The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exploring Multidimensional Approaches to the Efficiency of Instructional Conditions
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Other groups of researchers have also found consistent results using the mental effort scale developed by Paas.
“Other groups of researchers have also found consistent results using the mental effort scale developed by Paas found in ''Appendix 1'' (Ayres 2006;Tuovinen and Paas 2004).”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Tuovinen and Paas 2004
Citations
Cites
Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning
Sweller, J. (1988) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7 · Cited by 11,048
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design
Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022193728205 · Cited by 6,023
Self-citationCognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design: Recent Developments
Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_1 · Cited by 3,041
Self-citationCognitive Load Measurement as a Means to Advance Cognitive Load Theory
Paas, F., Tuovinen, J. E., Tabbers, H., & Van Gerven, P. W. M. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_8 · Cited by 2,527
Self-citationPaas, F. G. W. C. (1992) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.429 · Cited by 2,150
Self-citationPaas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.122 · Cited by 1,198 · cited 2×
“Paas and Van Merrienboer (1993) ME, P Paas and Van Merrienboer (1994b) ME, P Cerpa, Chandler, and Sweller (1996) ME P Marcus, Cooper and Sweller (1996) ME P Tindall-Ford, Chandler, and Sweller (1997) ME P Yeung, Jin, and Sweller (1997) ME P Kalyuga, Chandler, and Sweller (1998) ME P Kalyuga, Chandler, and Sweller (199…”
BackgroundSelf-citationInstructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks
Paas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf02213420 · Cited by 968
Self-citationPaas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1993) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872089303500412 · Cited by 921
Self-citationDirect Measurement of Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning
Brunken, R., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_7 · Cited by 896
Measurement of Cognitive Load in Instructional Research
Paas, F. G. W. C., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Adam, J. J. (1994) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.419 · Cited by 731
Self-citationAssimilating complex information
Pollock, E., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2002) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(01)00016-0 · Cited by 692
When two sensory modes are better than one.
Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.3.4.257 · Cited by 559
When problem solving is superior to studying worked examples.
Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., Tuovinen, J., & Sweller, J. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.3.579 · Cited by 548 · cited 3×
“In other studies (Camp, Paas, Rikers and Van Merriënboer 2001; Salden, Paas, Broers and Van Merriënboer, 2004, this issue) both the effort and performance derivation were modified. They combined the learning performance and the learning effort in the Paas and Van Merriënboer (1993) efficiency algorithm.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationIncorporating learner experience into the design of multimedia instruction.
Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.1.126 · Cited by 525
Levels of Expertise and Instructional Design
Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1998) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872098779480587 · Cited by 520
Multimedia instructions and cognitive load theory: Effects of modality and cueing
Tabbers, H. K., Martens, R. L., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2004) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709904322848824 · Cited by 478
A comparison of cognitive load associated with discovery learning and worked examples.
Tuovinen, J. E., & Sweller, J. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.334 · Cited by 381
Self-citationvan Merriënboer, J. J. G., Schuurman, J. G., de Croock, M. B. M., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (2002) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(01)00020-2 · Cited by 298 · cited 2×
“... ME P Yeung (1999) ME P Kalyuga, Chandler, and Sweller (2000) ME P Camp, Paas, Rikers, and Van Merrienboer (2001) ME, P Kalyuga, Chandler, and Sweller (2001) ME P Kalyuga, Chandler, Tuovinen, and Sweller (2001) ME P Pollock, Chandler, and Sweller (2002) ME P Van Gerven, Paas, Van Merrienboer, Hendriks, ME P and Sch…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrünken, R., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D. (2004) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/b:truc.0000021812.96911.c5 · Cited by 277
Marcus, N., Cooper, M., & Sweller, J. (1996) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.49 · Cited by 244
Yeung, A. S., Jin, P., & Sweller, J. (1998) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1997.0951 · Cited by 208
Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency
Van Gerven, P. W. M., Paas, F. G. W. C., Van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Schmidt, H. G. (2002) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(01)00017-2 · Cited by 205
Self-citationLearner Experience and Efficiency of Instructional Guidance
Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2001) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410124681 · Cited by 192
Camp, G., PAAS, F. G. W. C., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2001) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00028-0 · Cited by 141
Self-citationCuevas, H. M., Fiore, S. M., & Oser, R. L. (2002) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/a:1020516301541 · Cited by 131
The efficiency of multimedia learning into old age
Gerven, P. W. M. V., PAAS, F. G. W. C., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., Hendriks, M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2003) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709903322591208 · Cited by 126
Self-citationBeliefs and data on the relationship between consistency and accuracy of eyewitness testimony
Brewer, N., Potter, R., Fisher, R. P., Bond, N. W., & Luszcz, M. A. (1999) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199908)13:4 · Cited by 117
Salden, R., PAAS, F. G. W. C., Broers, N. J., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2004) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/b:truc.0000021814.03996.ff · Cited by 113
Self-citationConditions and effects of example elaboration
Stark, R., Mandl, H., Gruber, H., & Renkl, A. (2002) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(01)00015-9 · Cited by 105
Some Conditions under Which Integrated Computer-Based Training Software Can Facilitate Learning
Cerpa, N., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1996) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/mg7x-4j8n-ckyr-p06t · Cited by 102
Paas, F., Camp, G., & Rikers, R. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.181 · Cited by 87
Self-citationYeung, A. S. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220979909598353 · Cited by 64
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Paas, F., Renkl, A. & Sweller, J. (eds) (2003b) Cognitive load theory [Special Issue], Educational Psychologist 38(1). · DOI · Paper page
- Tabbers, H.K., Martens, R.L. & Van Merriënboer, J.J.G. (in press) Multimedia instructions and cognitive load theory, British Journal of Educational Psychology.
- Van Gerven, P.W.M., Paas, F., Van Merriënboer, J.J.G. & Schmidt, H.G. (in press) Memory load and task-evoked pupillary responses in aging, Psychophysiology.
Cited by
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Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought
de Jong, T. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0 · Cited by 1,180
Instructional Efficiency: Revisiting the Original Construct in Educational Research
van Gog, T., & Paas, F. (2008) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520701756248 · Cited by 473
Self-citationPaas, F., Tuovinen, J. E., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Aubteen Darabi, A. (2005) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504795 · Cited by 401
Self-citationOptimising worked example instruction: Different ways to increase germane cognitive load
Paas, F., & van Gog, T. (2006) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.02.004 · Cited by 252
Self-citationKirschner, F., Paas, F., & Kirschner, P. A. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1730 · Cited by 219
Self-citationJanssen, J., Kirschner, F., Erkens, G., Kirschner, P. A., & Paas, F. (2010) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9131-x · Cited by 180
Self-citationBrünken, R., Seufert, T., & Paas, F. (2010) · Cognitive Load Theory · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511844744.011 · Cited by 143
Self-citationMeasuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool
Szulewski, A., Gegenfurtner, A., Howes, D. W., Sivilotti, M. L. A., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2017) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-016-9725-2 · Cited by 94
Just-in-time information presentation: Improving learning a troubleshooting skill
Kester, L., Kirschner, P. A., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2006) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.04.002 · Cited by 86
Paas, F., Van Gerven, P. W. M., & Wouters, P. (2007) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1349 · Cited by 84
Self-citationKhalil, M. K., Paas, F., Johnson, T. E., & Payer, A. F. (2005) · The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist · doi:10.1002/ar.b.20078 · Cited by 79
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Tuovinen, J. E., & Paas, F.
- Affiliations
- Charles Darwin University (AU)
- Open University of the Netherlands (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Paas, Fred
- ORCID
- Paas, Fred
- Venue
- Instructional Science
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 133-152
- ISSN
- 0020-4277 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1952
- OpenAlex
- W2002438930
- Semantic Scholar
- dbf87dacafab6c49bf3c9452966b81d9cf4952bf
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 15.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Instructional Science (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Univerzita Karlova v Praze
- Charles Sturt University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Keywords
- cognitive load theory, teaching efficiency, cognitive effort, test performance, learning effort, test effort, instructional conditions, electronic learning environment
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