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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
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Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
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Cited by
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Student Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in the College Classroom
Pintrich, P. R., & Zusho, A. (2007) · The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: An Evidence-Based Perspective · doi:10.1007/1-4020-5742-3_16 · Cited by 254
Beauregard, M. (2007) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.005 · Cited by 259
“Moreover, these results are consistent with findings indicating that the LPFC is involved in metacognitive/executive top-down processes, which refer to the ability to monitor and control the information processing necessary to produce voluntary action (Flavell, 1979).”
ResultReading Into the Future: Competence for the 21st Century
Alexander, P. A., & Learnin, T. D. R. A. (2012) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2012.722511 · Cited by 281
“0602659103 Fox, E. (2009). The role of reader characteristics in processing and learning from informational text.”
BackgroundMethodCognitive approaches to insomnia
Harvey, A. G., Tang, N. K. Y., & Browning, L. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.005 · Cited by 254
Ammaniti, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Speranza, A. M., & Tambelli, R. (2000) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730010001587 · Cited by 248
“…changes allow a revision of internal working models during adolescence (e.g. the metacognitive ability to re ect on one’s own mental processes; see Flavell, 1979, and Damon and Hart, 1988), our data tend to emphasize the continuity of attachment organization during adolescence con rming the…”
BackgroundLysaker, P. H., Pattison, M. L., Leonhardt, B. L., Phelps, S., & Vohs, J. L. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20508 · Cited by 247
Toward Teachers' Adaptive Metacognition
Lin, X. S., Schwartz, D. L., & Hatano, G. (2005) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4004_6 · Cited by 246
“People tend to be more reflective around unexpected situations (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition in Basic Skills Instruction
Gourgey, A. F. (2001) · Neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2243-8_2 · Cited by 247
Bharwani, S., & Jauhari, V. (2013) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-05-2012-0065 · Cited by 247
Threshold concepts in research education and evidence of threshold crossing
Kiley, M., & Wisker, G. (2009) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360903067930 · Cited by 244
“Previous work, for example on HDR students’ development of meta-learning and conceptual-level thinking (Flavell, 1979; Wisker et al., 2004); students’ and supervisors’ conceptions of research (Kiley & Mullins, 2005; Meyer et al., 2005); and examiners’ identification of conceptual-level thinking in…”
BackgroundDynamic systems as tools for analysing human judgement
Funke, J. (2001) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780042000046 · Cited by 241
“Also, those measures could be related to the concept of metacognition, i.e. the self-regulation of cognitive processes (see Flavell, 1979; Weinert & Kluwe, 1987).”
BackgroundKnow thy memory: The use of questionnaires to assess and study memory.
Herrmann, D. J. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.2.434 · Cited by 240
Metacognitive therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder: A case series
Fisher, P. L., & Wells, A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.12.001 · Cited by 240
Organizational Learning: A Socio-Cognitive Framework
Akgün, A. E., Lynn, G. S., & Byrne, J. C. (2003) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267030567004 · Cited by 247
“Higher cognition is defined as the awareness, knowledge, and control of one’s own memory, comprehension, and other cognitive factors (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEpistemic Thinking in Action: Evaluating and Integrating Online Sources
Barzilai, S., & Zohar, A. (2012) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2011.636495 · Cited by 267
“We view the meta-persons (EMKP) and meta-strategic (EMKS) components of EMK as interrelated and interactive facets of individuals’ epistemic metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialPerry, J., Lundie, D., & Golder, G. (2018) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2018.1441127 · Cited by 214
Cultural intelligence: A review, reflections, and recommendations for future research.
Ng, K., Dyne, L. V., & Ang, S. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13743-002 · Cited by 262
“Metacognitive CQ reflects mental processes that individuals use to acquire and understand cultural knowledge, including knowledge of, and control over, individual thought processes (Flavell, 1979) relating to culture.”
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2016) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2016.1255496 · Cited by 290
“…of primary and secondary appraisal, individuals also evaluate their own thoughts and emotions—a process known as meta-cognition and -emotion (Flavell, 1979; Hooven, Gottman, & Katz, 1995; Mayer & Gaschke, 1988)—in terms of their relevance for performance andwell-being (Crum, Salovey,…”
BackgroundThe development of metacognitive knowledge in children and adolescents
Schneider, W., & Lockl, K. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489976.011 · Cited by 253
New perspectives for a cognitive theory of obsessions
Clark, D. A., & Purdon, C. L. (1993) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050069308258896 · Cited by 248
An activity-theoretical approach to investigate learners’ factors toward e-learning systems
Liaw, S.-S., Huang, H., & Chen, G. (2006) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.02.002 · Cited by 233
Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning
Coffield, F., Moseley, D. V., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004) · Cited by 230
Toward the development of a metacognition construct for communities of inquiry
Garrison, D. R., & Akyol, Z. (2012) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2012.11.005 · Cited by 234
Zhang, L. J. (2001) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658410108667039 · Cited by 230
“Metacognition, or metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1976, 1987, 1992), as referred to in my study, is a complicated concept and its definition is multifarious (Brown et al. 1983; Hacker, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialBernat, E., & Gvozdenko, I. (2005) · UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) · Cited by 229
On the Goals of Epistemic Education: Promoting Apt Epistemic Performance
Barzilai, S., & Chinn, C. A. (2017) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1080/10508406.2017.1392968 · Cited by 265
Metacognitive Monitoring Accuracy and Student Performance in the Postsecondary Classroom.
Nietfeld, J. L., Cao, L., & Osborne, J. W. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Education · Cited by 230
Rumination, experiential avoidance, and dysfunctional thinking in eating disorders.
Rawal, A., Park, R. J., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.009 · Cited by 223
“It is possible that beliefs about rumination act as an internal control mechanism that strengthens ruminative thinking (Flavell, 1979), which may be one factor accounting for its persistence .”
BackgroundMetacognitive activities in text-studying and problem-solving: Development of a taxonomy
Meijer, J. M., Veenman, M. V. J., & van Hout‐Wolters, B. H. A. M. (2006) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803610500479991 · Cited by 227
“Flavell ( 1979 ) distinguished metacognitive knowledge, that is declarative knowledge about the interplay between person, task, and strategy characteristics, from regulation of activities.”
BackgroundInfluentialReflection Companion: A Conversational System for Engaging Users in Reflection on Physical Activity
Kocielnik, R., Xiao, L., Avrahami, D., & Hsieh, G. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3214273 · Cited by 221
Infants ask for help when they know they don’t know
Goupil, L., Romand-Monnier, M., & Kouider, S. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515129113 · Cited by 226
“Moreover, the proportion of AFH responses did not increase across time [effect of trial rank on the proportion of AFH responses: F(1,20) = 0.”
BackgroundExecutive Function in Context: Development, Measurement, Theory, and Experience
Carlson, S. M. (2003) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2003.06803012.x · Cited by 255
The impact of learning journals on metacognitive and cognitive processes and learning performance
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Cognitive Adaptability and an Entrepreneurial Task: The Role of Metacognitive Ability and Feedback
Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2010) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00410.x · Cited by 245
“…represents the control that individuals have over their own learning and cognitions, as a function of a differing ability (between individuals) to be self-reflective and consider alternative cognitive strategies in light of a changing environment (Flavell, 1979, 1987; Schraw & Dennison, 1994).”
BackgroundOn the Measurement and Conceptualization of Flow
Moneta, G. B. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1_2 · Cited by 227
“Metacognition refers to the knowledge and beliefs about one’s own cognitive regulation and the capability to deconstruct and understand them through refl ection and problem solving, which in turn enables self-regulation (Flavell 1979 ) .”
BackgroundThe interplay between self-regulation in learning and cognitive load
Seufert, T. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.03.004 · Cited by 227
The educational affordances of blogs for self-directed learning
Robertson, J. (2011) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.03.003 · Cited by 240
“Flavell believed that such experiences were likely to arise during tasks which stimulate “careful, affect highly conscious thinking” (Flavell, 1979; 908) because “such situations provide many opportunities for thoughts and feelings about your own thinking to arise, and in many cases, call for the…”
BackgroundInfluentialA model of metacognition, achievement goal orientation, learning style and self-efficacy
Coutinho, S. A., & Neuman, G. A. (2008) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-008-9042-7 · Cited by 245
Wisker, G., Robinson, G., & Shacham, M. (2007) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703290701486720 · Cited by 219
“This, we believe, encourages student meta‐learning (Flavell, 1979 ; Biggs, 1991 ), i.”
Critical thinking: Essence for teaching mathematics and mathematics problem solving skills
Peter, E. (2012) · African Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Research · doi:10.5897/ajmcsr11.161 · Cited by 219
“Critical thinking has also been referred to as met cognition (Tempelaar, 2006) or the process of ‘‘thinking about thinking’’ as defined and originally purposed by Flavell (1979).”
BackgroundCleary, T. J., Callan, G. L., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2012) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2012/428639 · Cited by 255
“The extent to which individuals control, monitor, and regulate their cognition, motivation, and behavior has been of much interest to self-regulation researchers over the past several decades [1–6].”
BackgroundThe role of transformational leadership in enhancing team reflexivity
Schippers, M. C., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708096639 · Cited by 215
The Gender Gap on Wall Street: An Empirical Analysis of Confidence in Investment Decision Making
Estes, R. W., & Hosseini, J. (1988) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1988.9915532 · Cited by 211
Social Interaction - What Can It Tell Us about Metacognition and Coregulation in Learning?
Salonen, P., Vauras, M., & Efklides, A. (2005) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.10.3.199 · Cited by 214
Fine Brush and Freehand: The Vocabulary-Learning Art of Two Successful Chinese EFL Learners
Gu, Y. (2003) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3588466 · Cited by 215
Multiple demonstrations of metacognition in nonhumans: Converging evidence or multiple mechanisms?
Hampton, R. R. (2009) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2009.40002 · Cited by 224
“Our student’s behavior in each of the above examples deserves the label metacognition, at least as it is broadly defined (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundA Theoretical Framework and Approach for Fostering Metacognitive Development
White, B. Y., & Frederiksen, J. R. (2005) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4004_3 · Cited by 232
“…researchers who the-214 orize about self-regulated learning (e.g., Azevedo, 2002; Boekaerts, Pintrich, & Zeidner, 2000; Butler & Winne, 1995; Flavell, 1979; Hacker, Dunlosky, & Graesser, 1998; Palincsar & Brown, 1989; Schoenfeld, 1987; Winne, 1995), and are aimed at supporting key aspects…”
Self‐monitoring during collegiate studying: An invaluable tool for academic self‐regulation
Zimmerman, B. J., & Paulsen, A. S. (1995) · New Directions for Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/tl.37219956305 · Cited by 215
Mental habits: metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking.
Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C. E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.526 · Cited by 213
Effect of Teaching Metacognitive Learning Strategies on Performance in General Chemistry Courses
Cook, E., Kennedy, E. C., & McGuire, S. Y. (2013) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed300686h · Cited by 241
The Role of Metamotivational Monitoring in Motivation Regulation
Miele, D. B., & Scholer, A. A. (2017) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2017.1371601 · Cited by 241
Toward the integration of meditation into higher education: a review of research evidence
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Astin, J. (2011) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811111300306 · Cited by 215
“Below we review models of attention; of metacognition in learning (e.g., Flavell, 1979); of transformative learning (e.g., Mezirow, 2000); and models of stress, affect regulation, and emotional intelligence (e.g., Salovey & Mayer, 1990).”
Organizational memory information systems: a transactive memory approach
Nevo, D., & Wand, Y. (2004) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2004.03.002 · Cited by 211
Orbitofrontal Cortex Is Required for Optimal Waiting Based on Decision Confidence
Lak, A., Costa, G. M., Romberg, E., Koulakov, A. A., Mainen, Z. F., & Kepecs, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.039 · Cited by 209
“These studies established that several species besides humans are capable of confidence judgments but that some, such as rats, may not be (Flavell, 1979; Hampton, 2001; Smith et al., 2003; Metcalfe, 2008).”
The concept and instruction of metacognition
Papaleontiou–Louca, E. (2003) · Teacher Development · doi:10.1080/13664530300200184 · Cited by 211
“To illustrate a combination involving all three, one might believe that a pupil (unlike his/her brother – person variable) should use strategy A (rather than strategy B – strategy variable) in task X (as contrasted with task Y – task variable) (Flavell, 1979, 1987).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialde Boer, H., Donker, A. S., Kostons, D. D. N. M., & van der Werf, G. P. C. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.03.002 · Cited by 210
The role of metacognitive experiences in the learning process.
Efklides, A. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 205
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Cognitive Knowledge and Executive Control: Metacognition
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Goal Orientation: A Review of the Miles Traveled and the Miles to Go
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“Flavell (1979) defined the concept of metacognition as an awareness of how one learns and having knowledge of how to use information in achieving a goal.”
BackgroundThe cognitive benefits of learning computer programming: A meta-analysis of transfer effects.
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“Metacognition referred to the processes underlying the monitoring, adaptation, evaluation, and planning of thinking and behavior (Flavell, 1979) and was mostly assessed in conjunction with certain problem-solving tasks.”
BackgroundThe study of animal metacognition
Smith, J. D. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.009 · Cited by 203
Inhibition and cognitive development: object, number, categorization, and reasoning
Houdé, O. (2000) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(00)00015-0 · Cited by 203
Chapter 7: The Role of Volition in Learning and Performance
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“It seems important to consider, for example, how schools and work settings might most profitably address such issues if, as the research seems to suggest, the deliberate handling of self-regulatory activities is late developing on average (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundGwilliam, P., Wells, A., & Cartwright‐Hatton, S. (2004) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.402 · Cited by 201
Mindfulness As Metacognitive Practice
Kudesia, R. S. (2017) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2015.0333 · Cited by 222
A Dynamic Metacognitive Systems Account of Chinese University Students' Knowledge About EFL Reading
Zhang, L. J. (2010) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.5054/tq.2010.223352 · Cited by 214
Negative Knowledge: Understanding Professional Learning and Expertise
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“Briefly said, negative knowledge is to be regarded as metacognitive knowledge (Flavell 1979, Smith 2003).”
BackgroundThe bodymind model: a platform for studying the mechanisms of change induced by art therapy
Czamanski-Cohen, J., & Weihs, K. L. (2016) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2016.08.006 · Cited by 209
“Metacognition is the ability to evaluate your own thinking or thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
Web-based peer review: the learner as both adapter and reviewer
Liu, E. Z.-F., Lin, S. S. J., Chiu, C.-H., & Yuan, S.-M. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Education · doi:10.1109/13.940995 · Cited by 196
“The regulation aspect in contrast refers to the control of one’s cognitive process, e.g., planning, monitoring of execution, self-checking of cognitive progress, and substituting a cognitive strategy if not effective [25], [26].”
BackgroundSchippers, M. C., Homan, A. C., & van Knippenberg, D. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1784 · Cited by 199
Toward the development of a metacognition construct for communities of inquiry
Garrison, D. R., & Akyol, Z. (2015) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.10.001 · Cited by 196
Theorising student engagement in higher education
Kahn, P. E. (2014) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3121 · Cited by 197
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“The notion of metacognition can be mainly traced back to Flavell (1979) .”
BackgroundProgramming Language/Problem-Solving Research: A Review of Relevant Issues
Palumbo, D. B. (1990) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543060001065 · Cited by 201
“The third component on the chain, general problem-solving skills, may also correspond to the notion of metacognition, in which the students become aware of the appropriate and effective strategies that are needed to solve a variety of problems (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEmotions as metarepresentational states of mind: Naturalizing the belief–desire theory of emotion
Reisenzein, R. (2008) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.03.001 · Cited by 201
Moseley, D. V., Baumfield, V. M., Elliott, J., Higgins, S., Miller, J., Newton, D. P., & Gregson, M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489914 · Cited by 396
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Effects of mood on students' metacognitive experiences
Efklides, A., & Petkaki, C. (2005) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.010 · Cited by 215
Metacognition in Student Academic Writing
Negretti, R. (2012) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088312438529 · Cited by 250
“Metacognition is the unique human ability to reflect upon, monitor and control one‘s knowledge and thoughts (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundNew Directions in Self-Regulation: The Role of Metamotivational Beliefs
Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., Murayama, K., & Fujita, K. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721418790549 · Cited by 190
“In particular, they have focused on how people effectively manage their goals by regulating their thoughts (Flavell, 1979), emotions (Tamir, 2016), and behaviors (Carver & Scheier, 1998).”
Zhang, L. J. (2007) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-007-9025-6 · Cited by 192
How ESL learners with different listening abilities use comprehension strategies and tactics
Goh, C. C. M. (1998) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/136216889800200203 · Cited by 191
Children's Metacognition About Reading: issues in Definition, Measurement, and Instruction
Jacobs, J. E., & Paris, S. G. (1987) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2203&4_4 · Cited by 763
Academic delay of gratification
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (1998) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(99)80126-5 · Cited by 204
The ability to estimate knowledge and performance in college: A metacognitive analysis
Everson, H. T., & Tobias, S. (1998) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/a:1003040130125 · Cited by 200
“Metacognition has been defined as the ability to monitor, evaluate, and make plans for one’s learning (Flavell, 1979; Brown 1980).”
BackgroundThe relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills in early adolescence.
Veenman, M. V. J., Kok, R., & Blöte, A. W. (2005) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-004-2274-8 · Cited by 190
The generality vs domain-specificity of metacognitive skills in novice learning across domains
Veenman, M. V. J., Elshout, J. J., & Meijer, J. M. (1997) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(96)00025-4 · Cited by 190
Social and emotional skills for student success and well-being
Chernyshenko, O. S., Kankaraš, M., & Drasgow, F. (2018) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/db1d8e59-en · Cited by 297
“Examples of these compound skills include self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977[62]), metacognition (Flavell, 1979[63]), critical thinking (Glaser, 1941[64]), core self-evaluations (Erez and Judge, 2001[65]), integrity (Ones, Viswesvaran and Schmidt, 1993[66]), emotional intelligence (Goleman, 1995[67]),…”
BackgroundLearners’ choices and beliefs about self-testing
Kornell, N., & Son, L. K. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210902832915 · Cited by 190
“A satisfactory theory of study-time allocation should reflect the fact that students’ goals include more than just finding the study strategy that will have the largest direct benefit for learning (Flavell, 1979; Thiede & Dunlosky, 1999).”
BackgroundPearson, J., Rademaker, R. L., & Tong, F. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417134 · Cited by 215
“This problem pertains to human metacognition (Flavell, 1979), that is, how do people know their own thoughts?”
BackgroundThe cognitive challenges of effective teaching
Chew, S. L., & Cerbin, W. J. (2020) · The Journal of Economic Education · doi:10.1080/00220485.2020.1845266 · Cited by 292
Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Influences on Middle School Mathematics Achievement
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“It is important to note that conceptions of academic SRL often overlap to some degree with other constructs frequently mentioned in the literature, including self-management (Briesch & Briesch, 2015), metacognition (Flavell, 1979), and executive functions (Barkley, 2012).”
BackgroundHart, L. C. (2002) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.2002.tb18191.x · Cited by 189
Moritz, S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.001 · Cited by 187
The science of effective learning with spacing and retrieval practice
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Griffin, T. D., Wiley, J., & Thiede, K. W. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.1.93 · Cited by 194
“Regarding the first of these assumptions, it is inherent in the basic formulations of the metacognitive construct (Fischer & Mandl, 1984; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990), and it is unclear how any construct that could reasonably be labeled metacognitive monitoring would not be a secondary…”
BackgroundInfluentialLiterature Review on Metacognition and its Measurement
Aktürk, A. O., & Şahi̇n, İ. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.364 · Cited by 188
Neural basis of emotional self-regulation in childhood
Lévesque, J., Joanette, Y., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.-M., Bourgouin, P., & Beauregard, M. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.032 · Cited by 184
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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