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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Items 501–600 of 10,404
Teng, M. F., Wang, C., & Zhang, L. J. (2022) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2021.100573 · Cited by 124
Introspection on uncertainty and judicious help‐seeking during the preschool years
Coughlin, C. A., Hembacher, E., Lyons, K. E., & Ghetti, S. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12271 · Cited by 141
“The metacognitive framework (Flavell, 1979) distinguishes between metacognitive monitoring (i.”
BackgroundMedina, M. S., Farland, M. Z., Conry, J. M., Culhane, N. S., Kennedy, D. R., Lockman, K., Malcom, D. R., Mirzaian, E., Vyas, D., Stolte, S. K., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100558 · Cited by 137
“45,46 • Help-seeking - Assessing needs and finding assistance when a deficit is identified that is associated with academic success.”
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Karp, M. M., & Bork, R. H. (2014) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811411600403 · Cited by 122
“…sometimes refers to this process as metacognition—the ability to understand “one’s own cognitive skills, including memory, attention, and problem-solving” (Davidson, Deuser, & Sternberg, 1994; Duckworth, Akerman, MacGregor, Salter, & Vorhaus, 2009, p. ii; See Flavell, 1979 for more information).”
Assessing the cultural intelligence and task performance equation
Jyoti, J., & Kour, S. (2015) · Cross Cultural Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccm-04-2013-0072 · Cited by 143
Rahimi, M., & Katal, M. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.019 · Cited by 122
“Flavell (1979) argues for the positive effects metacognition has on learning in general: I believe that metacognitive knowledge can lead you to select, evaluate, revise, and abandon cognitive tasks, goals, and strategies in light of their relationships with one another and with your own abilities…”
BackgroundMetacognitive Theories Revisited
Moshman, D. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9413-7 · Cited by 149
“The new trend was noted and consolidated in a classic article by Flavell (1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition in Language Learning and Teaching
Haukås, Å., Bjørke, C., & Dypedahl, M. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351049146 · Cited by 149
Teng, M. F. (2019) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2019.1615493 · Cited by 171
“Metacognitive experiences have been explained as cognitive or affective experiences consciously stored in a learner’s intellectual enterprise (Flavell 1979) or the awareness that follows from a learner attempting to process the information needed to complete a task (Efklides 2008).”
BackgroundHuman and AI collaboration in the higher education environment: opportunities and concerns
Atchley, P., Pannell, H., Wofford, K., Hopkins, M., & Atchley, R. A. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00547-9 · Cited by 204
“Furthermore, metacognitive experiences, which have received less attention in research, describe the cognitive and affective experiences that arise when completing a cognitive task (Flavell, 1979; Zohar & Barzilai, 2013).”
BackgroundKraayenoord, C. E. V., & Schneider, W. (1999) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173117 · Cited by 123
Thomas, G. P., Anderson, D. P., & Nashon, S. M. (2008) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690701482493 · Cited by 122
“Since Flavell’s seminal work (Flavell, 1976, 1979) there has been continual interest in and research into how to develop, enhance, and measure students’ metacognition.”
BackgroundA Revised Methodology for Research on Metamemory: Pre-judgment Recall And Monitoring (PRAM).
Nelson, T. O., Narens, L., & Dunlosky, J. T. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.1.53 · Cited by 122
“Since its inception in developmental psychology (e.g., Flavell, 1979; see also Butterfield, Nelson, & Peck, 1988), metacognition—which focuses on people’s self-monitoring and self-control of their own cognitions—has been of widespread interest in various areas of psychology (reviewed in Nelson, 1992), particularly inc…”
BackgroundChen, M.-L., & Lin, C. (2013) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21558 · Cited by 123
“Metacognition represents the ability to understand and monitor people’s own thoughts, and the implications and assumptions of their group activities (A. L. Brown, Bransford, Ferrara, & Campione, 1983; Day, Gronn, & Salas, 2004; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundA Metacognitive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (McFIS) for Sequential Classification Problems
Subramanian, K. R., Sundaram, S., & Sundararajan, N. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2013.2242894 · Cited by 122
“These basic works by Flavell and Wellman have inspired recent research works on human metacognition.”
BackgroundInfluentialOwens, L., Daly, A., & Slee, P. T. (2004) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20045 · Cited by 121
Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Influences on Middle School Mathematics Achievement
Cleary, T. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2017) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.17105/spr46-1.88-107 · Cited by 121
Towards a learning-oriented assessment to improve students’ learning—a critical review of literature
Zeng, W., Huang, F., Yu, L., & Chen, S. (2018) · Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-018-9281-9 · Cited by 157
Reading comprehension and metacognition: The importance of inferential skills
Soto, C., Gutierrez, A. P., Jacovina, M., McNamara, D. S., Benson, N. F., Riffo, B., & Kruk, R. S. (2019) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2019.1565067 · Cited by 187
“The ability to monitor the learning process is a key component of metacognition that allows people to recognize when their understanding of incoming information is not meeting their standards (Boekaerts & Corno, 2005; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990, 1994; Zimmerman, 2000).”
BackgroundPrecursors of Mnemonic Strategies in Very Young Children's Memory
DeLoache, J. S., Cassidy, D. J., & Brown, A. L. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1985.tb00092.x · Cited by 136
Behavioral and Neural Indices of Metacognitive Sensitivity in Preverbal Infants
Goupil, L., & Kouider, S. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.004 · Cited by 116
Belland, B., Glazewski, K., & Richardson, J. (2011) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-010-9148-z · Cited by 132
“Metacognition refers to an individual’s ability to monitor and evaluate the extent to which he/she understands something ( Flavell 1979 ).”
BackgroundExecutive-attentional uncertainty responses by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
Smith, J. D., Coutinho, M. V. C., Church, B. A., & Beran, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0029601 · Cited by 122
“…monitoring and control of cognitive processes—is one of humans’ important and sophisticated cognitive capacities (Balcomb & Gerken, 2008; Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Dunlosky & Bjork, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Koriat & Goldsmith, 1994; Nelson, 1992; Scheck & Nelson, 2005; Schwartz, 2008).”
Self-monitoring and knowledge-building in learning by teaching
Roscoe, R. D. (2013) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-013-9283-4 · Cited by 128
Castel, A. D., Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S., Galván, A., Balota, D. A., & McCabe, D. P. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025623 · Cited by 117
“…is accompanied by development of the frontal lobes and memory capacity into early adulthood (Luciana & Nelson, 1998; Welsh, Pennington, & Grossier, 1991), and this change may lead to good memory capacity but not necessarily good metacognitive skills (Flavell, 1979; Shin, Bjorklund , & Beck, 2007).”
InfluentialEpistemological beliefs and epistemic strategies in self-regulated learning
Richter, T., & Schmid, S. (2010) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-009-9038-4 · Cited by 120
“, Flavell, 1979), epistemological beliefs are the subjective counterpart of objective theories developed in classical epistemology and the philosophy of science rather than objective theories of cognitive psychology. Thus, metacognitive knowledge in the traditional sense refers to psychological mechanisms underlying m…”
BackgroundMacIntyre, T. E., Igou, E. R., Campbell, M. J., Moran, A. P., & Matthews, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01155 · Cited by 118
“Metacognition, or “knowledge or cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906) is curiously under-explored in the domain of expertise among sports performers (Moran, 1996; MacIntyre and Moran, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialImproving critical thinking skills and metacognitive monitoring through direct infusion
Bensley, D. A., & Spero, R. A. (2014) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2014.02.001 · Cited by 137
Sebesta, A. J., & Bray Speth, E. (2017) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.16-09-0269 · Cited by 119
“The metacognition construct, relevant to learning in educational settings and in everyday life (Flavell, 1979; Veenman et al., 2006), can be conceptualized as including two broad components: knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition.”
BackgroundPickering, J. D., & Swinnerton, B. J. (2019) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1810 · Cited by 118
Witowska, J., Schmidt, S., & Wittmann, M. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103061 · Cited by 120
Has Language Learning Strategy Research Come to an End? A response to Tseng et al. (2006)
Gao, X. A. (2007) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amm034 · Cited by 117
Hannafin, M. J., & Rieber, L. P. (1989) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02298294 · Cited by 116
Foundations for Young Adult Success: A Developmental Framework
Nagaoka, J., Farrington, C. A., Ehrlich, S. B., & Heath, R. D. (2015) · doi:10.59656/yd-g1389.001 · Cited by 115
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Neitzel, C. L., & Stright, A. D. (2004) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250344000370 · Cited by 116
“…needs of learners in the process, and knowledge of strategies, procedures, and conditions for using strategies have been related to problem-solving ability (Flavell, 1979; Garner & Alexander, 1989; Swanson, 1990) and may be related to parents’ support of their children’s problem-solving as well.”
BackgroundEpistemic Feelings, Epistemic Emotions: Review and Introduction to the Focus Section
Michaelian, K., & Arango-Muã-oz, S. (2014) · Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) · doi:10.4454/philinq.v2i1.79 · Cited by 80
“…that you have almost memorized those instructions, are not adequately communicating how you feel to your friend, are suddenly stymied in your attempt to understand something you are reading, have just begun to solve what you sense will be an easy problem, and so forth” (Flavell, 1979, 908).”
BackgroundKeren, G., & Fridin, M. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.009 · Cited by 123
“There are three main components of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive skills (Desoete & Roeyers, 2006; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990; Otani & Widner, 2005; Sungur, 2007), and metacognitive experiences (Efklides, 2001, 2008; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAssessing computational thinking process using a multiple evaluation approach
Allsop, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2018.10.004 · Cited by 136
Philipp, R., Kriston, L., Lanio, J., Kühne, F., Härter, M., Moritz, S., & Meister, R. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2345 · Cited by 114
Rhodes, M. G. (2019) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628319834381 · Cited by 156
Metacognition in Interactive Learning Environments: The Reflection Assistant Model
Gama, C. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30139-4_63 · Cited by 116
Countering method bias in questionnaire‐based user studies
Gorrell, G., Ford, N. J., Madden, A. D., Holdridge, P., & Eaglestone, B. (2011) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220411111124569 · Cited by 114
“Metacognition, or “thinking about thinking”, describes, in essence, an awareness of one's own mental processes (Flavell, 1979, Brown, 1987, Metcalfe and Shimamura, 1994).”
BackgroundPrins, F. J., Veenman, M. V. J., & Elshout, J. J. (2006) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.07.008 · Cited by 126
“…concerns knowledge about the interplay between person characteristics, task characteristics, and the available strategies in a learning situation (Flavell, 1979), whereas metacognitive skills (i.e. executive skills; see Kluwe, 1987) concern the self-regulatory activities actually being performed…”
Backgroundvan der Stel, M., & Veenman, M. V. J. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.08.003 · Cited by 115
“…knowledge one has about the interplay between personal characteristics, task characteristics, and available strategies in a learning situation (Flavell, 1979), while metacognitive skills concern the procedural knowledge that is required for the actual regulation of, and control over one’s…”
BackgroundConstructive Metatheory: 1. Basic Features and Historical Foundations
Mahoney, M. J. (1988) · International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720538808412762 · Cited by 114
Successful Learning with Hypermedia: The Role of Epistemological Beliefs and Metacognitive Awareness
Bendixen, L. D., & Hartley, K. (2003) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/2y7c-krdv-5u01-ujga · Cited by 115
“Using a broader definition of metacognition (i.e., “knowing about knowing”) from Flavell (1979), Hofer (2001) proposes that dimensions of personal epistemologies include aspects of metacognitive processes.”
BackgroundUnderstanding Decision Making in Critical Care
Lighthall, G. K., & Guillamet, C. V. (2015) · Clinical Medicine & Research · doi:10.3121/cmr.2015.1289 · Cited by 121
Development and Testing of a Personalized Hazard-Recognition Training Intervention
Jeelani, I., Albert, A., Azevedo, R., & Jaselskis, E. J. (2016) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001256 · Cited by 118
Kim, J. Y., & Lim, K. Y. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.05.001 · Cited by 120
Theory and practice of teaching for transfer
Butterfield, E. C., & Nelson, G. D. (1989) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02299054 · Cited by 119
Anderson, D. P., & Nashon, S. M. (2006) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.20176 · Cited by 116
“This study was framed on the basis of ontological and epistemological underpinnings that view learning as occurring holistically and not only in isolated contexts (Ausubel, 1963; Bruner, 1996), and metacognition as being dynamic and not the domain of any one single context or experience ( Flavell, 1979 ).”
BackgroundAssessing the long-term impact of a metacognitive approach to creative skill development
Hargrove, R. A. (2012) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-011-9200-6 · Cited by 129
“Metacognitive research (Brown 1978; Flavell 1979, 1981) has contributed to the psychology of teaching creative skills (Lawson 2006), as well as the analysis of problem solving, remembering, and thinking.”
BackgroundCausal Evidence for Mnemonic Metacognition in Human Precuneus
Ye, Q., Zou, F., Lau, H. C., Hu, Y., & Kwok, S. C. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0660-18.2018 · Cited by 109
“Metacognition is the ability to introspectively monitor and control one’s own cognitive processes, which is important to guide adaptive behavior, social interaction and mental health (Flavell, 1979; Nelson, 1990; Teasdale et al., 2002; Frith, 2012).”
BackgroundScaffolding cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction in regular class lessons
Askell‐Williams, H., Lawson, M. J., & Skrzypiec, G. (2011) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-011-9182-5 · Cited by 136
“…were drawn from Mayer’s (1998) three stages of knowledge acquisition (focussing attention; elaborative processing; organising and summarizing), with the addition of monitoring understanding about subject-matter in order to capture metacognitive activity (Flavell, 1979; Nelson, 1996; Schraw, 1994).”
Enhancing metacognitive knowledge: Structure, affordances and self
Cotterall, S., & Murray, G. L. (2009) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2008.08.003 · Cited by 114
Kennedy, M. R. T., & COELHO, C. A. (2005) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-2005-922103 · Cited by 120
“They are created and updated by new daily experiences and situations and, to a lesser extent, by tasks that are repetitive routines.(18) In this way, there is a dynamic relationship between metacognitive beliefs and ongoing, daily routines and new experiences.”
BackgroundHurme, T.-R., Palonen, T., & Järvelä, S. (2006) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-006-9792-5 · Cited by 119
“The research on metacognition in learning has its roots in examining an individual_s knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognitive processes ( Flavell, 1979; Brown, 1987).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialButler, D. L., & Cartier, S. C. (2004) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9620.2004.00403.x · Cited by 129
Shields, W. E., Smith, J. D., & Washburn, D. A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.2.147 · Cited by 142
Sanchez, C. E., Atkinson, K. M., Koenka, A. C., Moshontz, H., & Cooper, H. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000190 · Cited by 112
Spontaneous Metacognition in Rhesus Monkeys
Rosati, A. G., & Santos, L. R. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616653737 · Cited by 115
“Metacognition encompasses a set of cognitive processes allowing individuals to think about thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTeaching and Testing Listening Comprehension
Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. C. M. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9781444315783.ch22 · Cited by 112
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to an individual’s understanding of the ways different factors act and interact to affect the course and outcome of learning (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDesire thinking: What is it and what drives it?
Caselli, G., & Spada, M. M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.021 · Cited by 114
Metacognição: um apoio ao processo de aprendizagem
Ribeiro, C. (2003) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722003000100011 · Cited by 111
Toward an Integrated Model of Student Learning in the College Classroom
Zusho, A. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9408-4 · Cited by 123
ADHD-Related Neurodiversity and the Entrepreneurial Mindset
Moore, C. B., McIntyre, N. H., & Lanivich, S. E. (2019) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258719890986 · Cited by 126
“Metacognition describes the process of formulating strategies positioned to choose from a set of available cognitive mechanisms, given what the individual understands about their own motivations, assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundConstructing knowledge in the context of BioWorld
Lajoie, S. P., Guerrera, C., Munsie, S. D., & Lavigne, N. C. (2001) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/a:1003996000775 · Cited by 113
Metacognition as a mediator of the relationship between emotion and smoking dependence
Spada, M. M., Nikčević, A. V., Moneta, G. B., & Adrian Wells, A. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.012 · Cited by 115
“The great majority of theorists, however, would agree in drawing a distinction between two basic aspects of metacognition (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Wells, 2000; Yussen, 1985): metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.”
Background(2007) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · Cited by 110
VERBAL-REPORT DATA ON COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES
Garner, R. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-742460-6.50011-6 · Cited by 110
Barak, M., Farraj, R. H., & Dori, Y. J. (2016) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-016-0035-9 · Cited by 122
“The first component: Cognition, is a group of mental processes that includes the skills necessary to encode, memorize, and recall information (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMiyamoto, A., Pfost, M., & Artelt, C. (2019) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2019.1602836 · Cited by 115
Metacognition and mathematics education: an overview
Desoete, A., & Craene, B. D. (2019) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-019-01060-w · Cited by 138
Hamzah, H., Hamzah, M. I., & Zulkifli, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14020813 · Cited by 161
A Metacognitive Support during the Process of Problem Solving in a Computerized Environment
Kapa, E. (2001) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1023/a:1015124013119 · Cited by 109
Bulu, S. T., & Pedersen, S. (2010) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-010-9150-9 · Cited by 108
The Relationship among Metacognitions, Attentional Control, and State Anxiety
Spada, M. M., Georgiou, G. A., & Adrian Wells, A. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902991791 · Cited by 109
“Theory and research in metacognition initially appeared in the areas of developmental and cognitive psychology (e.g. Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990) and has been introduced as a basis for understanding and treating psychological dysfunction (Wells, 2000; Wells & Matthews, 1994, 1996).”
BackgroundThe use of virtual patients in medical school curricula
Cendan, J., & Lok, B. (2012) · Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00054.2011 · Cited by 109
“VPs can also provide students opportunities for self-directed learning, which leads to reflection (5, 6), self-driven change (26, 30), and more insight into performance (13).”
BackgroundAn investigation of the relationship between metacognition and mathematics achievement
Özsoy, G. (2010) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-010-9129-6 · Cited by 115
Shyness, Self-Esteem, and Self-Consciousness
Cheek, J. M., & Melchior, L. A. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2504-6_3 · Cited by 114
Young Children Bet on Their Numerical Skills
Vo, V. A., Li, R., Kornell, N., Pouget, A., & Cantlon, J. F. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614538458 · Cited by 106
“Young children monitor their internal uncertainty Several prior studies have reported that young children fail metacognitive tasks (Flavell, 1979; Flavell, Green, & Eleanor, 2000; Miller & Bigi, 1989; Myers & Paris, 1978; for a review, see Garner & Alexander, 1989; Reyna, 1996).”
Obergriesser, S., & Stoeger, H. (2019) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101285 · Cited by 134
Metacognitive Skills and Problem-Solving
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“They tend to excel at metacognition, the ability to monitor one’s own learning, perform self-evaluation, and then make plans accordingly (see Everson & Tobias, 1998; Flavell, 1979).”
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“Thus, metacognition supports adaptive behavior in relation to feelings of doubt and uncertainty (Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1995, 2007; Koriat, Bjork, Sheffer, & Bar, 2004; Koriat, Ma’ayan, & Nussinson, 2006; Metcalfe, 2000; Nelson, 1992; Scheck & Nelson, 2005; Schwartz, 1994; Serra & Du…”
The Effects of Metacognitive Reading Strategies: Pedagogical Implications for EFL/ESL Teachers.
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“Metacognition refers to the knowledge that one has about one’s own cognitive experiences, processes, and strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
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“The use of strategies is a purposeful cognitive action (Flavell, 1979).”
The assessment of metacognition in children aged 4–16 years: a systematic review
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“Flavell (1979) – metacognition as metacognitive knowledge (person, task and strategy) and metacognitive experiences (including feelings of understanding).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNewman, R. S. (2008) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520701756206 · Cited by 114
“Given developmental findings regarding cognitive monitoring (Flavell, 1979; Paris & Newman, 1990), one can expect that as children become better at recognizing danger in their surroundings, it is easier for them to know when help is necessary and when it is not.”
BackgroundYokoyama, O., Miura, N., Watanabe, J., Takemoto, A., Uchida, S., Sugiura, M., Horie, K., Sato, S., Kawashima, R., & Nakamura, K. (2010) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2041 · Cited by 105
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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