Cited by 132
Brown, M. S., Singel, D., Hepburn, S., & Rojas, D. C. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1260 · Cited by 139
Neumann, D. L., Chan, R. C. K., Boyle, G. J., Wang, Y., & Westbury, H. R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00010-3 · Cited by 154
The Role of the Fusiform-Amygdala System in the Pathophysiology of Autism
Dziobek, I., Bahnemann, M., Convit, A. J., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.31 · Cited by 138
Kasirer, A., & Mashal, N. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00615 · Cited by 143
“Participants also completed the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), scoring above 26 on this measure (M = 29.17, SD = 2.03), as clinically accepted in Israel (Golan et al., 2009; Gold et al., 2010).”
MethodInfluentialHagen, E. V. D., Nummenmaa, L., Yu, R., Engell, A. D., Ewbank, M., & Calder, A. J. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq062 · Cited by 133
Sutherland, A., & Crewther, D. P. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq122 · Cited by 140
Begeer, S., Malle, B. F., Nieuwland, M. S., & Keysar, B. (2010) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620903024263 · Cited by 141
fMRI of parents of children with Asperger Syndrome: A pilot study
Baron‐Cohen, S., RING, H. A., Chitnis, X. A., Wheelwright, S. J., Gregory, L. J., Williams, S., Brammer, M. J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.12.011 · Cited by 134
Self-citationBrief Report: Female-To-Male Transsexual People and Autistic Traits
Jones, R. M., Wheelwright, S. J., Farrell, K., Martin, E., Green, R., Ceglie, D. D., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1227-8 · Cited by 143
Self-citationHow Development and Personality Influence Scientific Thought, Interest, and Achievement
Feist, G. J. (2006) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.2.163 · Cited by 133
Dell’Osso, L., Gesi, C., Massimetti, E., Cremone, I. M., Barbuti, M., Maccariello, G., Moroni, I., Barlati, S., Castellini, G., Luciano, M., et al. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.001 · Cited by 141
“Test–retest and inter-rater reliability of the AQ were good, and items comprising each of the five domains showed moderate to high alpha coefficients, indicating reasonable construct validity [35].”
MethodAtypical sensory profiles as core features of adult ADHD, irrespective of autistic symptoms
Bijlenga, D., Tjon-Ka-Jie, J. Y. M., Schuijers, F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.481 · Cited by 140
“We compared the mean total number of reported autism-spectrum symptoms and the mean subscale scores of the AQ to the norm scores by Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) using t-tests.”
MethodDetecting autism spectrum disorder using machine learning techniques
Hossain, M. D., Kabir, M. A., Anwar, A., & Islam, M. Z. (2021) · Health Information Science and Systems · doi:10.1007/s13755-021-00145-9 · Cited by 153
White Matter Microstructure and Cognition in Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease
Rollins, C. K., Watson, C. G., Asaro, L. A., Wypij, D., Vajapeyam, S., Bellinger, D. C., DeMaso, D. R., Robertson, R. L., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.028 · Cited by 131
Overlap of autistic and schizotypal traits in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Barneveld, P. S., Pieterse, J., de Sonneville, L. M. J., van Rijn, S., Lahuis, B., van Engeland, H., & Swaab, H. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.004 · Cited by 131
Reasoning on the Autism Spectrum: A Dual Process Theory Account
Brosnan, M., Lewton, M., & Ashwin, C. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2742-4 · Cited by 143
“Autism traits were assessed using the AQ (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001a, b), which is a self-report measurement that is used to identify autism traits in clinical and non-clinical adult populations.”
BackgroundMethodSexual Orientation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
George, R., & Stokes, M. A. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1892 · Cited by 132
The problem of being bad at faces
Barton, J. J. S., & Corrow, S. L. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.008 · Cited by 130
The autism advantage at work: A critical and systematic review of current evidence
Bury, S. M., Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., & Gal, E. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103750 · Cited by 149
“…broader research literature include enhanced visual search abilities (e.g., Kaldy, Giserman, Carter, & Blaser, 2016; O'Riordan, Plaisted, Driver, & Baron-Cohen, 2001; Plaisted, O'Riordan, & Baron-Cohen, 1998), superior performance on hidden figures tasks (Shah & Frith, 1983) and pattern…”
Ageing in people with autistic spectrum disorder
Mukaetova‐Ladinska, E. B., Perry, E. K., Baron, M. G., Povey, C., & on behalf of the Autism Ageing Writing Group (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2711 · Cited by 134
Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.06.017 · Cited by 129
“, sex, age, and education) that have previously been shown to covary with mentalizing ability, belief in God, and supernatural belief more generally (e.g., Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Irwin, 1993; Norenzayan et al., 2012; Stark, 2002; Wakabayashi et al., 2006; Walter & Davie, 1998; Willa…”
Grove, R., Roth, I., & Hoekstra, R. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1560 · Cited by 52
Rubenstein, E., & Chawla, D. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1026-3 · Cited by 148
Haruvi-Lamdan, N., Horesh, D., Zohar, S., Kraus, M., & Golan, O. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320912143 · Cited by 139
“AQ scores have been shown to be stable crossculturally (Hurst et al., 2007) and demonstrated good diagnostic validity (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Wheelwright, Sally
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-17
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2100254283
- Cited by
- 6,450
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 411 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 492 · 2023: 490 · 2022: 448 · 2021: 491 · 2020: 460 · 2019: 419 · 2018: 417 · 2017: 353 · 2016: 306 · 2015: 304 · 2014: 282 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 190
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, self-report questionnaire, autistic traits, sex differences, autism screening, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, England, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Asperger Syndrome
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