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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Vandergrift, L. (2002) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.58.4.555 · Cited by 204
“Wenden (1991), building on Flavell (1979), describes three kinds of metacognitive knowledge: person knowledge, task knowledge, and strategic knowledge.”
BackgroundGoh, C. C. M., & Hu, G. (2013) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2013.769558 · Cited by 197
Assessing 21st Century Skills: Integrating Research Findings.
Lai, E., & Viering, M. (2012) · Cited by 185
The elephant in the room: What matters cognitively in cumulative technological culture
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The role of reading strategies in integrated L2 writing tasks
Plakans, L. (2009) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2009.05.001 · Cited by 185
“Another perspective on reading strategies considers the difference between cognitive and metacognitive strategy processing (Phakiti, 2003a, 2003b; Purpura, 1998) based on the L1 research of Flavell (1979).”
BackgroundBuilding adaptive expertise: Implications for training design strategies.
Smith, E. M., Ford, J. K., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1997) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10260-004 · Cited by 191
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Learning to reflect and to attribute constructively as basic components of self‐regulated learning
Masui, C., & Corte, E. D. (2005) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709905x25030 · Cited by 186
“This knowledge may be general or subjective ( Flavell, 1979, 1987 ).”
BackgroundEvaluating the metacognitive awareness inventory using empirical factor-structure evidence
Harrison, G. M., & Vallin, L. M. (2018) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-017-9176-z · Cited by 182
“Using established theory (Brown 1987; Flavell 1979; Jacobs and Paris 1987), Schraw and Dennison (1994) created these two subscales from a larger pool of items they developed to measure the subcomponents theorized to constitute each, with the knowledge dimension including items addressing…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMiller, T. M., & Geraci, L. D. (2011) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-011-9083-7 · Cited by 182
“Metacognition refers to a person’s “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundDiDonato, N. C. (2012) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-012-9206-9 · Cited by 179
“Theoretical conceptualization of metacognition Flavell (1979) originally defined metacognition as ‘‘thinking about thinking.’’”
Backgroundvan Gelderen, A. J. S., Schoonen, R., de Glopper, K., Hulstijn, J. H., Snellings, P., Simis, A., & Stevenson, M. (2003) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069030070010201 · Cited by 179
Whitebread, D., Coltman, P., Jameson, H., & Lander, R. (2009) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2009.26.2.40 · Cited by 188
The Importance of Metacognitive Reading Strategy Awareness in Reading Comprehension
Ahmadi, M. R., Ismail, H. N., & Kabilan, M. K. (2013) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v6n10p235 · Cited by 178
“241 Recent researchers stressed in the area of reading comprehension which have been increasing emphasis on the role of metacognitive reading strategy awareness, and has been defined as the perceived use of reading strategies while reading (Flavell, 1979; Pressley, 2000).”
BackgroundMetacognition: A Literature Review
Lai, E. (2011) · Cited by 239
Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L. (2015) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-014-9129-8 · Cited by 177
“1980) and metacognition (Flavell 1979; Pintrich 2000) to consider cognitive regulation.”
BackgroundThe role of memory in creative ideation
Benedek, M., Beaty, R. E., Schacter, D. L., & Kenett, Y. N. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00158-z · Cited by 202
The uncertain response in humans and animals
Smith, J. D. (1997) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(96)00726-3 · Cited by 181
“…intelligent responses to cognitive difficulty anchor the important literatures on metacognition, metamemory, and uncertainty monitoring (Acredolo and O’Connor, 1991; Baker, 1985; Brown et al., 1983; Flavell, 1979; Flavell and Wellman, 1977; Kreutzer et al., 1975; Lieberman, 1979; Nelson, 1992).”
BackgroundPerformance Measurement in Simulation-Based Training
Salas, E., Rosen, M. A., Held, J. D., & Weissmuller, J. J. (2008) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878108326734 · Cited by 190
Craig, K., Hale, D. R., Grainger, C., & Stewart, M. E. (2020) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09222-y · Cited by 191
“Measures of knowledge evaluated declarative, procedural, conditional, person, task, and/or strategy knowledge as defined by Flavell (1979) and Schraw and Dennison (1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialApproaches to learning, need for cognition, and strategic flexibility among university students.
Evans, C. J., Kirby, J. R., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2003) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709903322591217 · Cited by 174
The Impact of Metacognitive Instruction on Creative Problem Solving
Hargrove, R. A., & Nietfeld, J. L. (2014) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2013.876604 · Cited by 188
Metacognition: ideas and insights from neuro- and educational sciences
Fleur, D. S., Bert Bredeweg, A., & van den Bos, W. (2021) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-021-00089-5 · Cited by 265
Xu, X., Qiao, L., Cheng, N., Liu, H., & Zhao, W. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13599 · Cited by 316
Improving self-monitoring and self-regulation: From cognitive psychology to the classroom
de Bruin, A. B. H., & van Gog, T. (2012) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.01.003 · Cited by 197
“Much inspired by Jean Piaget’s work, Flavell (1976, 1979) introduced the term ‘metacognition’, defining it as any cognitive activity or knowledge that takes as its cognitive object an aspect of cognitive activity.”
BackgroundPredicting biases in very highly educated samples: Numeracy and metacognition
Ghazal, S., Cokely, E. T., & García‐Retamero, R. (2014) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004952 · Cited by 173
The role of metacognitions in problematic Internet use
Spada, M. M., Langston, B., Nikčević, A. V., & Moneta, G. B. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.12.002 · Cited by 173
Ben‐Eliyahu, A. (2019) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1582345 · Cited by 200
“Metacognition is defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundAdrian Wells, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02621 · Cited by 182
“Seminal work on metacognition prior to the S-REF model was predominantly in developmental, educational, and memory psychology with defining contributions of Flavell (1979), Nelson and Narens (1990), and colleagues.”
MethodMetacognitive beliefs in addictive behaviours: A systematic review
Hamonnière, T., & Varescon, I. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.018 · Cited by 176
Valtonen, T., Hoang, N., Sointu, E. T., Näykki, P., Virtanen, A., Pöysä‐Tarhonen, J., Häkkinen, P., Järvelä, S., Mäkitalo, K., & Kukkonen, J. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106643 · Cited by 222
“However, metacognitive learning strategies involve planning, executing, and monitoring learning tasks by attending to and evaluating the degree to which new information is being understood, integrated, and retained (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundA stability bias in human memory: Overestimating remembering and underestimating learning.
Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0017350 · Cited by 188
“As Flavell (1979) noted, in discussing people’s beliefs about memory, “There is the further insight that how well you understand something now may not be an accurate predictor of how well you will understand it later. For instance, you may forget later what you can easily bring to mind now” (p. 907). Koriat et al. (20…”
BackgroundInfluential(2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613578 · Cited by 174
Metacognition: An Expanded View on the Cognitive Abilities of L2 Learners
Wenden, A. L. (1987) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1987.tb00585.x · Cited by 171
Chan, P., Van Gerven, T., Dubois, J.-L., & Bernaerts, K. (2021) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2021.100053 · Cited by 176
Pressley, M. G., Forrest-Pressley, D.-L., Elliott-Faust, D. J., & Miller, G. E. (1985) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9544-7_1 · Cited by 169
Victori, M. (1999) · System · doi:10.1016/s0346-251x(99)00049-4 · Cited by 169
Thinking About Thinking: Developing Metacognition in Children
Fisher, R. (1998) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/0300443981410101 · Cited by 193
Cognitive factors in clinical research and practice
Hollon, S. D. (1984) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(84)90036-9 · Cited by 168
Lysaker, P. H., Shea, A. M., Buck, K. D., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M., Salvatore, G., & Rand, K. L. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01554.x · Cited by 167
The Development of Uncertainty Monitoring in Early Childhood
Lyons, K. E., & Ghetti, S. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01649.x · Cited by 165
“Consequently, agerelated improvements in children’s ability to evaluate their certainty have long been recognized as a driving force in cognitive development, underlying age-related improvements in accuracy on a wide variety of tasks (Flavell, 1979; Koriat et al., 2001; Plude et al., 1998).”
BackgroundThe prevalence of aphantasia (imagery weakness) in the general population
Dance, C. J., Ipser, A., & Simner, J. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103243 · Cited by 167
“Some have suggested that impairments in visual imagery are nothing more than deficits in metacognition (i.e., the ability to introspect accurately about our thoughts; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBarzilai, S., & Zohar, A. (2014) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2013.863265 · Cited by 169
“Flavell suggested that the difference between cognitive and metacognitive strategies is that cognitive strategies are invoked to make cognitive progress, whereas metacognitive strategies are used to monitor cognitive progress (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of age on metacognitive efficiency
Palmer-Cooper, E. C., David, A. S., & Fleming, S. M. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.007 · Cited by 163
“Metacognition refers to ‘thinking about thinking’ (Flavell, 1979), or the ability to become aware of thoughts and behaviours.”
BackgroundThe teaching of thinking and problem solving.
Nickerson, R. S. (1994) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057299-4.50019-0 · Cited by 60
Recent Developments in Cognitive Approaches to Counseling and Psychotherapy
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Mor, S., Morris, M. W., & Joh, J. (2013) · Academy of Management Learning & Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2012.0202 · Cited by 165
“Cognitive psychologists characterize metacognition as monitoring and adjusting one’s thoughts and strategies as one learns new skills (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundA Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Adrian Wells, A. (1999) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445599234002 · Cited by 191
The effect of metacognitive strategy training on mathematical problem solving achievement
Özsoy, G., & Ataman, A. (2009) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 164
Why Problem-Based Learning Works: Theoretical Foundations
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Analysis and development of students' skill in selfregulated learning
Vermunt, J. D. H. M., & Rijswijk, F. A. W. M. V. (1988) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf00143780 · Cited by 169
Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., & Procacci, M. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300500536953 · Cited by 163
“Metacognition, in contrast, refers to the development of and knowledge of one's own cognitive processes and to their influence on learning in school-age children (Flavell, 1979 ).”
BackgroundLuckin, R., Clark, W., Graber, R., Logan, K., Mee, A., & Oliver, M. (2009) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439880902921949 · Cited by 162
“These suggestions about the importance of metacognition for criticality need to be considered in conjunction with previous work that has indicated the importance of metacognitive activity for learning (Flavell 1979) and deep-level processing (Brown 1987; Goos, Galbraith, and Renshaw 2002).”
ResultThe Role of Teacher Epistemic Cognition, Epistemic Beliefs, and Calibration in Instruction
Maggioni, L., & Parkinson, M. M. (2008) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9081-8 · Cited by 183
“The case for integrating these constructs in models of metacognition ( Flavell 1979 ; H ofer2004; Kitchener 1983 ;K uhn 1983), self-regulation (Hofer 2004), and self-regulated learning (Muis 2007; Pieschl et al. 2008; Winne and Hadwin 1998) has been made in the literature in regard to learners and briefly reviewed in…”
MethodAccuracy and Distortion in Memory for High School Grades
Bahrick, H. P., Hall, L. K., & Berger, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00372.x · Cited by 163
Personal epistemology: Theory, research, and future directions.
Hofer, B. K., & Bendixen, L. D. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13273-009 · Cited by 185
Information seeking by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Beran, M. J., & Smith, J. D. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.02.016 · Cited by 161
“). demonstrate their metacognitive abilities (Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Dunlosky & Bjork, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1993; Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994; Nelson, 1992; Schwartz, 1994; Serra & Dunlosky, 2005).”
Akben, N. (2018) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-018-9726-7 · Cited by 161
Dinsmore, D. L., & Parkinson, M. M. (2012) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.06.001 · Cited by 160
van der Stel, M., & Veenman, M. V. J. (2013) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-013-0190-5 · Cited by 160
“Since Flavell (1979) introduced the concept ‘metacognition’, many studies have addressed the issue of the infl uence of metacognition on learning performance.”
BackgroundCantrell, S. C., Almasi, J. F., Carter, J. C., Rintamaa, M. F., & Madden, A. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018212 · Cited by 159
“As children move into adolescence and progress to middle school, they become more adept at monitoring their cognitive processes while reading (Baker, 1984; Cross & Paris, 1988; Myers & Paris, 1978) and therefore achieve higher levels of metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodBeliefs and engagement structures: behind the affective dimension of mathematical learning
Goldin, G. A., Epstein, Y. M., Schorr, R. Y., & Warner, L. B. (2011) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-011-0348-z · Cited by 172
“(6) In analogy with metacognition (Flavell, 1979), metaaffect includes ‘‘affect about affect, affect about and within cognition that may again be about affect, monitoring of affect, and affect as monitoring.’’ (Goldin, 2002, p. 59; see also DeBellis & Goldin, 2006). Meta-affect can transform the experience of emotion…”
BackgroundInfluentialEntrepreneurial Mindset: A Synthetic Literature Review
Naumann, C. (2017) · Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review · doi:10.15678/eber.2017.050308 · Cited by 160
“McMullen & Kier (2016) Gollwitzer & Kinney (1989) Gollwitzer (1990) Gollwitzer et al., (1990) Baron (1998), Kirzner (1973), Haynie et al.”
BackgroundAge related differences in metacognitive control: Role of executive functioning
Souchay, C., & Isingrini, M. L. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.06.002 · Cited by 158
Canales-Johnson, A., Silva, C., Huepe, D., Rivera-Rei, Á., Noreika, V., Garcia, M. D. C., Silva, W., Ciraolo, C., Vaucheret, E., Sedeño, L., et al. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv076 · Cited by 146
How Local and Global Metacognition Shape Mental Health
Seow, T. X. F., Rouault, M., Gillan, C. M., & Fleming, S. M. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.013 · Cited by 159
“Metacognition, the ability to reflect on and evaluate our own thoughts and actions, is a crucial component of human behavior and subjective experience (1).”
BackgroundDestan, N., Hembacher, E., Ghetti, S., & Roebers, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.04.001 · Cited by 156
A systematic framework of creative metacognition
Lebuda, I., & Benedek, M. (2023) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2023.07.002 · Cited by 187
Relating inter-individual differences in metacognitive performance on different perceptual tasks
Song, C., Kanai, R., Fleming, S. M., Weil, R. S., Schwarzkopf, D. S., & Rees, G. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.12.011 · Cited by 158
“This knowledge about one’s own cognition is known as metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979; Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994).”
BackgroundEnhancement of Metacognition Use and Awareness by Means of a Collaborative Intervention
Sandí-Ureña, S., Cooper, M. M., & Stevens, R. H. (2010) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690903452922 · Cited by 158
“The term metacognition was originally coined by Flavell (Yore & Treagust, 2006) in the 1970s who described it as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundVeenman, M. V. J., & Elshout, J. J. (1999) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172976 · Cited by 156
Assessment of planning, translating, and revising in junior high writers
Berninger, V. M., Whitaker, D. P., Feng, Y., Swanson, H. L., & Abbott, R. D. (1996) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(95)00024-0 · Cited by 157
Sungur, S. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830701356166 · Cited by 168
“Therefore, cognitive strategies are used to achieve cognitive progress, whereas metacognitive strategies are used to monitor it (Flavell, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTeaching and Researching Language Learning Strategies
Graham, S. J. (2012) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2011.12.004 · Cited by 157
The Role of Metacognitive Components in Creative Thinking
Jia, X., Li, W., & Cao, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02404 · Cited by 204
“…individuals ability to plan, monitor, and evaluate their cognitive activities, followed by subsequent metacognitive control that allows individuals to regulate their cognitive processes, such as adjusting task goals, distributing study time, and selecting cognitive strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrganization and Development of Self-Understanding and Self-Regulation
Δημητρίου, Α. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50036-6 · Cited by 158
Cognitive remediation in traumatic brain injury: update and issues.
Ben-Yishay, Y., & Diller, L. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 154
McMullen, J. S., & Kier, A. S. (2016) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.09.003 · Cited by 168
“…cognitions given dynamic and uncertain task environments” (Haynie et al., 2010: 218) and metacognition - the ability “to be self-reflective and consider alternative cognitive strategies in light of a changing environment (Flavell, 1979, 1987; Schraw and Dennison, 1994)” (Haynie et al., 2012: 239).”
BackgroundMetacognitive deficits in frontotemporal dementia
Eslinger, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.053157 · Cited by 151
Building a metacognitive model of reflection
McAlpine, L., Weston, C., Beauchamp, C., Wiseman, C., & Beauchamp, J. (1999) · Higher Education · doi:10.1023/a:1003548425626 · Cited by 160
“The concepts represented in these notions were originally drawn from Flavell (1979) and Nelson and Narens (1990).”
BackgroundChen, C., & Huang, S. C. (2013) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12119 · Cited by 151
Epistemology for interdisciplinary research – shifting philosophical paradigms of science
Boon, M., & van Baalen, S. (2018) · European Journal for Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s13194-018-0242-4 · Cited by 161
“Flavell (1979) is a developmental psychologist who is said to have introduced the notion metacognitive knowledge, defined as one’s stored knowledge or beliefs about oneself and others as cognitive agents, about tasks, about actions or strategies, and about how all these interact to affect the…”
BackgroundThe comparative study of metacognition: Sharper paradigms, safer inferences
Smith, J. D., Beran, M. J., Couchman, J. J., & Coutinho, M. V. C. (2008) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.15.4.679 · Cited by 151
“These responses are the empirical phenomena that ground the literature on metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1993; Nelson, 1992; Schwartz, 1994).”
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613476307 · Cited by 171
“…grade point average (GPA), attendance, and conduct, respectively. the potential for ‘‘increasing the quantity and quality of children’s metacognitive knowledge and monitoring skills through systematic training’’ (p. 910) to improve a broad array of learning outcomes in children (Flavell, 1979).”
InfluentialDevelopment of metacognitive skillfulness: A longitudinal study
van der Stel, M., & Veenman, M. V. J. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.11.005 · Cited by 151
Hembacher, E., & Ghetti, S. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614542273 · Cited by 161
“…require that people accurately monitor their mental states and processes (i.e., conduct metacognitive monitoring) and then translate the output of their monitoring into adaptive behavioral responses (i.e., exert metacognitive control; Flavell, 1979; Krebs & Roebers, 2010; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
BackgroundChildren's Understanding of Mental Phenomena
Estes, D., Wellman, H. M., & Woolley, J. D. (1989) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60412-7 · Cited by 151
The effects of IMPROVE on mathematical knowledge, mathematical reasoning and meta-cognition
Mevarech, Z. R., & Fridkin, S. (2006) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-006-6584-x · Cited by 150
“In the area of mathematics, long before Flavell (1979) introduced the concept of meta-cognition, Polya (1957) suggested to train students to activate what we call today meta-cognitive processes. According to Polya (1957), students have to be trained to comprehend the problem before solving it, plan the solution, imple…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBacow, T. L., Pincus, D. B., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Brody, L. R. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.013 · Cited by 148
Negretti, R., & Kuteeva, M. (2011) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2011.02.002 · Cited by 164
Norman, E., Pfuhl, G., Sæle, R. G., Svartdal, F., Låg, T., & Dahl, T. I. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268019883821 · Cited by 174
“Metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979) is the person’s knowledge and understanding of their own and other people’s cognitive abilities and strategies.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcCormick, C. B. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0705 · Cited by 163
Jeelani, I., Albert, A., Han, K. K., & Azevedo, R. (2018) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001589 · Cited by 147
Cho, M., & Jonassen, D. H. (2009) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410802516934 · Cited by 162
“Although metacognitive and cognitive strategies are distinct conceptually and theoretically, in real situations metacognitive and cognitive strategies are not easily distinguished (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe neuroscience of meditation: classification, phenomenology, correlates, and mechanisms
Brandmeyer, T., Arnaud Delorme, A., & Wahbeh, H. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.020 · Cited by 164
Δημητρίου, Α., Efklides, A., Πλατσίδου, Μ., & Campbell, R. L. (1993) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166053 · Cited by 146
Meniado, J. C. (2016) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v9n3p117 · Cited by 145
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition involves one’s knowledge about his thinking processes and products, active monitoring, and regulation of cognitive processing activities.”
BackgroundParental meta-emotion structure predicts family and child outcomes
Hooven, C., Gottman, J. M., & Katz, L. F. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508409010 · Cited by 145
Preschoolers' Memory Monitoring: Feeling-of-Knowing Judgments
Cultice, J. C., Somerville, S. C., & Wellman, H. M. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129810 · Cited by 145
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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