The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians
Abstract
Currently there are no brief, self-administered instruments for measuring the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has the traits associated with the autistic spectrum. In this paper, we report on a new instrument to assess this: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Individuals score in the range 0-50. Four groups of subjects were assessed: Group 1: 58 adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: 174 randomly selected controls. Group 3: 840 students in Cambridge University; and Group 4: 16 winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad. The adults with AS/HFA had a mean AQ score of 35.8 (SD = 6.5), significantly higher than Group 2 controls (M = 16.4, SD = 6.3). 80% of the adults with AS/HFA scored 32+, versus 2% of controls. Among the controls, men scored slightly but significantly higher than women. No women scored extremely highly (AQ score 34+) whereas 4% of men did so. Twice as many men (40%) as women (21%) scored at intermediate levels (AQ score 20+). Among the AS/HFA group, male and female scores did not differ significantly. The students in Cambridge University did not differ from the randomly selected control group, but scientists (including mathematicians) scored significantly higher than both humanities and social sciences students, confirming an earlier study that autistic conditions are associated with scientific skills. Within the sciences, mathematicians scored highest. This was replicated in Group 4, the Mathematics Olympiad…
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“An additional 57 NTs were studied as part of a replication of our key behavioural result (25 male, 32 female; mean age: 27.1, age range: 19–50) and additionally completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire; a 50-item self-report measure of autistic traits 32,55.”
From Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The most widely used measure for adults with ASC is the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), a 60-item self-report measure that finds differences in sensory processing in more than 90% of adults with ASC [17,19].”
From The Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ): development and validation of a new sensory questionnaire for adults with and without autism (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“While the RAADS-R is usually considered better at picking up female autism traits than traditional screening measures such as the Autism Quotient43”
From Beyond bendy joints: number of variant connective tissue features predicts neurodivergent characteristics in hypermobile individuals with anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“as the AQ was not designed to be diagnostic but rather a dimensional measure of ASD traits.”
From Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults. (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“It has reasonable construct and face validity and good test-retest and interrater reliability [27] and is a useful screening instrument in clinical practice [64].”
In the citing paper
“Because there is an association, at a group level, between mathematical and scientific occupations and autism [80”
From Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“The AQ has good internal consistency (α = .82; Austin, 2005) and good test–retest reliability (r = .70; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Both these tests assess day-today behaviour, and can be seen as an index of autistic symptomatology.”
From Executive processes in Asperger syndrome: Patterns of performance in a multiple case series (2006) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001
In the citing paper
“whereas ASD patient samples typically display peak scores of 35.8±6.5”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al, 2001
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
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- American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).Washington DC: Author.
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Items 401–500 of 1,128
The Mechanisms Underlying the ASD Advantage in Visual Search
Káldy, Z., Giserman, I., Carter, A. S., & Blaser, E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1957-x · Cited by 132
“Their sample was undergraduate students who completed the autism spectrum quotient (AQ) questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001) before the psychophysical tests.”
Do girls with anorexia nervosa have elevated autistic traits?
Baron‐Cohen, S., Jaffa, T., Davies, S., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Allison, C. L., & Wheelwright, S. J. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-24 · Cited by 137
Self-citationDodell-Feder, D., Lincoln, S. H., Coulson, J. P., & Hooker, C. I. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081279 · Cited by 155
“14), this pattern of results is not typical with tasks assessing aspects of ToM and empathy [32,38,118] perhaps, in part, because of the shared variance between ability on these measures and autistic/schizotypal traits, which may be higher in males [119-121].”
BackgroundJung, M., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Ishitobi, M., Morita, T., Inohara, K., Asano, M., Arai, S., Munesue, T., Tomoda, A., et al. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-35 · Cited by 128
“Moreover, AQ is a validated measure of autism spectrum characteristics found within both the typical population and individuals with a diagnosis of autism [10,11].”
BackgroundMethodReorganization of functionally connected brain subnetworks in high‐functioning autism
Glerean, E., Pan, R. K., Salmi, J., Kujala, R., Lahnakoski, J. M., Roine, U., Nummenmaa, L., Leppämäki, S., Wendt, T. N., Tani, P., et al. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23084 · Cited by 128
“To quantify where subjects of the current study were on the autistic continuum, Autism quotient (AQ) (36), translated into Finnish (37), was obtained from all participants.”
Clinical features of suicide attempts in adults with autism spectrum disorders
Kato, K., Mikami, K., Akama, F., Yamada, K., Maehara, M., Kimoto, K., Kimoto, K., Sato, R., Takahashi, Y., Fukushima, R., et al. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.09.006 · Cited by 127
Brain structures associated with executive functions during everyday events in a non-clinical sample
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Fukushima, A., & Kawashima, R. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0444-z · Cited by 146
“Furthermore, even among normal samples, there are individual differences in traits associated with the autistic spectrum (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
BackgroundNeural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers
Greimel, E., Schulte‐Rüther, M., Kircher, T. T. J., Kamp‐Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Fink, G. R., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.057 · Cited by 140
Yu, A. C. L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011950 · Cited by 136
Why We Should Study the Broader Autism Phenotype in Typically Developing Populations
Landry, O., & Chouinard, P. A. (2016) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2016.1200046 · Cited by 136
“The creators of the AQ have suggested that a score greater than 32 is suggestive of an ASD and that one may consider further investigation in individuals with scores exceeding this value (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), while the creators of the BAPQ are adamant that their tool should never be used for the purposes of scre…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSub‐threshold autism traits: The role of trait emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility
Gökçen, E., Petrides, K. V., Hudry, K., Frederickson, N. L., & Smillie, L. D. (2013) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12033 · Cited by 136
The experiences of college students on the autism spectrum: a comparison to their neurotypical peers
McLeod, J. D., Meanwell, E., & Hawbaker, A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03910-8 · Cited by 149
“Of the 667 survey participants, only 13 scored above the clinical threshold for autism based on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
BackgroundEarly recognition and management of fabricated or induced illness in children
Bass, C., & Glaser, D. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62183-2 · Cited by 125
How do 3- and 5-year-olds respond to under- and over-informative utterances?
Morisseau, T., Davies, C. E., & Matthews, D. E. (2013) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.03.007 · Cited by 125
Right Hemisphere Dysfunction and Metaphor Comprehension in Young Adults with Asperger Syndrome
Gold, R., & Faust, M. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0930-1 · Cited by 125
Xiang, M., Grove, J., & Giannakidou, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00708 · Cited by 125
Changes in grey matter development in autism spectrum disorder
Greimel, E., Nehrkorn, B., Schulte‐Rüther, M., Fink, G. R., Nickl‐Jockschat, T., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Konrad, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0439-9 · Cited by 133
“Moreover, autistic symptoms in controls were screened based on the Social Communication Questionnaire (in children and adolescents) and the Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (in adults).”
MethodSpain, D., & Blainey, S. H. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315587659 · Cited by 141
Do people have insight into their face recognition abilities?
Palermo, R., Rossion, B., Rhodes, G., Laguesse, R., Tez, T., Hall, B., Albonico, A., Malaspina, M., Daini, R., Irons, J., et al. (2017) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1161058 · Cited by 83
“The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998), which measures self-reported levels of social anxiety, and the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), which measures selfreported levels of autistic traits, were also included.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSpotorno, N., & Noveck, I. A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0036630 · Cited by 125
“In addition, several studies (e.g., Austin, 2005; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Hurst, Mitchell, Kimbrel, Kwapil, & Nelson-Gray, 2007) reported that the Social Skill subscale has the highest internal consistency among the subgroups of the AQ questionnaire.”
BackgroundMethodMimicry and automatic imitation are not correlated
Genschow, O., van Den Bossche, S., Cracco, E., Bardi, L., Rigoni, D., & Brass, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183784 · Cited by 115
Mazza, M., Lucci, G., Pacitti, F., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., CASACCHIA, M., & Roncone, R. (2010) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2010.486284 · Cited by 123
Lerner, M. D., Calhoun, C. D., Mikami, A. Y., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1525-9 · Cited by 135
McKone, E., Hall, A., Pidcock, M., Palermo, R., Wilkinson, R. B., Rivolta, D., Yovel, G., Davis, J. M., & O'Connor, K. B. (2011) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2011.616880 · Cited by 112
Rojas, D. C., Teale, P. D., Maharajh, K., Kronberg, E., Youngpeter, K., Wilson, L. B., Wallace, A., & Hepburn, S. (2011) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-2-11 · Cited by 118
On the Application of Quantitative EEG for Characterizing Autistic Brain: A Systematic Review
Billeci, L., Sicca, F., Maharatna, K., Apicella, F., Narzisi, A., Campatelli, G., Calderoni, S., Pioggia, G., & Muratori, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00442 · Cited by 128
“The novelty of this study is that the features extracted by QEEG analysis related to power and frequency, were correlated to behavioral performances measured with the AutismSpectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodEye movements reveal sustained implicit processing of others' mental states.
Schneider, D., Bayliss, A. P., Becker, S. I., & Dux, P. E. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0025458 · Cited by 123
Hurst, R. M., Nelson‐Gray, R. O., Mitchell, J. T., & Kwapil, T. R. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0302-z · Cited by 130
Munesue, T., Ono, Y., Mutoh, K., Shimoda, K., Nakatani, H., & Kikuchi, M. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.015 · Cited by 120
Measuring Theory of Mind in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Brewer, N., Young, R. L., & Barnett, E. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3080-x · Cited by 122
Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections?
Lugnegård, T., Hallerbäck, M. U., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.014 · Cited by 120
Quality of life and its related factors for adults with autism spectrum disorder
Lin, L., & Huang, P.-C. (2017) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1414887 · Cited by 123
“The severity of autism symptoms was measured using the Taiwanese Chinese translation of the autismspectrum quotient [38,39].”
MethodOrsmond, G. I., & Seltzer, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0722-7 · Cited by 135
Hillier, A. J., Fish, T., Siegel, J. H., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2011) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-011-9226-4 · Cited by 121
Anholt, G. E., Cath, D. C., van Oppen, P., Eikelenboom, M., Smit, J. H., van Megen, H. J. G. M., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0922-1 · Cited by 126
Loth, E., Garrido, L., Ahmad, J., Watson, E., Duff, A., & Duchaine, B. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0187-7 · Cited by 127
“The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) [28] is a selfreport questionnaire to assess whether adults of average intelligence have symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder.”
BackgroundWalsh, R. J., Krabbendam, L., Dewinter, J., & Begeer, S. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3702-y · Cited by 142
Székely, Á., Lipari, F., Antonioni, A., Paolucci, M., Sánchez, Á., Tummolini, L., & Andrighetto, G. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25734-w · Cited by 128
Saygın, A. P., Cook, J. L., & Blakemore, S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013491 · Cited by 127
Zhang, L., Sun, Y., Chen, F., Wu, D., Tang, J., Han, X.-P., Ye, J., & Wang, K. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0915-5 · Cited by 132
Is There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Cruz, S., Zubizarreta, S. C.-P., Costa, A. D., Araújo, R., Martinho, J., Tubío-Fungueiriño, M., Sampaio, A., Cruz, R., Carracedo, Á., & Fernández‐Prieto, M. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-023-09630-2 · Cited by 155
“…( n = 21); the ADI-R (communication and restricted and repetitive behaviours scales) ( n = 4); the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; total score) ( n = 6) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001); the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ; total score) ( n = 13) (Rutter, Bailey et al., 2003; Rutter, Le Couteur et…”
Social Behavior and Autism Traits in a Sex Chromosomal Disorder: Klinefelter (47XXY) Syndrome
van Rijn, S., Swaab, H., Aleman, A., & Kahn, R. S. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0542-1 · Cited by 120
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Children’s Version in Japan: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Wakabayashi, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Uchiyama, T., Yoshida, Y., Tojo, Y., Kuroda, M., & Wheelwright, S. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0181-3 · Cited by 117
Self-citationHeaton, P., Reichenbacher, L., Sauter, D., Allen, R., Scott, S., & Hill, E. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000621 · Cited by 119
Holistic processing of the mouth but not the eyes in developmental prosopagnosia
Degutis, J. M., Cohan, S., Mercado, R. J., Wilmer, J. B., & Nakayama, K. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2012.754745 · Cited by 117
Selective Pragmatic Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Indirect Requests Versus Irony
Deliens, G., Papastamou, F., Ruytenbeek, N., Geelhand, P., & Kissine, M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3561-6 · Cited by 124
“, the Empathy Quotient EQ (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004) was administered conjointly with the Autism spectrum Quotient AQ (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), which provides an estimate of the number of autistic-like traits presented by an individual, and allows to situate them on the continuum from autism to neuro-typicali…”
MethodCutting our own keys: New possibilities of neurodivergent storying in research
Rosqvist, H. B., Botha, M., Hens, K., O’Donoghue, S., Pearson, A., & Stenning, A. C. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221132107 · Cited by 128
“Entrenched within academia are presumptions about what autism ‘is’ or ‘means’, deriving from dominant discourses, which state that ‘mindblindness’ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), antisociality (Chevallier et al.”
Background‘Suddenly the first fifty years of my life made sense’: Experiences of older people with autism
Hickey, A., Crabtree, J., & Stott, J. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316680914 · Cited by 131
“Although the AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) was used to enhance confidence in diagnostic status, the lack of verified diagnoses for a majority of participants is acknowledged as a limitation.”
BackgroundMethodStevenson, J. L., & Hart, K. R. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3109-1 · Cited by 130
Keeping time in the brain: Autism spectrum disorder and audiovisual temporal processing
Stevenson, R. A., Segers, M., Ferber, S., Barense, M. D., Camarata, S., & Wallace, M. T. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1566 · Cited by 133
Byers, E. S., Nichols, S. L., Voyer, S. D., & Reilly, G. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311431950 · Cited by 131
“Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodResultIndividual differences in categorical perception of speech: Cue weighting and executive function
Kong, E. J., & Edwards, J. (2016) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2016.08.006 · Cited by 119
Tan, G. C. Y., Doke, T. F., Ashburner, J., Wood, N. W., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.018 · Cited by 116
Sexuality and Gender Role in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Control Study
Bejerot, S., & Eriksson, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087961 · Cited by 133
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-0329 · Cited by 117
Identifying the Unmet Needs of College Students on the Autism Spectrum
Pinder-Amaker, S. (2014) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000032 · Cited by 117
“According to the authors, these findings demonstrate the importance of screening for autism-related impairment throughout institutions of higher education, particularly those that attract students with strengths in engineering, technology, and computer science, where ASD students may be disproportionately represented.…”
BackgroundGervais, W. M. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613489836 · Cited by 127
Two new theories of autism: hyper-systemising and assortative mating
Baron‐Cohen, S. (2005) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2005.075846 · Cited by 119
Self-citationIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder have altered visual encoding capacity
Noel, J., Zhang, L.-Q., Stocker, A. A., & Angelaki, D. E. (2021) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001215 · Cited by 123
“Before partaking in the study, all participants completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; [59]) and the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ; [60]).”
MethodAutism spectrum disorder grown up: a chart review of adult functioning.
Marriage, S., Wolverton, A., & Marriage, K. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 116
Suicidality in Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Zahid, S., & Upthegrove, R. (2017) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000458 · Cited by 115
Tavassoli, T., Miller, L. J., Schoen, S. A., Brout, J. J., Sullivan, J. C., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.05.005 · Cited by 138
Self-citationOscillatory Brain Correlates of Live Joint Attention: A Dual-EEG Study
Lachat, F., Hugueville, L., Lemaréchal, J.-D., Conty, L., & George, N. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00156 · Cited by 124
“All participants were in the normal range of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; mean score = 16.5 ± 1) as well as of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965; mean score = 21 ± 0.6).”
BackgroundInfluentialMirror Neuron Activity Associated with Social Impairments but not Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Enticott, P. G., Kennedy, H. A., Rinehart, N., Tonge, B. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Taffe, J. R., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.001 · Cited by 121
Dissociation of mirroring and mentalising systems in autism
Marsh, L. E., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.003 · Cited by 127
Holistic face training enhances face processing in developmental prosopagnosia
Degutis, J. M., Cohan, S., & Nakayama, K. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu062 · Cited by 110
“Any participant who had been diagnosed with or suspected themselves of having Asperger’s syndrome or autism, or who stated they had any difficulty recognizing emotions from faces, was given the Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodGeneral and specific factors in the processing of faces
Verhallen, R. J., Bosten, J. M., Goodbourn, P. T., Lawrance-Owen, A. J., Bargary, G., & Mollon, J. D. (2017) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2016.12.014 · Cited by 114
“, 2014), and since a subset of 316 (203 female) of our 397 participants had previously completed the AQ questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), we also examined this possible link.”
BackgroundInfluentialFrom face to face: the contribution of facial mimicry to cognitive and emotional empathy
Drimalla, H., Landwehr, N., Heß, U., & Dziobek, I. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1596068 · Cited by 131
“, 2007) of the AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a 33-item self-report questionnaire assessing different areas connected with ASC, such as social and communication skills, imagination and attention.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIncreased serum androstenedione in adults with autism spectrum conditions
Ruta, L., Ingudomnukul, E., Taylor, K., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.007 · Cited by 110
Self-citationvan der Zwaag, B., Staal, W. G., Hochstenbach, R., Poot, M., Spierenburg, H. A., de Jonge, M. V., Verbeek, N. E., van 't Slot, R., van Es, M. A., Staal, F. J., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31055 · Cited by 108
Lexical effects on speech perception in individuals with “autistic” traits
Stewart, M. E., & Ota, M. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.010 · Cited by 126
Wingenbach, T. S. H., Ashwin, C., & Brosnan, M. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147112 · Cited by 113
“Two different questionnaires were included: the Symptom-Checklist 90-R (SCL-90-R; [63]) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; [64]).”
A Comprehensive Review of the 1H-MRS Metabolite Spectrum in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ford, T. C., & Crewther, D. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00014 · Cited by 119
“…ASD triad has been reported as genetically heterogeneous (Happé et al., 2006; Ronald et al., 2006; Robinson et al., 2012) Furthermore, the spectrum of the symptom triad, particularly social cognitive domain, are identified in the general population (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Ruzich et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialIncreasing social integration for college students with autism spectrum disorder.
Ashbaugh, K., Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (2017) · Behavioral Development Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bdb0000057 · Cited by 113
Executive Function: Cognition and Behaviour in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Johnston, K., Murray, K., Spain, D., Walker, I., & Russell, A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04133-7 · Cited by 113
JOHNSON, S. A., YECHIAM, E., MURPHY, R. R., QUELLER, S., & STOUT, J. C. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617706060802 · Cited by 112
Barrett, S. L., Uljarević, M., Baker, E. K., Richdale, A. L., Jones, C. R. G., & Leekam, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2514-6 · Cited by 113
“The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001) is a measure of autistic traits that includes items related to RRBs (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmotional decision-making in autism spectrum disorder: the roles of interoception and alexithymia
Shah, P., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0104-x · Cited by 113
Hirvikoski, T., & Blomqvist, M. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314543530 · Cited by 128
“The AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a selfrating scale that describes a variety of behaviors typically observed in individuals with ASD.”
BackgroundInfluentialPetalas, M. A., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., Hall, L. M., Joannidi, H., & Dowey, A. J. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.07.015 · Cited by 136
The Neuropsychology of Male Adults With High‐Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome
Wilson, C., Happe, F. G. E., Wheelwright, S. J., Ecker, C., Lombardo, M. V., Johnston, P., Daly, E., Murphy, C. M., Spain, D., Lai, M., et al. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1394 · Cited by 123
“The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Task (RMET): Emotion recognition [Baron-Cohen et al., 2001a].”
MethodSelf-citationGuidelines for studying developmental prosopagnosia in adults and children
Dalrymple, K. A., & Palermo, R. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1374 · Cited by 114
Social anxiety in adult autism spectrum disorder
Bejerot, S., Eriksson, J. M., & Mörtberg, E. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.030 · Cited by 111
Sleep Patterns in Adults with a Diagnosis of High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Baker, E. K., & Richdale, A. L. (2015) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.5160 · Cited by 121
Beacher, F. D. C. C., Minati, L., Baron‐Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M., Gray, M. A., Harrison, N. A., & Critchley, H. (2011) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2880 · Cited by 117
Self-citationKarvelis, P., Seitz, A. R., Lawrie, S. M., & Seriès, P. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.34115 · Cited by 121
Hesselmark, E., Plenty, S., & Bejerot, S. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313493681 · Cited by 111
“…Derogatis and Cleary, 1977), a 90-item questionnaire assessing the presence and severity of various psychiatric symptoms; the Autism Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a 50-item screening instrument for measuring autistic traits; the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1996), a…”
MethodMaij, D. L. R., van Harreveld, F., Gervais, W., Schrag, Y., Mohr, C., & van Elk, M. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182764 · Cited by 110
Kirsch, L. P., Krahé, C., Blom, N., Crucianelli, L., Moro, V., Jenkinson, P. M., & Fotopoulou, A. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.024 · Cited by 114
“In adults, ToM is commonly tested by the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” task (RMET), designed by Baron-Cohen et al. (2001).”
MethodPrevalence and characteristics of orthorexia nervosa in a sample of university students in Italy
Dell’Osso, L., Carpita, B., Muti, D., Cremone, I. M., Massimetti, G., Diadema, E., Gesi, C., & Carmassi, C. (2017) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-017-0460-3 · Cited by 110
Greenberg, D. M., Warrier, V., Abu-Akel, A. M., Allison, C. L., Gajos, K. Z., Reinecke, K., Rentfrow, P. J., Radecki, M. A., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2022385119 · Cited by 123
“All participants completed the Eyes Test, and 639 participants also completed the 40-item EQ (21), the 75-item SQ-R, and the 50-item Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) (99).”
Self-citationAutism beyond diagnostic categories: characterization of autistic phenotypes in schizophrenia
Kästner, A., Begemann, M., Michel, T. M., EVERTS, S., Stepniak, B., Bach, C., Poustka, L., Becker, J., Banaschewski, T., Dose, M., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0494-x · Cited by 111
Are phonological processing deficits part of the broad autism phenotype?
Bishop, D., Maybery, M. T., Wong, D. K., Maley, A., Hill, W. L., & Hallmayer, J. F. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30039 · Cited by 109
The overlap between autistic spectrum conditions and borderline personality disorder
Dudas, R. B., Lovejoy, C. A., Cassidy, S., Allison, C. L., Smith, P. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184447 · Cited by 111
Self-citationAbu-Akel, A., Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., & Heinke, D. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0275-3 · Cited by 109
“The AQ has good sensitivity in capturing variation in quantitative autistic traits along the autism spectrum [4, 6].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPazhoohi, F., Forby, L., & Kingstone, A. F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257740 · Cited by 111
Genetic influences on the broad spectrum of autism: Study of proband‐ascertained twins
Taniai, H., Nishiyama, T., Miyachi, T., Imaeda, M., & Sumi, S. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30740 · Cited by 120
Ratto, A. B., Turner‐Brown, L., Rupp, B., Mesibov, G. B., & Penn, D. L. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1147-z · Cited by 109
Atypical sensory sensitivity as a shared feature between synaesthesia and autism
Ward, J., Hoadley, C., Hughes, J. E., Smith, P. L., Allison, C. L., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Simner, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41155 · Cited by 106
Self-citationA Cross-Cultural Comparison of Autistic Traits in the UK, India and Malaysia
Freeth, M., Sheppard, E., Ramachandran, R., & Milne, E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1808-9 · Cited by 109
“Analysis of the data using Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) conceptually 6 An additional PCA was run on 35 % of the UK data (n = 253) to check whether a similar factor structure in the UK sample would emerge in a sample that was of similar size to the Indian and Malaysian samples.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Wheelwright, Sally
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-17
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2100254283
- Cited by
- 6,450
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 411 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 492 · 2023: 490 · 2022: 448 · 2021: 491 · 2020: 460 · 2019: 419 · 2018: 417 · 2017: 353 · 2016: 306 · 2015: 304 · 2014: 282 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 190
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, self-report questionnaire, autistic traits, sex differences, autism screening, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, England, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Asperger Syndrome
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